In this study,an integrated technology is proposed for the absorption and utilization of CO_(2)in alkanolamine solution for the preparation of BaCO_(3)in a high-gravity environment.The effects of absorbent type,high-g...In this study,an integrated technology is proposed for the absorption and utilization of CO_(2)in alkanolamine solution for the preparation of BaCO_(3)in a high-gravity environment.The effects of absorbent type,high-gravity factor,gas/liquid ratio,and initial BaCl2concentration on the absorption rate and amount of CO_(2)and the preparation of BaCO_(3)are investigated.The results reveal that the absorption rate and amount of CO_(2)follow the order of ethyl alkanolamine(MEA)>diethanol amine(DEA)>N-methyldiethanolamine(MDEA),and thus MEA is the most effective absorbent for CO_(2)absorption.The absorption rate and amount of CO_(2)under high gravity are higher than that under normal gravity.Notably,the absorption rate at 75 min under high gravity is approximately 2 times that under normal gravity.This is because the centrifugal force resulting from the high-speed rotation of the packing can greatly increase gas-liquid mass transfer and micromixing.The particle size of BaCO_(3)prepared in the rotating packed bed is in the range of 57.2—89 nm,which is much smaller than that prepared in the bubbling reactor(>100.3 nm),and it also has higher purity(99.6%)and larger specific surface area(14.119 m^(2)·g^(-1)).It is concluded that the high-gravity technology has the potential to increase the absorption and utilization of CO_(2)in alkanolamine solution for the preparation of BaCO_(3).This study provides new insights into carbon emissions reduction and carbon utilization.展开更多
In this study, four phosphorus-inefficient soybean genotypes (1903, 1305, D17 and D18) and four phosphorus-efficient soybean genotypes (D31, D34, D37 and D38 ) were selected as experimental materials for soil cult...In this study, four phosphorus-inefficient soybean genotypes (1903, 1305, D17 and D18) and four phosphorus-efficient soybean genotypes (D31, D34, D37 and D38 ) were selected as experimental materials for soil culture experiment under high and low phosphorus treatments, to investigate the grain yield, phosphorus content, phosphorus uptake and the relationship between phosphorus utilization efficiency and phosphorus efficiency of soybean genotypes with different phos- phorus efficiency in mature period. According to the experimental results, under low phosphorus treatment, four phosphorus-efficient soybean genotypes exhibited significantly high phosphorus uptake in mature period, especially for D31 and D37; however, three phosphorus-efficient genotypes showed no advantages in adapta- bility of phosphorus utilization efficiency, while only I)31 exhibited high phosphorus utilization and absorption capacity. Correlation analysis and path analysis showed that phosphorus deficiency of soybean was mainly detemained by phosphorus absorption capacity, and phosphorus deficiency under (-P) treatment was sig- nificandy higher than ( + P) treatment. Phosphorus uptake and phosphorus utilization efficiency posed great direct effects on phosphorus efficiency, and phosphorus uptake exhibited a greater contribution ; in addition, these two factors both posed small indirect effects. In mature period at reproductive growth stage, phosphorus absorption efficiency (phosphorus uptake) was the main variation source of phosphorus efficiency of various soybean genotypes in mature period. Therefore, strong phosphorus uptake and accumulation capacity of phosphorus-efficient soybean genotypes in mature period is an important nutrition foundation for the information of high grain yield.展开更多
Under the background of a transformation of the global energy structure,coal gasification technology has a wide application prospect,but its by-product,the coal gasification residue(CGR),is still not being efficiently...Under the background of a transformation of the global energy structure,coal gasification technology has a wide application prospect,but its by-product,the coal gasification residue(CGR),is still not being efficiently utilized for recycling.The CGR contains abundant carbon components,which could be applied to the microwave absorption field as the carbon matrix.In this study,Fe/CGR composites are fabricated via a two-step method,including the impregnation of Fe^(3+)and the reduction process.The influence of the different loading capacities of the Fe component on the morphology and electromagnetic properties is studied.Moreover,the loading content of Fe and the surface morphology of the Fe/CGR can be reasonably controlled by adjusting the concentration of the ferric nitrate solution.Meanwhile,Fe particles are evenly inserted on the CGR framework,which expands the Fe/CGR interfaces to enhance interfacial polarization,thus further improving the microwave-absorbing(MA)properties of composites.Particularly,as the Fe^(3+)concentration is 1.0 mol/L,the Fe/CGR composite exhibits outstanding performance.The reflection loss reaches-39.3 dB at 2.5 mm,and the absorption bandwidth covers 4.1 GHz at 1.5 mm.In this study,facile processability,resource recycling,appropriately matched impedance,and excellent MA performance are achieved.Finally,the Fe/CGR composites not only enhance the recycling of the CGR but also pioneer a new path for the synthesis of excellent absorbents.展开更多
Plants that grow well while accumulating and transporting less potassium(K) perform better than more-sensitive plants when under deficiency conditions, which makes low-K-input and environmentally friendly agricultur...Plants that grow well while accumulating and transporting less potassium(K) perform better than more-sensitive plants when under deficiency conditions, which makes low-K-input and environmentally friendly agriculture possible. We conducted hydroponics and sand culture experiments to evaluate the efficiency of various apple(Malus domestica Borkh) rootstocks in their K uptake and utilization. Five genotypes were selected which are widely used in China- M. hupehensis Rehd, M. prunifolia Borkh, M. robusta Rehd, M. sieversii Roem, and M. rockii Rehd. Plant heights, root and shoot dry weights, and K concentrations were recorded. These genotypes differed markedly in dry weights, absolute and relative K concentrations, absolute and relative K accumulations, and their K efficiency ratio under deficient K conditions. The last parameter, expressed as relative shoot dry weight, was strongly and positively correlated with the other four parameters in each genotype. Therefore, we suggest that this parameter could serve as an index when selecting K-efficient genotypes. In this study, we have determined that M. sieversiiand M. rockii are K-inefficient genotypes; M. prunifolia is K-efficient genotype; M. hupehensis and M. robusta have moderate levels of potassium efficiency.展开更多
This experiment was conducted to determine the influences of adding organic selenium (Se) on growth properties, Se absorption and utilization, immunity and antioxidant activity in diets of Duroc weaning piglets. This ...This experiment was conducted to determine the influences of adding organic selenium (Se) on growth properties, Se absorption and utilization, immunity and antioxidant activity in diets of Duroc weaning piglets. This study was performed on 36 (average weight 7.6 kg) weaning piglets. The weaning piglets were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 homogeneous treatments (A, control treatment, no added Se;B, Sodium selenite, 0.3 mg Se/kg feed;C, yeast Se, 0.3 mg Se/kg;D, DL-methionine Se 0.3 mg Se/kg). Every treatment had 3 replicates, every replicate had 3 piglets. The experiment lasted for 35 d, with the first 7 d for adaptation. Feed intake, residual and contaminated feed were recorded every day. Every piglet weight was weighted respectively at beginning and end of experiment. Daily intake, gain weight and feed conversion rates of every replicate were calculated finally. Se concentrations of serum, blood antioxidant and immunity index were analyzed in the 36th d of experiment. The results showed average daily gain of treatment C was significant higher (P 0.05) and D had higher trend than that of treatment A and B (P = 0.06) respectively. And feed and gain ratio of C and D had trends to lower than them of A and B (P = 0.14). However, all the intake of every week and whole period had no significant differences among treatments (P > 0.05). At same time, except for the Immunoglobulin M of treatment D and C was higher than that of treatment A and B significantly (P < 0.05), all the other Se contents of serum, immunity indexes, blood cell parameters and enzymatic activities had no significant differences among treatments (P > 0.05). But they took on some obvious trends. For example, the Se contents and glutathione peroxidase activities increased successively in order of treatment A, B, C and D;the blood urea nitrogen and total bilirubin of treatment A had higher trend than that of other treatments (P = 0.06). All in all, adding to organic Se in basal diets could improve the animal’s healthy levels, growth properties and Se utilization to some extent. Relatively speaking, the DL-methionine Se had more advantages compared to yeast Se.展开更多
The present study is concerned with the physical behavior of the combined effect of nano particle material motion and heat generation/absorption due to the effect of different parameters involved in prescribed flow mo...The present study is concerned with the physical behavior of the combined effect of nano particle material motion and heat generation/absorption due to the effect of different parameters involved in prescribed flow model.The formulation of the flow model is based on basic universal equations of conservation of momentum,energy and mass.The prescribed flow model is converted to non-dimensional form by using suitable scaling.The obtained transformed equations are solved numerically by using finite difference scheme.For the analysis of above said behavior the computed numerical data for fluid velocity,temperature profile,and mass concentration for several constraints that is mixed convection parameterλt,modified mixed convection parameterλc,Prandtl number Pr,heat generation/absorption parameterδ,Schmidt number Sc,thermophoresis parameter Nt,and thermophoretic coefficient k are sketched in graphical form.Numerical results for skin friction,heat transfer rate and the mass transfer rate are tabulated for various emerging physical parameters.It is reported that in enhancement in heat,generation boosts up the fluid temperature at some positions of the surface of the sphere.As heat absorption parameter is decreased temperature field increases at position X=π/4 on the other hand,no alteration at other considered circumferential positions is noticed.展开更多
The problems of EM energy absorption of human body irradiated by plane wave arediscussed by the Finite-Difference Time-Domain(FD-TD)method.The local Specific AbsorptionRates(SARs),the whole-body average SARs and the l...The problems of EM energy absorption of human body irradiated by plane wave arediscussed by the Finite-Difference Time-Domain(FD-TD)method.The local Specific AbsorptionRates(SARs),the whole-body average SARs and the layer average SARs for the inhomogeneousblock model of human body with different incident direction and different polarization of theincident waves are calculated.The results show that the appearance of maximum EM energyabsorption is not always at the situation of the front incidence and the local SARs are moreimportant for the interaction of the EM fields with human body.All results provide more infor-mation about the electromagnetic dosimetry for human body.展开更多
A scheme to enhance near-infrared band absorption of a Si nanoparticle by placing the Si nanoparticle into a designed gold nanostructure is proposed. Three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain simulations ...A scheme to enhance near-infrared band absorption of a Si nanoparticle by placing the Si nanoparticle into a designed gold nanostructure is proposed. Three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain simulations are employed to calcu- late the absorption spectrum of the Si nanostructure and maximize it by generating alternate designs. The results show that in the near-infrared region over 700 nm, the absorption of a pure Si nanoparticle is very low, but when the same nanoparticle is placed within an optimally designed gold nanostructure, its absorption cross section can be enhanced by more than two orders of magnitude in the near-infrared band.展开更多
Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))is the primary greenhouse gas contributing to anthropogenic climate change which is associated with human activities.The majority of CO_(2) emissions are results of the burning of fossil fuels fo...Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))is the primary greenhouse gas contributing to anthropogenic climate change which is associated with human activities.The majority of CO_(2) emissions are results of the burning of fossil fuels for energy,as well as industrial processes such as steel and cement production.Carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS)is a sustainable technology promising in terms of reducing CO_(2) emissions that would otherwise contribute to climate change.From this perspective,the discussion on carbon capture focuses on chemical absorption technology,primarily due to its commercialization potential.The CO_(2) absorptive capacity and absorption rate of various chemical solvents have been summarized.The carbon utilization focuses on electrochemical conversion routes converting CO_(2) into potentially valuable chemicals which have received particular attention in recent years.The Faradaic conversion efficiencies for various CO_(2) reduction products are used to describe efficiency improvements.For carbon storage,successful deployment relies on a better understanding of fluid mechanics,geomechanics,and reactive transport,which are discussed in details.展开更多
Xylose, as β-1,4-linked xylan, makes up much of the hemicel ulose in cel wal s of cereal carbohydrates fed to pigs. As inclusion of fibrous ingredients in swine diets continues to increase, supplementation of carbohy...Xylose, as β-1,4-linked xylan, makes up much of the hemicel ulose in cel wal s of cereal carbohydrates fed to pigs. As inclusion of fibrous ingredients in swine diets continues to increase, supplementation of carbohydrases, such as xylanase,is of interest. However, much progress is warranted to achieve consistent enzyme efficacy, including an improved understanding of the utilization and energetic contribution of xylanase hydrolysis product(i.e. xylooligosaccharides or monomeric xylose). This review examines reports on xylose absorption and metabolism in the pig and identifies gaps in this knowledge that are essential to understanding the value of carbohydrase hydrolysis products in the nutrition of the pig. Xylose research in pigs was first reported in 1954, with only sporadic contributions since. Therefore, this review also discusses relevant xylose research in other monogastric species, including humans. In both pigs and poultry, increasing purified D-xylose inclusion general y results in linear decreases in performance, efficiency, and diet digestibility. However,supplementation levels studied thus far have ranged from 5% to 40%, while theoretical xylose release due to xylanase supplementation would be less than 4%. More than 95% of ingested D-xylose disappears before the terminal ileum but mechanisms of absorption have yet to be ful y elucidated. Some data support the hypothesis that mechanisms exist to handle low xylose concentrations but become overwhelmed as luminal concentrations increase. Very little is known about xylose metabolic utilization in vertebrates but it is wel recognized that a large proportion of dietary xylose appears in the urine and significantly decreases the metabolizable energy available from the diet. Nevertheless, evidence of labeled D-xylose-1-^(14)C appearing as expired^(14)CO_2 in both humans and guinea pigs suggests that there is potential,although small, for xylose oxidation. It is yet to be determined if pigs develop increased xylose metabolic capacity with increased adaptation time to diets supplemented with xylose or xylanase. Overall, xylose appears to be poorly utilized by the pig, but it is important to consider that only one study has been reported which supplemented D-xylose dietary concentrations lower than 5%. Thus, more comprehensive studies testing xylose metabolic effects at dietary concentrations more relevant to swine nutrition are warranted.展开更多
The kinetics of K+ absorption and the utilization of both applied K and K in a calcareous alluvisol with low available K by different genotypes of grain amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), an ancient pseudo-cereal that produc...The kinetics of K+ absorption and the utilization of both applied K and K in a calcareous alluvisol with low available K by different genotypes of grain amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), an ancient pseudo-cereal that produces a large biomass and a rich source of healthy nutrients and mineral elements, were studied by means of ion depletion technique and pot experiments. Grain amaranth had a high affinity for K+ uptake in comparison with corn and cotton. However, there were differences among Amaranthus spp. in K absorption and utilization. Some cultivars such as R104, CX-4, Du001, Hy015 and Hr029 which had a higher rate of K absorption and stronger affinity for K+ were typical varieties with high K-use efficiency (KUE). The results showed that high KUE cultivars grew quickly, possessed stronger ability to take up soil slowly available K and mineral K, and did not respond to K fertilization in the soil with low available K. Correspondingly, grain amaranth cultivars CX-77, Cr024, Vd001, Re003 and Sn003 were relatively low in KUE. Compared with high KUE cultivars, they took up more soil available K and both of their dry matter accumulation and K uptake responded to K applied significantly.展开更多
GaAs has high three photon absorption (3PA) co-efficient at mid-infrared wavelength like2.2mm and waveguides can be formed with this material like silicon nano-wires. It is shown that three-photon-absorption in GaAs w...GaAs has high three photon absorption (3PA) co-efficient at mid-infrared wavelength like2.2mm and waveguides can be formed with this material like silicon nano-wires. It is shown that three-photon-absorption in GaAs wire waveguide can be utilized to form NAND gate. Three-photon-absorption is incorporated in one-dimensional Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) equations. The evolution of a probe pulse under the influence of a pump pulse through crossabsorption in a waveguide is investigated using FDTD simulation, where the dominant process is nonlinear three-photon-absorption. Output probe power dependence on input pump power shows that GaAs waveguide NAND gate has higher extinction ratio in comparison to NAND gate using two-photon-absorption in silicon waveguide.展开更多
Opportunities for business cooperation have been increased dramatically in the new environment, and under such circumstance, language usage in business communication places a significant role, particularly in oral bus...Opportunities for business cooperation have been increased dramatically in the new environment, and under such circumstance, language usage in business communication places a significant role, particularly in oral business language. To promote harmonious conversations, certain factors and manners of communication like paying attention to the cultural differences, the proper use of humor, mutual understanding, and the avoidance of misunderstanding ambiguity should be taken into consideration to avoid an unsuccessful result.展开更多
Wheat is a staple crop worldwide, but yields may diminish as climate change causes increasingly unpredictable patterns of precipitation and soil nutrient availability. Farmers are thus challenged to maximize planting ...Wheat is a staple crop worldwide, but yields may diminish as climate change causes increasingly unpredictable patterns of precipitation and soil nutrient availability. Farmers are thus challenged to maximize planting efficiency to increase yield, while also improving their resource use efficiency. In this study the effectiveness of tridimensional uniform sowing was tested across a range of planting densities for winter wheat crops on the North China Plain. Tridimensional uniform sowing was tested against conventional drilling at three planting densities (180 × 104, 270 × 104, and 360 × 104 plants ha 1) and assessed for water consumption, biomass, nitrogen uptake and allocation, and aspects of yield. The tridimensional uniform sowing treatment outperformed the conventional drilling treatment in most metrics and at most planting densities, while performing markedly better at higher planting densities. Water consumption decreased and nitrogen efficiency increased. Tiller number and percentage of productive tillers, leaf area index, dry weight, and yield increased without a significant decline in grain protein. Nitrogen allocation was more efficient under tridimensional uniform sowing than with conventional drilling, and also varied according to annual precipitation and planting density. Both yield and grain protein contents were significantly correlated with the amount of pre-anthesis accumu- lated nitrogen translocated from vegetative organs to kernels after anthesis. Overall, a density of 270 × 104 plants ha 1 provided the highest water use efficiency and grain yield. Tridimensional uniform sowing will benefit farmers by forming stronger overall crops, promoting the coordinated improvement of yield, nitrogen uptake and efficiency, and increasing grain protein content at higher planting densities.展开更多
Absorption cooling technology is an environmentally friendly method to generate continuous chilled water making use of multiple thermal sources,such as waste heat and renewable thermal energy.In this study,two absorpt...Absorption cooling technology is an environmentally friendly method to generate continuous chilled water making use of multiple thermal sources,such as waste heat and renewable thermal energy.In this study,two absorption chillers(nominal capacity of 400 kW)with series and parallel connections are evaluated.To research the ideal configuration of chillers after thermodynamic analysis,the structures of the chillers are optimized using the particle swarm optimization algorithm by considering the heat transfer area(HTA),exergy efficiency and total annual cost as single-objective functions.The impact of temperature differences between external and internal flows,heat exchanger efficiencies and the solution allocation ratio is estimated.The optimized HTA,coefficient of perform-ance,exergy efficiency and total annual cost are 149.0 m^(2),1.56,29.44%and$229119 for the series-connected chiller,and 146.7 m^(2),1.59,31.45%and$234562 for the parallel-connected type,respectively.Under the lowest HTA condition,compared with the reference simulation results,the energy and exergy performances are improved,while the annual total cost is higher.The annual total cost is highest when maximizing the exergy efficiency,which is attributed to the increase in the HTA.The operating cost accounts for 27.42%(series type)and 26.54%(parallel type)when the annual cost is the lowest.展开更多
In order to establish methods for indentification and screening of rice genotypes with high nitrogen (N) efficiency, N absorption efficiency (NAE), N utilization efficiency (NUE) and N harvest index (NHI) in t...In order to establish methods for indentification and screening of rice genotypes with high nitrogen (N) efficiency, N absorption efficiency (NAE), N utilization efficiency (NUE) and N harvest index (NHI) in ten rice genotypes were investgated at the elongation, booting, heading and maturity stages under six N levels in a pot experiment with soil-sand mixtures at various ratios. NAE in various rice genotypes firstly increased, peaked under a medium nitrogen rate of 0.177 g/kg and then decreased, but NUE and NHI always decreased with increasing nitrogen levels. NAE in various rice genotypes ever increased with growing process and NUE indicated a descending tendency of elongation stage〉heading stage〉maturity stage〉booting stage. N level influenced rice NAE, NUE and NHI most, followed by genotype, and the both effects were significant at 0.01 level. In addition, the interaction effects of genotype and nitrogen level on rice NAE and NUE were significant at 0.01 level, but not significant on rice NHI. Because the maximum differences of NAE and NUE were found at the elongation stage, it was thought to be the most suitable stage for identification and screening these two paremeters. Therefore, the optimum conditions for identification and screening of rice NAE, NUE and NHI in a pot experiment were the nitrogen rate of 0.157 g/kg at the elongation stage, low nitrogen at the elongation stage, and the nitrogen rate of 0.277 g/kg at the maturity stage, respectively.展开更多
The problem for calculating EM energy absorption by lossy dielectric scatterer ir-radiated by plane wave are discussed.The factors affecting the accuracy of computation arediscussed.The calculated results of EM energy...The problem for calculating EM energy absorption by lossy dielectric scatterer ir-radiated by plane wave are discussed.The factors affecting the accuracy of computation arediscussed.The calculated results of EM energy absorption and its distribution in homogeneousand layered homogenous lossy dielectric spheres are presented,and a comparison of these resultswith analytical solution is given.The calculation is carried out for dielectric cylinder on conduct-ing ground as well,and the results are compared with the image theory.All the computationsshew that the finite-difference time-domain method can give satisfactory results.展开更多
A detailed thermal power plant model was developed to evaluate power plant waste heat usage in terms of the operating parameters,energy consumption,water consumption,and pollutant emissions.This model was used to anal...A detailed thermal power plant model was developed to evaluate power plant waste heat usage in terms of the operating parameters,energy consumption,water consumption,and pollutant emissions.This model was used to analyze the bypass flue gas energy cascade utilization design which provides excellent energy savings and emission reductions.This paper then presents a design to use the low-temperature waste heat and to extract water from the flue gas.The low-grade heat can be recovered from a coal-fired unit using absorption heat pumps to increase the air preheating.This method significantly reduces the turbine steam extraction in the low pressure stages which increases the turbine power and reduces the coal consumption.This design has a small heat transfer temperature difference between the air preheater and the air warmer,resulting in a smaller exergy loss.The power output of the present design was 1024.28 MW with a coal consumption savings of 3.69 g·(kWh)^(−1).In addition,the present design extracts moisture out of the flue gas to produce 46.48 t·h^(−1)of water.The main goal of this work is to provide a theoretical analysis for studying complex thermal power plant systems and various energy conservation and CO_(2)reduction options for conventional power plants.展开更多
基金supported by Research Project Supported by Horizon Europe Framework Programme(101183092)Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(2023-128)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(22208328)Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(20210302124618)Small and mediumsized oriented scientific and technological enterprises innovation ability improvement project of Shandong Province(2023TSGC0004)。
文摘In this study,an integrated technology is proposed for the absorption and utilization of CO_(2)in alkanolamine solution for the preparation of BaCO_(3)in a high-gravity environment.The effects of absorbent type,high-gravity factor,gas/liquid ratio,and initial BaCl2concentration on the absorption rate and amount of CO_(2)and the preparation of BaCO_(3)are investigated.The results reveal that the absorption rate and amount of CO_(2)follow the order of ethyl alkanolamine(MEA)>diethanol amine(DEA)>N-methyldiethanolamine(MDEA),and thus MEA is the most effective absorbent for CO_(2)absorption.The absorption rate and amount of CO_(2)under high gravity are higher than that under normal gravity.Notably,the absorption rate at 75 min under high gravity is approximately 2 times that under normal gravity.This is because the centrifugal force resulting from the high-speed rotation of the packing can greatly increase gas-liquid mass transfer and micromixing.The particle size of BaCO_(3)prepared in the rotating packed bed is in the range of 57.2—89 nm,which is much smaller than that prepared in the bubbling reactor(>100.3 nm),and it also has higher purity(99.6%)and larger specific surface area(14.119 m^(2)·g^(-1)).It is concluded that the high-gravity technology has the potential to increase the absorption and utilization of CO_(2)in alkanolamine solution for the preparation of BaCO_(3).This study provides new insights into carbon emissions reduction and carbon utilization.
基金Supported by Doctoral Scientific Research Start-up Project of Mudanjiang Normal University(MSB200912)Provincial Key Pre-research Project of Mudanjiang Normal University(SY2014010)Teaching Reform Project of Mudanjiang Normal University(2013JGZX0074)
文摘In this study, four phosphorus-inefficient soybean genotypes (1903, 1305, D17 and D18) and four phosphorus-efficient soybean genotypes (D31, D34, D37 and D38 ) were selected as experimental materials for soil culture experiment under high and low phosphorus treatments, to investigate the grain yield, phosphorus content, phosphorus uptake and the relationship between phosphorus utilization efficiency and phosphorus efficiency of soybean genotypes with different phos- phorus efficiency in mature period. According to the experimental results, under low phosphorus treatment, four phosphorus-efficient soybean genotypes exhibited significantly high phosphorus uptake in mature period, especially for D31 and D37; however, three phosphorus-efficient genotypes showed no advantages in adapta- bility of phosphorus utilization efficiency, while only I)31 exhibited high phosphorus utilization and absorption capacity. Correlation analysis and path analysis showed that phosphorus deficiency of soybean was mainly detemained by phosphorus absorption capacity, and phosphorus deficiency under (-P) treatment was sig- nificandy higher than ( + P) treatment. Phosphorus uptake and phosphorus utilization efficiency posed great direct effects on phosphorus efficiency, and phosphorus uptake exhibited a greater contribution ; in addition, these two factors both posed small indirect effects. In mature period at reproductive growth stage, phosphorus absorption efficiency (phosphorus uptake) was the main variation source of phosphorus efficiency of various soybean genotypes in mature period. Therefore, strong phosphorus uptake and accumulation capacity of phosphorus-efficient soybean genotypes in mature period is an important nutrition foundation for the information of high grain yield.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.51802212)the National College Students’Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(No.2021465)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province,China(No.201801D221119)the Open Foundation of China-Belarus Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environment Effect(Nos.ZBKF2022030802 and ZBKF2022030702)the Graduate Education Innovation Programs of Taiyuan University of Science and Technology(No.XCX212003)。
文摘Under the background of a transformation of the global energy structure,coal gasification technology has a wide application prospect,but its by-product,the coal gasification residue(CGR),is still not being efficiently utilized for recycling.The CGR contains abundant carbon components,which could be applied to the microwave absorption field as the carbon matrix.In this study,Fe/CGR composites are fabricated via a two-step method,including the impregnation of Fe^(3+)and the reduction process.The influence of the different loading capacities of the Fe component on the morphology and electromagnetic properties is studied.Moreover,the loading content of Fe and the surface morphology of the Fe/CGR can be reasonably controlled by adjusting the concentration of the ferric nitrate solution.Meanwhile,Fe particles are evenly inserted on the CGR framework,which expands the Fe/CGR interfaces to enhance interfacial polarization,thus further improving the microwave-absorbing(MA)properties of composites.Particularly,as the Fe^(3+)concentration is 1.0 mol/L,the Fe/CGR composite exhibits outstanding performance.The reflection loss reaches-39.3 dB at 2.5 mm,and the absorption bandwidth covers 4.1 GHz at 1.5 mm.In this study,facile processability,resource recycling,appropriately matched impedance,and excellent MA performance are achieved.Finally,the Fe/CGR composites not only enhance the recycling of the CGR but also pioneer a new path for the synthesis of excellent absorbents.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program,2011AA100201)the Earmarked Fund for the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-28)
文摘Plants that grow well while accumulating and transporting less potassium(K) perform better than more-sensitive plants when under deficiency conditions, which makes low-K-input and environmentally friendly agriculture possible. We conducted hydroponics and sand culture experiments to evaluate the efficiency of various apple(Malus domestica Borkh) rootstocks in their K uptake and utilization. Five genotypes were selected which are widely used in China- M. hupehensis Rehd, M. prunifolia Borkh, M. robusta Rehd, M. sieversii Roem, and M. rockii Rehd. Plant heights, root and shoot dry weights, and K concentrations were recorded. These genotypes differed markedly in dry weights, absolute and relative K concentrations, absolute and relative K accumulations, and their K efficiency ratio under deficient K conditions. The last parameter, expressed as relative shoot dry weight, was strongly and positively correlated with the other four parameters in each genotype. Therefore, we suggest that this parameter could serve as an index when selecting K-efficient genotypes. In this study, we have determined that M. sieversiiand M. rockii are K-inefficient genotypes; M. prunifolia is K-efficient genotype; M. hupehensis and M. robusta have moderate levels of potassium efficiency.
文摘This experiment was conducted to determine the influences of adding organic selenium (Se) on growth properties, Se absorption and utilization, immunity and antioxidant activity in diets of Duroc weaning piglets. This study was performed on 36 (average weight 7.6 kg) weaning piglets. The weaning piglets were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 homogeneous treatments (A, control treatment, no added Se;B, Sodium selenite, 0.3 mg Se/kg feed;C, yeast Se, 0.3 mg Se/kg;D, DL-methionine Se 0.3 mg Se/kg). Every treatment had 3 replicates, every replicate had 3 piglets. The experiment lasted for 35 d, with the first 7 d for adaptation. Feed intake, residual and contaminated feed were recorded every day. Every piglet weight was weighted respectively at beginning and end of experiment. Daily intake, gain weight and feed conversion rates of every replicate were calculated finally. Se concentrations of serum, blood antioxidant and immunity index were analyzed in the 36th d of experiment. The results showed average daily gain of treatment C was significant higher (P 0.05) and D had higher trend than that of treatment A and B (P = 0.06) respectively. And feed and gain ratio of C and D had trends to lower than them of A and B (P = 0.14). However, all the intake of every week and whole period had no significant differences among treatments (P > 0.05). At same time, except for the Immunoglobulin M of treatment D and C was higher than that of treatment A and B significantly (P < 0.05), all the other Se contents of serum, immunity indexes, blood cell parameters and enzymatic activities had no significant differences among treatments (P > 0.05). But they took on some obvious trends. For example, the Se contents and glutathione peroxidase activities increased successively in order of treatment A, B, C and D;the blood urea nitrogen and total bilirubin of treatment A had higher trend than that of other treatments (P = 0.06). All in all, adding to organic Se in basal diets could improve the animal’s healthy levels, growth properties and Se utilization to some extent. Relatively speaking, the DL-methionine Se had more advantages compared to yeast Se.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61673169,11701176,11626101,11601485).
文摘The present study is concerned with the physical behavior of the combined effect of nano particle material motion and heat generation/absorption due to the effect of different parameters involved in prescribed flow model.The formulation of the flow model is based on basic universal equations of conservation of momentum,energy and mass.The prescribed flow model is converted to non-dimensional form by using suitable scaling.The obtained transformed equations are solved numerically by using finite difference scheme.For the analysis of above said behavior the computed numerical data for fluid velocity,temperature profile,and mass concentration for several constraints that is mixed convection parameterλt,modified mixed convection parameterλc,Prandtl number Pr,heat generation/absorption parameterδ,Schmidt number Sc,thermophoresis parameter Nt,and thermophoretic coefficient k are sketched in graphical form.Numerical results for skin friction,heat transfer rate and the mass transfer rate are tabulated for various emerging physical parameters.It is reported that in enhancement in heat,generation boosts up the fluid temperature at some positions of the surface of the sphere.As heat absorption parameter is decreased temperature field increases at position X=π/4 on the other hand,no alteration at other considered circumferential positions is noticed.
文摘The problems of EM energy absorption of human body irradiated by plane wave arediscussed by the Finite-Difference Time-Domain(FD-TD)method.The local Specific AbsorptionRates(SARs),the whole-body average SARs and the layer average SARs for the inhomogeneousblock model of human body with different incident direction and different polarization of theincident waves are calculated.The results show that the appearance of maximum EM energyabsorption is not always at the situation of the front incidence and the local SARs are moreimportant for the interaction of the EM fields with human body.All results provide more infor-mation about the electromagnetic dosimetry for human body.
基金Project supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2013CB632704)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.Y1 V2013L11)
文摘A scheme to enhance near-infrared band absorption of a Si nanoparticle by placing the Si nanoparticle into a designed gold nanostructure is proposed. Three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain simulations are employed to calcu- late the absorption spectrum of the Si nanostructure and maximize it by generating alternate designs. The results show that in the near-infrared region over 700 nm, the absorption of a pure Si nanoparticle is very low, but when the same nanoparticle is placed within an optimally designed gold nanostructure, its absorption cross section can be enhanced by more than two orders of magnitude in the near-infrared band.
基金the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(51836006).
文摘Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))is the primary greenhouse gas contributing to anthropogenic climate change which is associated with human activities.The majority of CO_(2) emissions are results of the burning of fossil fuels for energy,as well as industrial processes such as steel and cement production.Carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS)is a sustainable technology promising in terms of reducing CO_(2) emissions that would otherwise contribute to climate change.From this perspective,the discussion on carbon capture focuses on chemical absorption technology,primarily due to its commercialization potential.The CO_(2) absorptive capacity and absorption rate of various chemical solvents have been summarized.The carbon utilization focuses on electrochemical conversion routes converting CO_(2) into potentially valuable chemicals which have received particular attention in recent years.The Faradaic conversion efficiencies for various CO_(2) reduction products are used to describe efficiency improvements.For carbon storage,successful deployment relies on a better understanding of fluid mechanics,geomechanics,and reactive transport,which are discussed in details.
基金supported in part by grants from Iowa Pork Producers Association and Elanco Animal Health
文摘Xylose, as β-1,4-linked xylan, makes up much of the hemicel ulose in cel wal s of cereal carbohydrates fed to pigs. As inclusion of fibrous ingredients in swine diets continues to increase, supplementation of carbohydrases, such as xylanase,is of interest. However, much progress is warranted to achieve consistent enzyme efficacy, including an improved understanding of the utilization and energetic contribution of xylanase hydrolysis product(i.e. xylooligosaccharides or monomeric xylose). This review examines reports on xylose absorption and metabolism in the pig and identifies gaps in this knowledge that are essential to understanding the value of carbohydrase hydrolysis products in the nutrition of the pig. Xylose research in pigs was first reported in 1954, with only sporadic contributions since. Therefore, this review also discusses relevant xylose research in other monogastric species, including humans. In both pigs and poultry, increasing purified D-xylose inclusion general y results in linear decreases in performance, efficiency, and diet digestibility. However,supplementation levels studied thus far have ranged from 5% to 40%, while theoretical xylose release due to xylanase supplementation would be less than 4%. More than 95% of ingested D-xylose disappears before the terminal ileum but mechanisms of absorption have yet to be ful y elucidated. Some data support the hypothesis that mechanisms exist to handle low xylose concentrations but become overwhelmed as luminal concentrations increase. Very little is known about xylose metabolic utilization in vertebrates but it is wel recognized that a large proportion of dietary xylose appears in the urine and significantly decreases the metabolizable energy available from the diet. Nevertheless, evidence of labeled D-xylose-1-^(14)C appearing as expired^(14)CO_2 in both humans and guinea pigs suggests that there is potential,although small, for xylose oxidation. It is yet to be determined if pigs develop increased xylose metabolic capacity with increased adaptation time to diets supplemented with xylose or xylanase. Overall, xylose appears to be poorly utilized by the pig, but it is important to consider that only one study has been reported which supplemented D-xylose dietary concentrations lower than 5%. Thus, more comprehensive studies testing xylose metabolic effects at dietary concentrations more relevant to swine nutrition are warranted.
文摘The kinetics of K+ absorption and the utilization of both applied K and K in a calcareous alluvisol with low available K by different genotypes of grain amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), an ancient pseudo-cereal that produces a large biomass and a rich source of healthy nutrients and mineral elements, were studied by means of ion depletion technique and pot experiments. Grain amaranth had a high affinity for K+ uptake in comparison with corn and cotton. However, there were differences among Amaranthus spp. in K absorption and utilization. Some cultivars such as R104, CX-4, Du001, Hy015 and Hr029 which had a higher rate of K absorption and stronger affinity for K+ were typical varieties with high K-use efficiency (KUE). The results showed that high KUE cultivars grew quickly, possessed stronger ability to take up soil slowly available K and mineral K, and did not respond to K fertilization in the soil with low available K. Correspondingly, grain amaranth cultivars CX-77, Cr024, Vd001, Re003 and Sn003 were relatively low in KUE. Compared with high KUE cultivars, they took up more soil available K and both of their dry matter accumulation and K uptake responded to K applied significantly.
文摘GaAs has high three photon absorption (3PA) co-efficient at mid-infrared wavelength like2.2mm and waveguides can be formed with this material like silicon nano-wires. It is shown that three-photon-absorption in GaAs wire waveguide can be utilized to form NAND gate. Three-photon-absorption is incorporated in one-dimensional Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) equations. The evolution of a probe pulse under the influence of a pump pulse through crossabsorption in a waveguide is investigated using FDTD simulation, where the dominant process is nonlinear three-photon-absorption. Output probe power dependence on input pump power shows that GaAs waveguide NAND gate has higher extinction ratio in comparison to NAND gate using two-photon-absorption in silicon waveguide.
文摘Opportunities for business cooperation have been increased dramatically in the new environment, and under such circumstance, language usage in business communication places a significant role, particularly in oral business language. To promote harmonious conversations, certain factors and manners of communication like paying attention to the cultural differences, the proper use of humor, mutual understanding, and the avoidance of misunderstanding ambiguity should be taken into consideration to avoid an unsuccessful result.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300407)Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-03)Agricultural Technology Test Demonstration and Service Support (118003)
文摘Wheat is a staple crop worldwide, but yields may diminish as climate change causes increasingly unpredictable patterns of precipitation and soil nutrient availability. Farmers are thus challenged to maximize planting efficiency to increase yield, while also improving their resource use efficiency. In this study the effectiveness of tridimensional uniform sowing was tested across a range of planting densities for winter wheat crops on the North China Plain. Tridimensional uniform sowing was tested against conventional drilling at three planting densities (180 × 104, 270 × 104, and 360 × 104 plants ha 1) and assessed for water consumption, biomass, nitrogen uptake and allocation, and aspects of yield. The tridimensional uniform sowing treatment outperformed the conventional drilling treatment in most metrics and at most planting densities, while performing markedly better at higher planting densities. Water consumption decreased and nitrogen efficiency increased. Tiller number and percentage of productive tillers, leaf area index, dry weight, and yield increased without a significant decline in grain protein. Nitrogen allocation was more efficient under tridimensional uniform sowing than with conventional drilling, and also varied according to annual precipitation and planting density. Both yield and grain protein contents were significantly correlated with the amount of pre-anthesis accumu- lated nitrogen translocated from vegetative organs to kernels after anthesis. Overall, a density of 270 × 104 plants ha 1 provided the highest water use efficiency and grain yield. Tridimensional uniform sowing will benefit farmers by forming stronger overall crops, promoting the coordinated improvement of yield, nitrogen uptake and efficiency, and increasing grain protein content at higher planting densities.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.51736006).
文摘Absorption cooling technology is an environmentally friendly method to generate continuous chilled water making use of multiple thermal sources,such as waste heat and renewable thermal energy.In this study,two absorption chillers(nominal capacity of 400 kW)with series and parallel connections are evaluated.To research the ideal configuration of chillers after thermodynamic analysis,the structures of the chillers are optimized using the particle swarm optimization algorithm by considering the heat transfer area(HTA),exergy efficiency and total annual cost as single-objective functions.The impact of temperature differences between external and internal flows,heat exchanger efficiencies and the solution allocation ratio is estimated.The optimized HTA,coefficient of perform-ance,exergy efficiency and total annual cost are 149.0 m^(2),1.56,29.44%and$229119 for the series-connected chiller,and 146.7 m^(2),1.59,31.45%and$234562 for the parallel-connected type,respectively.Under the lowest HTA condition,compared with the reference simulation results,the energy and exergy performances are improved,while the annual total cost is higher.The annual total cost is highest when maximizing the exergy efficiency,which is attributed to the increase in the HTA.The operating cost accounts for 27.42%(series type)and 26.54%(parallel type)when the annual cost is the lowest.
基金supported by the National High-Tech Research&Development program(Grant No.2003AA206030)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.30030090)
文摘In order to establish methods for indentification and screening of rice genotypes with high nitrogen (N) efficiency, N absorption efficiency (NAE), N utilization efficiency (NUE) and N harvest index (NHI) in ten rice genotypes were investgated at the elongation, booting, heading and maturity stages under six N levels in a pot experiment with soil-sand mixtures at various ratios. NAE in various rice genotypes firstly increased, peaked under a medium nitrogen rate of 0.177 g/kg and then decreased, but NUE and NHI always decreased with increasing nitrogen levels. NAE in various rice genotypes ever increased with growing process and NUE indicated a descending tendency of elongation stage〉heading stage〉maturity stage〉booting stage. N level influenced rice NAE, NUE and NHI most, followed by genotype, and the both effects were significant at 0.01 level. In addition, the interaction effects of genotype and nitrogen level on rice NAE and NUE were significant at 0.01 level, but not significant on rice NHI. Because the maximum differences of NAE and NUE were found at the elongation stage, it was thought to be the most suitable stage for identification and screening these two paremeters. Therefore, the optimum conditions for identification and screening of rice NAE, NUE and NHI in a pot experiment were the nitrogen rate of 0.157 g/kg at the elongation stage, low nitrogen at the elongation stage, and the nitrogen rate of 0.277 g/kg at the maturity stage, respectively.
文摘The problem for calculating EM energy absorption by lossy dielectric scatterer ir-radiated by plane wave are discussed.The factors affecting the accuracy of computation arediscussed.The calculated results of EM energy absorption and its distribution in homogeneousand layered homogenous lossy dielectric spheres are presented,and a comparison of these resultswith analytical solution is given.The calculation is carried out for dielectric cylinder on conduct-ing ground as well,and the results are compared with the image theory.All the computationsshew that the finite-difference time-domain method can give satisfactory results.
基金The authors acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51876057)the NSFC Projects of International Cooperation and Exchanges(No.52061125101)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2022JG006).
文摘A detailed thermal power plant model was developed to evaluate power plant waste heat usage in terms of the operating parameters,energy consumption,water consumption,and pollutant emissions.This model was used to analyze the bypass flue gas energy cascade utilization design which provides excellent energy savings and emission reductions.This paper then presents a design to use the low-temperature waste heat and to extract water from the flue gas.The low-grade heat can be recovered from a coal-fired unit using absorption heat pumps to increase the air preheating.This method significantly reduces the turbine steam extraction in the low pressure stages which increases the turbine power and reduces the coal consumption.This design has a small heat transfer temperature difference between the air preheater and the air warmer,resulting in a smaller exergy loss.The power output of the present design was 1024.28 MW with a coal consumption savings of 3.69 g·(kWh)^(−1).In addition,the present design extracts moisture out of the flue gas to produce 46.48 t·h^(−1)of water.The main goal of this work is to provide a theoretical analysis for studying complex thermal power plant systems and various energy conservation and CO_(2)reduction options for conventional power plants.