A Study of the European Union’s Path for Constructing Digital Governance Rules and the Logical Implications of the Path

The European Union(EU)seeks to build a Europe fit for the digital age.For this purpose,the EU has accelerated the process of catching up with digital technology and issued a number of legal and regulatory documents to establish a digital governance rule regime with EU characteristics.This paper analyzes the EU’s path towards the construction of digital governance rules.This path is composed of three aspects,i.e.,strict digital supervision,differentiation of the free market,and multi-stakeholder governance.This three-step path has intrinsic logical implications.That is,strict digital supervision is applied to defend the EU’s unified market and values;differentiation of the free market takes the principle of adequate protection as the core to make the EU an exporter of rules;multi-stakeholder governance brings multiple stakeholders together in the governance to deal with the ethical anomie that arises during the use of big data.By setting up a series of digital governance rules,the EU seeks to achieve rule dominance to gain regulatory power for global digital governance.However,due to multiple constraints,there is a long way to go,and there are obstacles in the way.

The Right to Be Forgotten Should Not Be Enshrined in Chinese Law

The emergence of the right to be forgotten not only triggered a heated debate between the European Union (EU)and the United States (US), but also caused quite a stir in China’s judicial and legal theory circles. While academicsfrom the UK and the US are wary of the right to be forgotten, their Chinese counterparts are fairly optimistic thatthis right can be transplanted to China. It is found that remarks such as “introducing the right to be forgotten”,“establishing personal information rights”, and “laying down a law on personal information rights” can befrequently observed in relevant studies published in recent years. As an immature new right that has been writteninto laws of some countries, whether the right to be forgotten is in line with China’s practicalities should becogitated on before it is enshrined in law. Having analyzed what influences the right to be forgotten will exert onChina’s rule of law and economic development if it is included in China’s legal system, a conclusion has beenreached. First, the right to be forgotten is detrimental to Chins’ s advancement of rule of law because it contradictsrights such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech and right to know. Second, it will also inhibit thedevelopment of China’s burgeoning digital economy. Therefore, the right to be forgotten should not be introducedto or even established in Chinese law at this stage.

Conflict： Efficient State or State Under the Rule of Law？-- The Hungarian Case of the Victory of the Efficient State over the State Under the Rule of Law

This study is seeking an answer as to whether the efficient state and the state under the rule of law are indeed irreconcilable, as well as to whether these two categories are by nature to be seen as contrary concepts. The basic issue is whether efficiency is to be handled as an ＂extralegal＂ category, or whether legal regulation, in accordance with public administration traditions in Europe, can in itself meet the requirement of efficiency. Also the study presents the formation of the issue of conflict between the effective state and the state under the rule of law in Hungary after the election held in 2010 in the practice of economic policy and legislation of the Orban government. We are trying to answer the question of the tendency of power concentration to really menace the principles of a traditionally-formed state under the rule of law, as well as whether the economic policy of the government can be implemented effectively in a strongly centralized political and state administrative system.

Digital Development Rights in Developing Countries:Where the Governance Rules for Cross-Border Data Flows

The digital development rights in developing countries are based on establishing a new international economic order and ensuring equal participation in the digital globalization process to achieve people's well-rounded development in the digital society.The relationship between cross-border data flows and the realization of digital development rights in developing countries is quite complex.Currently,developing countries seek to safeguard their existing digital interests through unilateral regulation to protect data sovereignty and multilateral regulation for cross-border data cooperation.However,developing countries still have to face internal conflicts between national digital development rights and individual and corporate digital development rights during the process of realizing digital development rights.They also encounter external contradictions such as developed countries interfering with developing countries'data sovereignty,developed countries squeezing the policy space of developing countries through dominant rules,and developing countries having conflicts between domestic and international rules.This article argues that balancing openness and security on digital trade platforms is the optimal solution for developing countries to realize their digital development rights.The establishment of WTO digital trade rules should inherently reflect the fundamental demands of developing countries in cross-border data flows.At the same time,given China's dual role as a digital powerhouse and a developing country,it should actively promote the realization of digital development rights in developing countries.

Research on the Scientific Meaning of Rule of Law in China

Beyond the existing academic viewpoints, clarifying the scientific meaning of the rule of law in China in the binary interaction between subject and object is the prerequisite for reifying the rule of law in China from an abstract symbol to a logic in action. The subject dimension of rule of law in China subsumes the legal consciousness, self confidence, independence and self-improvement of the subject. The object dimension of the rule of law in China focuses the relation mode and governance pattern between right and power. In the dimension of time, the rule of law in China is the unification of history and reality of China model. In the dimension of space, the rule of law in China is committed to seeking the right to speech, governance, management and development from the perspective of globalization.

Revisiting the Spirit of the UDHR and Discussing Human Rights Development——Summary of Views from the Seminar Commemorating the 75th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

On December 4,2023,the China Society for Human Rights Studies hosted a seminar in Beijing commemorating the 75^(th) Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.Participants discussed topics such as the significance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,China’s theories and practices in respecting and safeguarding human rights,the three global initiatives and global human rights governance,human rights protection in the digital age,and telling Chinese stories of human rights in the new era.The discussions led to a broad consensus and achieved positive results.

Demand Created by the Growing Digital Economy for Innovations in Regulation from the Perspective of the Rule of Law

The digital economy can significantly deepen supply-side reform and upgrade consumption and lifestyle in the new era.While having made great achievements,the digital economy has also introduced many regulatory risks and troubles.The basic logic of the digital economy is the eco-industrial chain based on data and big data resources.Since the current data property rights system is unclear,various forms of competition based on data resources have seriously challenged existing laws and their implementation mechanisms.To address the problems of an insufficient institutional supply and weak implementation,and to facilitate the growth of the digital economy,we should update the regulations’concepts and methods,establish a new logic of system regulations,improve the implementation mechanisms by using the overall and multi-level regulation thinking,and build a multi-dimensional,diversified and all-round economic rule of law regulation system led by the government with the participation of operators,consumers and social organizations.This regulation system relies on the synergy between top-level design and top-level promotion,respects the balance of multiple interests,and finally realizes the three-dimensional integration of efficiency,fairness and security.

论高校内部治理的症结及疏解策略

高校内部治理是高校治理的重要环节,关系着高等教育的质量和水平。科层制模式下,高校内部治理存在着政府外部行政权传导的高校内部行政权与高校办学自主权之间的矛盾、高校内部学术权力与行政权力之间的矛盾、学生组织与学校党政职能部门之间的矛盾,并表现为人事治理症结、财务治理症结、合同治理症结。究其原因,法治保障的缺乏、行政权力的过分倚重、机构权责不清、监督机制缺乏是高校内部治理矛盾和症结的成因。因此,必须从积极推进依法治校、优化高校内部权力配置、摒弃落后的管理理念与习惯、实现多元主体的治理动能等层面予以疏解。

数字政府视阈下的算法行政:兴起、风险与法治纠偏

随着数字政府建设目标的确立,算法技术嵌入行政成为一种必然趋势,但是算法在促进行政的同时,也带来了法治价值失序的隐忧。算法基于海量数据运算配置社会资源,辅助甚至独立作出行政行为,或许将会成为行政权行使的中枢性力量。但是,过度依赖算法可能导致强调技术理性而忽视价值理性。算法技术本身所带的内生性风险与算法应用中潜在的风险,暗含着行政权力的“技术延伸”和公民权利被侵蚀的隐患,算法行政遭受合法性和合理性的诘难,数字政府建设与法治政府建设面临耦合困境。为防范算法行政异化风险,政府的数字化必须与法治化同步建设,警惕技术理性凌驾于价值理性之上的观念,并从算法的创制、适用以及事后追责的各阶段构建起算法行政的合法性约束机制,避免“权力—权利”格局的失衡,从而促进政府数字化建设和法治化建设的深度融合。

全球数字贸易治理:规则分歧与策略选择

数字贸易已成为新一轮经济全球化的重要驱动力量。国际组织和主要经济体都高度重视数字贸易规则,但国家和地区之间分歧凸显。发达经济体在数字贸易规则广度和深度方面具有持续性优势,而新兴经济体网络地位上升趋势明显,全球形成了亚太、美洲和欧洲三大地区数字贸易规则网络中心。根据数字贸易规则广度与深度的区别,可将国家和地区分为L-L型、L-H型、H-L型和H-H型四种;根据数字贸易规则谈判中国家和地区对经济利益与安全利益议题的差异化选择,可研判其在数字贸易规则水平、经济利益与安全利益议题深度方面的分歧。数字贸易发展水平差异、数字贸易利益分配冲突与数字贸易治理诉求不同是造成数字贸易国别分歧的主要原因。基于此,中国应在面对不同类型的国家和地区时采取差异化的策略,积极参与区域与全球数字贸易治理,为弥合数字贸易治理分歧提出中国方案。

数字司法的法治边界

随着数字经济的加速发展,现代司法发生了基础上的底层变革,在实践中不断涌现的数字司法创新,演绎出数字司法的时代逻辑,形成了新型的数字司法运行机制,使得司法质效获得了空前提升。然而,数字司法也面临着一些挑战和风险,需要在司法能动与司法谦抑、数据业务与数字正义、数字技术与法治人文上进行恰当的“三重”平衡,从而确立数字法治理念,推进司法制度变革,厘定数字正义原则,构建数字正当程序,实现数字司法的形态转型和迭代升级,进而绘就数字法治的“中国图景”。

数字规制的场景、困境与进路:作为法治场域的元宇宙

元宇宙是数字规制的新场景,相关参与场景和产品应用的广泛性决定了元宇宙风险丛生、亟待治理。元宇宙治理面临伦理治理困境,具体体现在主体性、算法正义、数据伦理等方面,这些也是数字规制的难题,在人工智能等运用场景也有显现。由于技术基础设施发展、传统法律监管滞后、数字货币监管缺位等客观情况,元宇宙法律监管也面临挑战,针对元宇宙的治理困境进行规则设计具有必要性。设计进路方面,元宇宙治理的相关规则应当以元宇宙的技术特征为底座,以算法和数据规制为抓手,以国际法与国内法的互动为方案,在国内法治、涉外法治和国际法治等不同层面确保元宇宙治理规则的宽覆盖、高效力与体系化。数字规制在确保实现人的价值的同时,需要推动数字经济和数字法治的发展。

知识产权法治建设的三个维度

私权保护、国家治理和国际协调是知识产权法治建设中的三个维度。知识产权的本质是人们依法就智力活动成果享有的私权,其客体是通过知识创新或经营劳动产生的特定信息,制度运行中出现的抢占信息资源并将其包装成知识产权客体牟利的乱象应予以纠正。基于信息的无形性,知识产权保护通常需要首先确定客体范围边界,然后对权利人予以及时充分的救济,因此需要行政和司法机关提供专业、便捷的确权及公正、高效的保护。这一建立在“以公开换保护”基础上的公权力介入特色,使得知识产权制度成为国家治理工具。知识产权保护还与国际贸易紧密相关,这一领域存在诸多国际条约。法治建设不能脱离本土实践,应基于地域性原则,结合经济学、社会学等原理,寻求国内国际法治协调发展的共赢之道。

论新质生产力基础上的“新质民主”与“新质法治”的辩证统一

从分析“新质生产力”的性质、内涵、特征、构成要素及意义出发,运用马克思主义立场、观点和方法,坚持习近平法治思想为指导,可以明确提出“新质生产力”的出现和发展可能引起“新质生产关系”的形成,继而通过“新质经济基础”推动上层建筑朝着“新质上层建筑”转变的重大法理判断。“新质生产力”所引发的社会变革是客观规律,民主与法治作为上层建筑的重要组成部分,也会随着“新质生产力”的不断发展而日益呈现“新质民主”与“新质法治”的特征。“全过程人民民主”是“新质民主”的重要标志,而数字法治、涉外法治构成了“新质法治”的核心要素。法学界要及早规划、超前研究,对“新质生产力”发展可能引发的包含了民主与法治等要素在内的上层建筑可能发生的深远影响,从法理上进行深入分析并拿出切实可行的应对方案。

公共数据开放的逻辑意蕴:现状考察、问题检视与法治进路

[目的/意义]数字法治政府是与数字中国、数字社会相适应的政府治理新样态。数据要素已成为数字时代经济高质量发展的重要驱动力,而公共数据开放则是数字法治政府建设的重要议题。[方法/过程]文章选取中央及浙江、山东、贵州、广东、四川、福建、广西、海南、江西、江苏10个省份的法规政策和技术标准作为研究样本,对当前我国公共数据开放法规政策体系进行考察,并在此基础上检视数据开放中存在的问题。[结果/结论]研究发现,我国公共数据开放存在内涵边界存在不确定性、法规政策体系存在缺口、行政法治制度供给欠缺、公民数据权利保障机制尚未成熟等问题。为此,应明确公共数据概念界定和权属性质、完善公共数据开放法规政策体系、建构公共数据开放行政法治秩序、健全公民数据权利保障体制机制,进而将公共数据开放融入法治轨道之中。

金融科技伦理治理:实践困境、功能定位及优化进路

科技发展与金融创新的耦合连接在造就金融市场“新格局”的同时,也会生成新型市场风险、冲击传统金融监管体制,进而引发“新秩序”的思考。当前立法的时滞性与监管的“运动式”表现致使金融科技规制步入粗放型窠臼,立足完善金融高科技治理体系的时代要求,金融科技伦理治理的话语地位逐步提升。金融科技伦理以其发展性、适应性、回应性等制度功效因应金融科技风险治理的现实需求,然而趋向普适性、软约束、碎片化的规范供给样态已然成为制约金融科技伦理效能发挥的关键因素。金融科技伦理治理困境之破解应在功能界分指引下,厘清伦理治理运行的制度载体与价值逻辑。金融科技伦理治理现代化规制框架的建立既要在风险预防性目标下完善伦理治理体系化建设,也要在治理相称理念下推动程序运行机制的法治化转换,更要着眼多元共治格局强化伦理治理的协同合作,促进与企业合规自律的相向而行。

数字时代图书馆法治建设高质量发展的五维审思

图书馆是文化资源的储存库和提取库,担负着凝聚民族亲和力与团结力的历史使命。数字时代《公共图书馆法》及其相关法律为数字化法治化图书馆的设立、运行及服务等提供了规范依据,呈现出布局时空、内驱外引、业态迭新、为民服务的发展优势。2023年2月中共中央、国务院相继印发《质量强国建设纲要》,指出要大力推动图书馆、博物馆等公共文化场馆数字化发展,加快线上线下服务融合。图书馆所蕴含的文化、教育、开放、共享等价值理念成为人民实现和平与发展的精神品格,有助于保障人民公共利益权利,有助于满足人民群众对文化资源获取的美好期待,有助于团结全体人民智慧共建人类文明共同体。

论习近平法治思想对中华优秀传统法律文化的传承创新——基于党的二十大报告关于依法治国的视角

习近平法治思想坚持赓续我们党百余年法治和深刻传承中华法治几千年恢宏壮丽法治史中的精华,深刻体现了“中国之治”的文化自信,是弘扬中国特色社会主义法治文化的典范。习近平法治思想重视从中华优秀传统法律文化中汲取“奉法强国”的信念、全面依法治国的智慧和治国理政的经验,探寻强化法治生命力的路径。面对百年变局叠加世纪疫情,全球治理体系和国际秩序变革异常激烈,国际法治遭遇强烈挑战。习近平法治思想在中国法治和国际治理的实践中,坚持知古鉴今,弘扬中华法治智慧、吸收世界法治文明精华;资政育人,“中国方案”“中国之治”“中国智慧”既充分彰显国际法治的正道、顺应历史发展潮流、增进国际社会民生福祉,又更加增强中华法治自信,彰显中华优秀传统法律文化的时代特色。习近平法治思想把以人民为中心作为法治中国建设的基本立场,从中华优秀传统法律文化中汲取法治中国建设的不竭动力,是引领法治中国建设的思想旗帜和强劲动力源,是打破“西方中心论”长期遏制中国法治理论话语权的有力武器。新时代,推进法治中国建设,应坚持以习近平法治思想为指引,聚焦中国式现代化的法治新课题,把握好习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论,深耕中华优秀传统法律文化,使其成为推进全面依法治国的智慧和力量源泉。

国家金融安全视域下金融科技的风险应对与法治保障

在数字化时代,科技深度赋能金融服务的同时,也易引发国家金融安全风险,包括与传统金融活动结合、构建新型金融网络系统及新兴科技直接应用等场景。金融科技引发国家安全风险的生成机理在于,随着金融体系的中介类型增多、金融风险传导渠道增加,新金融网络体系会产生基于“关联”的风险。金融科技“破坏性创新”的特征,会从金融监管立法与实施两个方面冲击传统金融监管框架,从而加剧监管失灵。国家金融安全的法治保障亟须理论层面的反思与重构,进而形成金融科技的“动态协同”治理模式,从外层金融网络与基础设施安全、中层金融科技创新活动和内层金融服务行为三个层面,构建多层次的金融科技法治保障体系。

中国数字法学研究的奠基与深拓(2018-2023)

从研究热度、人员规模以及成果产出看,数字法学已成为当前我国法学研究的热点,并从基本范畴、基础理论、司法实践、学科建设等方面,促进了现代法学的全方位革新。理论上,数字法学从法理学和部门法两方面,提出和构建了法学新问题、新理念、新价值和新方法;实践中,数字法学秉持新文科建设要求,高度重视数字技术在法的运行全过程中的运用,努力构建新兴交叉学科。当下,我国数字法学研究具有理论的横断性、内容的创新性、方法的交叉性和视域的国际性等特征,但也存在两方面的不足:因忽视法学基础理论与范畴而招致“制造学术泡沫”批判,交叉研究有待深入融合各学科话语体系。当下的数字法学研究呈现出明显的“三阶段”特征,为助力数字法学研究实现阶段跃升,应继续重视法学基础问题研究,以实现科学创新,从实践立场发掘数字法学的新问题与新对策,以及兼顾数字法学研究的立法立场和司法立场。