The Diversity and Phylogeny of Mesozoic Symphyta (Hymenoptera) from Northeastern China

Objective Symphyta, as an ancestral and paraphyletic group, are mainly phytophagous lineages. In order to truly elucidate their natural history and the development trends, we need to cover more species, including the extinct and extant species. In general, fossils sometimes appear to be necessary since extinct species usually have the so-called transitional states, which play important roles in their early evolution. It is well known that the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation and the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formations of Northeastern China have yielded well- preserved insects, including sawflies and some woodwasps. The great morphological diversity of symphytan fbssils, especially those transitional character states, will make significant contributions to our understanding of the developmental trends of this basal group, as well as the evolution of hymenopterans.

Neo-Pragmatism and the Trends of Contemporary Western Confucian Studies

This paper analyzes and compares the trend of neo-pragmatism in today’s Western Confucian studies and reveals how it constitutes a certain academic movement in this field.In the analysis of this trend,this paper explores the similarities and differences between certain academic research topics and discusses the rationality of these controversial and even confusing issues.The significance of the neo-pragmatist trend in Confucianism is multiple:(1)it has opened a new stage for the development of contemporary Western Confucian studies;and(2)it can expand Confucius’s thought more widely and deeply to other humanitieselds of the Western intelligentsia,and even to ordinary people.

Avoiding the innovation island in infrastructure mega-project

Infrastructure mega-project(IMP) innovation is a complex process characterized by highly diverse innovators, a dynamic life-cycle, and stickiness of innovation knowledge. The IMP's innovation network can be easily broken due to the fact that the network involves many different innovators across different industries and different projects. Further reasons for the fragility of the IMP's innovation network are the dynamics of the IMP life-cycle, the diversity of the IMP's innovative entities, the uniqueness of each IMP, and the temporary nature of each IMP's organizations. The innovation island formed by the breaking of an IMP's innovation network can stifle and harm innovation performance. Drawing from the knowledge-based view as well as innovation network theory, our research identifies the heterogeneous characteristics of IMP innovation. We propose a framework to analyze the formation mechanism of the IMP innovation island from three dimensions—the horizontal innovation island, the vertical innovation island, and the longitudinal innovation island. We look at the Hong Kong-ZhuhaiMacao Bridge project to elaborate the innovation island concept that negatively impacts IMP innovation. We also offer theoretical implications regarding the broader question of how IMPs can manage their innovation in practice.