State-Owned Capital Participation in Private Enterprises:A Perspective of Debt Financing

This study takes debt financing as the entry point and explores the impact of state-owned capital participation in private enterprises from the perspectives of“unarticulated rules”and“articulated rules”.The study finds that state-owned capital participation significantly reduces the debt financing costs of private enterprises and expands the scale of their debt financing.This conclusion remains valid after a series of endogeneity and robustness tests.Further analysis of the mechanism reveals that state-owned capital participation improves the debt financing of private enterprises through multiple channels:Enhancing their social reputation,mitigating the“statistical bias”they face,optimizing their information quality,and reducing the“shareholder-creditor”agency problems.This paper conceptualizes these benefits as the“complementary advantages of heterogeneous shareholders”.This not only constructs a theoretical framework for“reverse mixed-ownership reform”but also better narrates the Chinese story of“mixed-ownership reform”by adopting a more universally applicable theory of equity structure.Additionally,the paper supplements existing research on the macro-and meso-level relationship between the government and the market by exploring the government’s positive role at the micro-level.

Impact of State-Owned Capital Participation on ESG Performance of Private Enterprises

As global investors and stakeholders increasingly prioritize environmental,social,and governance(ESG)performance,corporate social responsibility and sustainability have become crucial factors in determining corporate success.In the context of China’s robust economy,the involvement of state-owned capital exerts a profound impact on the ESG performance of private enterprises.This paper,starting from the perspective of ESG,analyzes how state-owned capital participation influences the ESG performance of private enterprises.Additionally,it proposes recommendations for the involvement of state-owned enterprises in private enterprises,aiming to foster the sustainable development of private enterprises and enhance their social responsibility.

Capitalization of Productive Factors and Income Distribution Problems - Unraveling the Cruxof China＇s Income

When observing China＇s income distribution problems .from an international perspective, we find that China＇s income inequality is not much different from developed countries after primary distribution. The real difference between China and developed countries is that income inequality in developed countries will reduce greatly after income redistribution while the income inequality remains the same for China. Therefore, one can conclude that income inequality in China derives from the ineffectiveness of redistribution. However, a large income gap is not the main reason for skewed income distribution in China. In fact, the problem lies in unfair distribution resulting from factor capitalization. A handful of people have taken proceeds from public assets at the expense of all the people, which has led to social poIarization. To remove unfair distribution, China should improve its means of redistribution to narrow its income gap in order to develop a fair and reasonable pattern of income distribution.

Triptych Knowledge—Skills—Payroll and Business Performance: Application of an Operational Model for an Accounting Rating of the Human Capital in the Area of Distribution

The human capital’s accounting could allow companies to better manage the acquired knowledge and the skills developed by the employees when they join the firm.An operational model,suitable for a business enterprise’s HR manager and validated by its headboard,needs to include the employees’expertise and skills relative to their“cost”for the employer—the wage bill—and an assessment of the commercial performance.The human capital’s valuation includes methodological issues.Besides,the notion of human capital seems hardly understandable as a whole:The human capital gathers nevertheless components,such as knowledge—skills for which a first valuation can be proposed to test an accounting evaluation model for the operational human capital.In a perspective of a responsible management and a good HR policy,the method used must be able to better manage the knowledge and the competences employees acquired by accompanying them with the appropriate human resource management practices.This paper aims to show that the accounting valuation of human capital can become a tool in order to manage the knowledge and skills acquired and able to support a company’s human resources policy while being useful to its commercial performance—here in the distribution sector.In a research-intervention frame led in a responsible group,we use a model based on a triptych—wage bill,knowledge,and skills—to evaluate the human capital’s accounting,with an analytical highlight on the components measurement of the used“knowledge”and“skills”indexes in particular.A reflection on the operational model’s enrichment is proposed.

Female directors in the boardroom and intellectual capital performance:Does the“critical mass”matter?

This research aims to investigate the influence of female directors on Intellectual Capital Performance(ICP)using a sample of manufacturing-listed companies in China.Our study investigates the link between having two or more female directors and the Modified Value-Added Intellectual Coefficient(MVAIC)methodology,employing the critical mass theory from 2004–2017.We find that having a critical mass of female directors(three or more)shows a significant positive impact on MVAIC and its components,including human capital efficiency,structural capital efficiency,relational capital efficiency,and physical capital efficiency,with physical capital being the critical driver.Our study reveals that the critical mass participation of female directors substantially influences the IC efficiency of privately owned companies compared to state-owned companies.Moreover,the number of female directors also affects the IC performance of manufacturing companies in multiple regions.Our findings support the validity of group classification identified by Kanter and Critical Mass Theory.To the best of our knowledge,this is one of the few pieces of research that studies the role of female board directors in IC performance and Chinese manufacturing firms using MVAIC as an IC measure.

Mixed oligopoly,state-owned banks’shareholding reform and foreign capital penetration

This paper examines the impact of the policy on eliminating the ratio of foreign shareholding in banks in a mixed oligopoly model.Its analytic results show that state-owned banks should encourage privatisation along with an increasing proportion of the domestic share in multinational banks.Furthermore,we argue that the increase in domestic stockholding of multinational banks raises domestic private firms’profits but decreases their social welfare in the deposit market.The results of numerical simulation show that when the quantity of private banks is fixed,foreign banks tend to enlarge their stake and strengthen their controlling power.

Will the State-owned Capital Transfer Policy Enhance the Sustainability of the Urban Employee Basic Pension Insurance Fund in China?

To analyze the efect of the state-owned capital transfer policy on the sustainability of China's urban employee basic pension insurance fund(CUEBPIF),this study develops an actuarial model for pension insurance.The results reveal the following:(i)Without policy intervention,the CUEBPIF would face a deficit in 2027 and a cumulative shortfall of RMB207.44 trillion by 2050,and the proportion of fiscal subsidies for the CUEBPIF in the total fiscal expenditure would increase to 12.86 percent in 2050.(i)Based on a delayed retirement policy,the transfer of 10 percent of state-owned capital can delay the onset of the fund deficit by 6 years,and the accumulated shortfall in 2050 would fall to RMB39.42 trillion,and the proportion of fiscal subsidies would decrease by I1.77 percentage points.(ii)The state-owned capital transfer policy can improve the sustainability of the CUEBPIF and reduce the burden of enterprise social security contributions when the transfer ratio increases to 20 percent.

Research on Labor Reallocation Efficiency of State-owned Industries

This article,which is based on panel data of Chinese state-owned industrial enterprises over the period 2006-2011,analyzes Labor reallocation Efficiency of State-Owned Enterprises with Syrquin＇s analysis of the total Reallocation effect of Resources. The results show that：①Labor allocation efficiency keeps a high level all the time;②The contribution that labor Reallocation efficiency makes to the growth of labor productivity has been at a low rate. Therefore, our government had better deepen the reform of state-owned enterprises and the evolvement of marketization

A Panel Data Analysis of the Impact of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Remittances and Foreign Aid on Human Capital Growth and Brain Drain in Africa

The main purpose of this research was to analyze the impact the Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI), remittances, and foreign aid have had to human capital growth (HCG) and brain drain. The study data were collected from five African countries (Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana, South Africa, and Morocco) from 2009 to 2018. Secondary sources were used in data collection, then autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modeling was used in the analysis. Before modelling was done, co-integration tests and panel unit were applied. The results revealed that Chinese FDI, remittances, and foreign aid had a significant and positive impact on HCG in the long but not the short-run. Besides, remittances, Chinese FDI, and foreign aid demonstrated significant negative impacts on brain drain in the long term, not in the short term. This study makes important practical and theoretical contributions about the roles of Chinese FDI, remittances, and foreign aid in the reduction of brain drain and the growth of human capital.

Georgian Social Insurance Fund Management Problems and Probabilistic and Statistical Analysis of Fund Capital Management

A mathematical model of management of a social insurance fund with exponential insurance reimburse and financing determined social programs is represented and analyzed; A probability density function and fund＇s functioning probabilistic characteristics are obtained, that makes it possible to determine the sufficiency of fund capital at all levels of its management. With the help of conclusion it is possible for particular period of time determine in insurance fund change of cash flow movement speed, on what basis in determined from state tax revenues assigns acceptance necessity and capacity.

我国宏观收入分配结构测算及对经济增长的影响研究——基于新中国成立以来长序列数据的实证

本文利用资金流量表、住户收支调查、财政收支等数据,采用拟合法对1952年以来我国宏观收入分配结构进行系统测算,深入分析新中国成立至今我国宏观收入分配结构的发展变化,并以住户部门收入份额和劳动者报酬占比为主要指标,对比分析我国宏观收入分配结构与发达经济体的差异。基于数据测算和分析,进一步使用1953—2022年的时间序列数据构建多元线性回归模型和滚动回归模型,实证检验收入分配相关指标对消费及经济增长的影响。研究结果显示,第一,新中国成立以来我国住户部门收入份额总体呈现波动下降态势,2008年国际金融危机之后逐步有所回升,住户部门收入份额平均高于劳动者报酬占国内生产总值(GDP)的比重20个百分点左右。第二,与美国、欧洲、日本等经济体进行同期对比显示,我国住户部门收入份额低约20个百分点,从相似发展阶段对比看也低10个百分点左右;住户部门收入份额差距大于我国劳动者报酬占比与发达经济体的差距,表明我国住户部门收入份额偏低与再分配的调节作用不足有关。第三,实证研究显示,投资、消费和出口都是我国经济增长的重要动力;提高住户部门收入份额对消费的促进作用大于对资本形成的抑制作用,有助于带动经济增长,但从其作用效果的发展变化看,提高住户部门收入份额对消费的提振作用有边际递减趋势。

企业数字化转型、人力资本与内部薪酬差距

企业是推动数字技术发挥经济效应的重要微观主体,也是平衡资本和劳动分配关系的关键所在。基于2009—2019年中国A股上市公司的数据,运用Python爬虫技术评估了上市公司的数字化转型程度,实证研究了数字化转型对企业内部薪酬差距的影响及其作用机制。实证分析发现,数字化转型对企业高管与员工之间的收入差距具有显著的扩大效应。机制分析结果表明,数字化转型会通过提升员工人力资本水平缩小企业内部收入差距,也会通过提升管理层人力资本水平扩大企业内部薪酬差距。异质性分析发现,数字化转型对低议价能力企业与非技术密集型企业内部薪酬差距的影响更大。进一步分析表明,企业数字化转型产生超额薪酬差距的原因在于员工薪酬涨幅小于管理层。因此,数字经济时代,为实现企业数字化转型与收入分配的相对公平,政府应推动劳动力知识技能升级,优化劳动力结构,充分发挥人力资本在推动企业内部收入分配公平方面的作用,进而缩小企业内部收入差距。

股东抽逃出资公司法禁令的检视--兼论《公司法司法解释三》

新《公司法》第五十三条和第一百零五条是反映资本维持原则的核心条款,延续了原《公司法》关于公司股东“不得抽逃出资”或“不得抽回其股本”的禁止性规定,充实了股东和董监高的民事责任。但股东抽逃出资禁令无法反映“公司向股东返还财产”的实质,在术语上应予调整,在解释上应与“公司不得返还股东”保持一致。抽逃出资禁令反映了资本管制思想,与股东不履行出资义务、公司收购或回购股权、股东与公司之间关联交易、股东权利限制和失权、返还出资、赔偿责任等相互关联,已经成为一个内涵丰富、外延巨大的超级条款。在适用该禁令时,应当根据不同的给付方式,施加必要程序和数额限制,强化董监高的职责,合理关注股东的资产收益权。

跨境资本流动与东道国收入分配——来自跨国面板数据的经验证据

本文基于57个经济体1990-2019年的跨国面板数据,实证检验了各种类型的跨境资本流动对东道国收入分配的影响。研究结果显示:第一,整体而言,FDI改善了东道国的收入分配,证券投资与其他投资对收入分配的影响并不显著;第二,FDI对收入分配的改善作用在发达程度较高、金融市场更完善的经济体以及2008年金融危机发生后更为显著;最后,资本账户开放程度的提高有利于促进FDI对东道国收入分配的改善。根据上述结论,本文为如何更好地利用跨境资本流动来改善中国的收入分配提出了政策建议。

产业智能化的城乡收入差距效应及减小路径研究

随着新一轮科技革命浪潮的推进,产业智能化发展对城乡收入差距的影响越发显著,如何应对这种挑战以实现共同富裕是一个很重要的问题。本文从产业智能化的资本偏向性和技能偏向性角度论证了产业智能化对城乡收入差距的扩大作用,并从理论上探索了减小产业智能化对城乡收入差距影响的路径。在实证上,本文采用D-K标准误的固定效应模型进行分析,结果表明现阶段产业智能化显著地扩大了城乡收入差距;通过机制分析验证了产业智能化主要通过功能性收入分配效应和规模性收入分配效应来影响城乡收入差距;调节效应分析证明了优化产业结构和缩小城乡人力资本差距能缓解产业智能化对城乡收入差距的影响。

人力资本及其结构视角下企业现金股利分配研究

人力资本作为企业获得竞争优势的重要因素之一,对企业的行为会产生显著影响。本文以2009—2020年中国A股上市企业为样本,探讨人力资本及高级人力资本结构对企业现金股利分配的影响。研究发现,人力资本投入及高级人力资本结构会显著减少企业现金股利分配。在经过一系列稳健性检验后,结论依然成立。进一步分析中发现,在人力资本较为密集的企业中,现金股利分配更少或企业更不倾向于分配现金股利;融资约束和《会计准则第9号——职工薪酬》的修订皆强化了人力资本及高级人力资本结构与现金股利分配间的负向关系。本文将劳动经济学理论同公司金融相结合,从人力资本的“正面”视角发现了中国企业“低股利”现象之谜。

企业ESG责任履行提高劳动收入份额了吗?——基于A股上市公司的实证分析

随着可持续发展理念在全球获得广泛共识,企业正逐渐从纯商业组织转变为积极履行社会责任的社会组织,环境、社会和治理(ESG)责任履行已成为金融市场和微观企业推动可持续发展的具体写照。企业ESG责任履行将影响企业劳资关系和收入分配,但其内在机理尚不清晰。鉴于此,本文选取2011—2022年沪深A股上市非金融公司样本,实证考察企业ESG责任履行对劳动收入份额的影响。研究结果表明,企业ESG责任履行能够提升劳动收入份额,该结论在考虑内生性等一系列稳健性检验后仍然成立。机制分析结果显示,企业ESG责任履行主要通过优化人力资本结构和缓解融资约束来影响劳动收入份额。异质性检验发现,企业ESG责任履行对国有企业、非劳动密集型行业、经济发展良好地区的企业劳动收入份额具有提升效果。进一步研究发现,企业履行环境保护方面的ESG责任有助于提升劳动收入份额;企业履行ESG责任具有岗位创造增加和岗位破坏减少的就业效应。本文为企业ESG责任履行下企业劳资关系和收入分配变动提供了经验证据,也为扎实推进企业ESG实践、优化企业报酬分配和实现共同富裕提供理论依据。

基于投入-产出统一性框架的中国农业全要素生产率时空变迁

为规范地测算我国(不含香港地区、澳门地区、台湾地区)农业全要素生产率,识别区域差异,基于投入-产出统一性框架,厘清土地、劳动、中间投入等投入变量,采用最小离差法估计各省份的农业资本存量,采用更符合我国农业生产实际的SFA-KLH模型测算改革开放以来的农业全要素生产率,分析其增长趋势、源泉与时空分布差异,并对农业全要素生产率进行收敛性分析。结果显示,1978—2020年我国农业全要素生产率增长总体呈现涨跌互现、波动增长的变动趋势,但在2006年后呈现增速放缓的平稳趋势。1978—2020年,我国农业全要素生产率的年均增长率为2.27%,技术进步是其增长源泉。农业全要素生产率表现出区域差异,整体上呈现中部>东部>西部的分布趋势。我国农业全要素生产率整体上不存在绝对收敛,但存在条件收敛,且各省份具有不同的收敛速度。

外资并购、人力资本结构升级与劳动收入份额

所有权的改变可能通过劳资关系的改变,影响劳动和资本要素的收入分配。而提高劳动收入份额对改善收入分配格局、促进经济平衡发展具有重要意义。基于2000—2013年BVD并购数据库与中国工业企业数据库的匹配数据,从理论和实证两方面分析和检验外资并购对被并购的内资企业劳动收入份额的影响以及作用机制。研究发现,外资并购能够显著提升被并购内资企业的劳动收入份额,该结论在一系列检验后仍然成立。机制检验发现,外资并购通过企业人力资本结构升级渠道提升了被并购的内资企业劳动收入份额。进一步检验发现,外资并购显著提升了目标企业的生产效率和管理效率。异质性分析发现,外资并购显著提升了劳动力调整成本较低的企业、东部地区、资本技术密集型行业以及出口型企业的目标企业劳动收入份额。此外,相比于水平型并购,垂直型并购的协同效应显著提升了企业劳动收入份额。上述结论有助于揭示外资并购对劳动力技能结构调整、要素收入分配等的影响,并深化对开放经济背景下提高劳动收入份额的传导机制认识,为中国积极推进高水平对外开放、促进企业转型升级以及扎实推进共同富裕提供启示。

北京市非中心城区土地利用-人口-经济协同预测

非首都功能的疏解政策涉及城市化建设、经济、人口等多个方面,当前的预测研究多针对单一的空间要素进行模拟和预测,而未关注到城市发展中多个空间要素相互交织的影响。本文将北京市非中心城区作为研究区,以多年度土地利用数据、GDP格网数据和人口格网数据为基础,通过PLUS模型和SCS方法,以多要素协同模拟的方式模拟了规划情景下2030年的土地利用格局,以及2030年GDP-人口公里格网数据,并计算了时空与总量变化特征。结果显示:①在生态优先的政策情景下,北京市非中心城区的林草地及水体将会扩张但整体扩张趋势不明显;②政策指导下,2020—2030年研究区人口与GDP承载了中心区的外溢,经济与人口都实现了高质量发展。本文的研究为城市化建设、人口监控管理和资源优化配置提供了科学参考。