Gap between Urban and Rural Economic Development in Less Developed Areas——A Case of Northern Jiangsu Area,China

Taking northern Jiangsu area as an example,economic disparity between urban and rural areas is described according to the data in 2000-2009 Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook.Result shows that there are significant differences in the rural and urban economic development in less developed areas,which are mainly reflected in the differences in per capita income,living standard,and Engel coefficient.Reasons for urban and rural economic disparity in less developed areas are analyzed.The asymmetry and immobility of rural and urban resources have objectively caused the income gap between urban and rural residents;urban industrial development,which is faster than agricultural development,has widened the income gap between urban and rural residents;and the differences in comparative labor productivity in rural and urban areas have enlarged their income gap.Countermeasures to minimize the urban and rural economic development gap are put forward,such as deepening the reform,realizing the free flow of economic resources between urban and rural areas,developing rural areas through urban development,exerting the function of urban areas in the coordinated development of urban and rural areas,paying attention to the agriculture and rural areas,and improving the comparative labor productivity of agriculture.

The Chinese Urban-rural Dual Economic Structure Model and Analysis

Based on the characteristics of urban-rural dual economic structure in China,we build a dynamic endogenous urban-rural dual economic model closely linked to China's reality,and carry out mathematical economics analysis of optimized conditions for urban and rural sectors. The main results show that:(i) The labor growth rate of urban-rural sectors must be greater than the time discount rate,or else there would be a vicious cycle of diminishing returns in the sectors;(ii) The accumulation rate of physical capital and human capital of urban-rural sectors,and the rate of technological progress,need to be greater than the corresponding depreciation rate plus the time discount rate,otherwise there would be a vicious cycle of diminishing returns in the sectors;(iii) The low accumulation rate in the rural sector,and the occurrence of labor outflow,human capital loss and lack of investment,will expand income gap between urban and rural areas,which is a reason for solidification of urban-rural dual economic structure.

Study on Factors Influencing Urban-rural Dual Economic Structure of Chongqing Based on the State Space Variable Parameter Method

Firstly,this paper reviews and analyzes historic background of urban-rural integration of Chongqing,and the evolution and trend of urban and rural dual economic structure.On the basis of previous researches,it selects factors and variables influencing urban and rural dual economic structure,and establishes an econometric model.By state space Kalman filtering method,it analyzes dynamic influence of factors upon urban-rural dual economic intensity.According to empirical conclusion,it puts forward corresponding policy recommendations for promoting integrated urban and rural economic development of Chongqing.

Effects of the Development of Township Enterprises on the Urban-Rural Dual Economic Structure Based on Cointegration Theory

The gross output value of township enterprises(XGDP)is used as a variable of township enterprises development.And CXEY is a variable of urban-rural dual economic structure.According to the 1986-2006 Statistical Yearbook of Chinese Township Enterprises and the 2006 China Statistical Yearbook,effects of the development of township enterprises on the urban-rural dual economic structure are studied by the cointegration analysis.Result shows that without considering other influencing factors,township enterprise development in the years 1979-2005 is the key factor to improve the dual economic structure in urban and rural areas in China.

Look from the empty nester problem of urban and rural dual structure of society

More and more empty nest has become a social problem that couldn＇t ignore. The problem of empty nester is the essence of urban and rural dual structure social changing. The emergence of empty-nesters is a serious problem in China＇s social development process, with the aging of the population increasing, urban-rural divide more and more obvious. The condition of the human society has gradually formed the rural and the division of labor and the dual structure of the city. This paper expounds the connotation, significance and characteristics of empty nest elderly, analyzes on the problems existing in current urban and rural society and the problem of empty nest elderly in the new situation puts forward the suggestions and countermeasures.

Urban-rural Integration Based on Regional Economic Integration——A Case of Jiuquan-Jiayuguan Areas of Gansu Province

The relationship between urban-rural integration and regional economic integration is summarized in the paper.Based on the fact,it expressed the necessity and realistic meaning of pushing forward the urban-rural integration process synchronously during Jiuquan-Jia yuguan (abbreviate:Jiu-Jia) areas economic integration.The current degree of the urban-rural integration of Jiu-Jia was analyzed by index calculation,and the related conclusions were obtained.Besides,the development concepts and the key works to accelerate the process of Jiu-Jia urban-rural integration were suggested.The results show that the overall level of urban-rural integration in Jiuquan and Jiayuguan is higher than the average level of Gansu Province,but the urban-rural economic development and social development lose the balance and the dual structure is prominent.In the end,three developmental patterns for accelerating the developmental process of urban-rural integration are put forward.Firstly,the government should find the key of the current work and coordinate the construction of infrastructure.Secondly,rural economic industrialization should be promoted.Thirdly,the urbanized social management should be promoted.

Renewable Energies in Africa, Context and Socio-Economic Challenge

In this paper, we have shown that Africa has an enormous wealth of renewable energy resources among the most important in the world such as the strong sunshine, Congo and Nile Rivers respectively among the most powerful and the longest in the world. We have underlined the presence of important forests, rich subsoil in mineral elements, and strong winds. In addition to a rapidly growing human capital, Africa, therefore, has at its disposal all the factors enabling it to initiate sustainable and inclusive socio-economic development. We have shown that the transformation of these renewable energies is an opportunity for Africa to reach its socio-economic challenges. The development of renewable energies in Africa will be a source of many financial benefits and advantages both in terms of improving living conditions and carrying out activities. The electrical supply of rural areas of Africa represents a considerable issue, which can be a propellant factor in long-term socio-economic development if the conditions of use of clean fuel and cooking technologies, especially sanitary are taken into account. The provision of modern energy services can contribute to the creation of jobs for young people upstream. Among other things, we can note the development of local skills, the creation of income-generating activities, and the improvement of hygiene and health measures which are necessary conditions for family and social well-being. This requires a policy focused, on research in general and in particular on semiconductors that participate in the transformation of photovoltaic solar energy. We have stressed that Africa which is currently experiencing a period of economic growth and sustained transformation must be very looking at in its energy policy and give pride of place to renewable energies to initiate sustainable socio-economic development, equitable and inclusive different social strata both in rural areas and urban areas.

农村劳动力流动、经济增长对城乡二元结构的影响——基于动态面板与门槛效应模型的实证分析

城乡一体化发展是破解新时代社会主要矛盾的关键抓手。近年来,我国经济不断发展,农村劳动力流动规模不断扩大。但城乡二元结构并没有随着经济增长和劳动力流动而同步转化,存在着严重的滞后性。城乡二元结构成为掣肘经济持续发展的重要因素。文章基于2006—2020年我国31省份面板数据,运用系统动态面板模型(SYS-GMM)分析劳动力流动与经济增长对城乡二元结构的影响;运用门槛效应模型,以劳动力流动为门槛变量,分析经济增长对城乡二元结构的非线性影响。结果表明,劳动力流动促进城乡二元结构转化,而经济增长抑制城乡二元结构转化;经济增长对城乡二元结构的作用受到劳动力流动的影响,表现出门槛效应:当劳动力流动规模超过一定限度后,经济增长对城乡二元结构转化的抑制作用将得到缓解。

长江经济带城乡地域功能融合发展的时空格局与响应过程

城乡地域功能融合发展是纾解国土空间冲突的关键路径。该研究运用熵权TOPSIS、核密度估计和融合发展度模型分析长江经济带130个城市的城镇、乡村地域功能水平,以及城乡地域功能融合发展的时空格局,采用双变量空间自相关模型识别其响应过程。结果表明:①长江经济带各市城镇、乡村地域功能呈上升趋势,城镇地域功能形成“点-团-面”的分布格局,区域差异逐渐收窄;乡村地域功能呈“簇团”状分布格局,上中下游的地理梯度分异现象突出。②长江经济带各市城乡地域功能由融合过渡型向融合提升型突变发展,融合发展水平呈现下游>中游>上游的特征,由以中心城市为节点向以核心城市群为组团的分布格局演进,东西部极化加剧、省域内部差异扩大。③长江经济带城镇与乡村地域功能相互促进发展作用显著增强,先后历经需求融合、引导融合和自发融合等阶段,融合发展过程呈现由融合过渡到融合提升再到融合优化的螺旋式上升规律。根据研究结论提出以下建议:①上游地区以政策引导发展为契机,吸引下游地区资金、技术、劳动密集型产业向上游地区转移,集中资源全面推进乡村振兴,促进城镇、乡村地域功能双提升。②中游地区着力推进城乡一体化发展,强化武汉、长沙和南昌等区域性中心城市城镇地域功能的辐射带动效应,拉动乡村地域功能发育。③下游地区需促进城镇的生产、生活活动逐步向乡村转移,促进农村土地流转和农业生产经营规模化,助推城乡地域功能优质融合。

“三农”与“双循环”新发展格局——关于城乡融合发展推进乡村振兴的调研报告

脱贫攻坚战全面胜利后,如何巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果,确保不发生规模性返贫;同时如何发挥“三农”在投资、消费和建设全国统一大市场中的作用,积极参与“加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局”。结合典型案例分析近年来我国农业农村经济发展过程中的新变化、取得成效,梳理总结发展经验,面对出现的新问题,提出未来乡村经济提质发展的建议和策略:(1)坚持整区域规划统筹与农业产业差异化发展引领;(2)以基础设施均等化推动以人为本的城乡融合;(3)增强对农业科技以及农民教育和培训的资金投入;(4)创新发展合作组织协同构建农业社会化服务;(5)加强农业和农村发展的法律支持;(6)挖掘传统文化创建新的乡村文明;(7)参与畅通国内大循环;(8)开展农业对外交流合作。

丝绸之路经济带核心区城乡融合发展的影响因素研究

作为“一带一路”建设的核心区、枢纽地带,新疆在推动城乡融合与对外开放方面有着至关重要的意义,同时对于促进当地经济社会发展具有深远影响。城乡融合是新时代下中国发展的重要战略方向,旨在实现城乡资源要素的共享和优势互补,城乡产业结构也逐渐向现代化、国际化的方向发展,实现城乡产业的互通和融合。本文测度并对地区层面面板实证检验城乡融合结果显示,目前新疆城乡融合水平较低但正稳步提升,地区差异较大且趋于缩小。对外开放稳健促进新疆城乡融合协调发展。

广东省内对口帮扶背景下粤北民族地区经济高质量发展研究

广东省内对口帮扶政策为粤北民族地区经济社会发展乃至实现共同富裕目标提供了良好的外源性发展力量。通过粤北民族地区经济发展对城乡居民收入差距的实证分析,发现粤北民族地区经济发展对城乡居民收入差距有显著负向影响,即粤北民族地区经济发展缩小了城乡居民收入差距。但粤北民族地区整体发展与广东省内发达地区仍存在较大差距,究其根本原因在于其缺乏内生性发展动力。为此提出以资源优势打造核心竞争力等优化路径为粤北民族地区发展提供内生性发展动力,以期实现粤北民族地区经济高质量发展。

印度现代化进程中的城乡差别研究

工农互促、城乡互补是现代化建设的目标,印度现代化进程未能实现城乡融合发展,反而造成城乡差别日益扩大。本文梳理印度独立后工农业发展政策,分析造成印度现代化进程中城乡差别的政策原因、结构制约与政治影响。实际上,印度独立后,在工业与农业、城市化与乡村发展的关系方面发生过大量争论,在实践层面也经历了曲折与反复。印度的现代化进程没有从根本上改变印度的传统社会结构,各种工农业发展计划、惠民政策与民主实践,没能促进工农业协同进步与城乡融合发展。农村土地精英和富农阶级做大做强、阻碍农村农业现代化发展,城市地区贫富差距严重,难以实现以工促农、以城带乡的融合发展。

济南都市圈乡村地域功能空间格局及乡村类型划分研究

采用层次分析法,以乡村多元价值为导向构建济南都市圈乡村地域功能评价指标体系。运用泰尔指数分析都市圈内区域差异,结合空间自相关分析方法揭示2019年济南都市圈乡村地域在农业、生态、经济和社会四方面的空间格局,并在此基础上划分乡村类型。结果表明:(1)从各类功能特征来看,粮食生产功能呈现“北强南弱,西强东弱”的空间分异特征,经济发展功能整体呈现“局部领先,点状发散”的空间分异特征,社会保障功能呈现“等级均衡,片状聚集”的空间分异特征,生态功能呈现“东强西弱,南强北弱”的空间分异特征;(2)济南都市圈乡村地域功能具有明显的空间分异性和空间集聚特征,乡村地域功能之间存在着较明显的相关性;(3)都市圈乡村地域主导功能划分为4种类型:经济发展主导功能区、粮食生产主导功能区、社会保障主导功能区、生态主导功能区,各主导功能区在研究区空间地域分布上具有较为明显的分异特征和区域发展背景。

数字经济、城乡融合与农业经济韧性

文章基于我国30个省份2011—2020年的数据,运用固定效应等模型分析数字经济对农业经济韧性的影响及作用路径。研究发现:数字经济的发展有利于农业经济韧性的提升,且城乡融合是数字经济提升农业经济韧性的作用路径。异质性分析表明,粮食主产区的数字经济正向促进农业经济韧性,且城乡融合具有显著的中介效应,非粮食主产区则表现不显著。因此,应强化数字经济对农业经济发展的赋能作用,建立健全城乡融合发展体制机制,因地制宜激活各产区农业潜力。

城乡共同富裕的经济法思考

城乡一体化一直是我国处理城乡关系进程的主线。四十多年以来,我国城乡一体化依次经历城乡经济一体化、城乡经济社会一体化和城乡发展一体化三个阶段。目前,城乡一体化正处在第四个阶段即城乡共同富裕阶段,该阶段主要以巩固脱贫攻坚成果和乡村振兴为抓手,着力解决城乡收入依然差距大、城乡保障待遇差距明显、城乡营商环境不统一以及城乡公平、正义保障机制有待进一步提升等问题。在全面依法治国的背景下,面对这些问题,需要通过经济法对城乡市场进行适度干预,统筹城乡资源,进一步处理好政府和市场的关系,不断为城乡共同富裕阶段提供法治保障和制度供给。

新阶段中国都市圈的人口规模与经济发展状况比较研究

都市圈作为一种机制,对人口集聚、经济发展和国土利用有重要影响。本文主要利用常住人口、经济发展和城乡居民收入等统计数据,采用纵向比较与横向比较分析方法,分析都市圈的常住人口变化和区域差异、经济发展状况的变化特征、城乡居民人均可支配收入变化特征。研究结果表明,都市圈的常住人口变化、GDP变化、城乡居民人均可支配收入增长均具有显著区域差异。最后提出推动都市圈的人口集聚、经济发展和收入增长等方面的政策建议。

农业农村数字化畅通城乡经济循环:作用机理与政策建议

畅通城乡经济循环是助推中国农业农村现代化、实现全体人民共同富裕的现实需要。农业农村数字化是畅通城乡经济循环的关键动能。农业农村数字化畅通城乡经济循环的实质是以数字化建设为实践起点,以政策资源引导为契机,以数字信息技术赋能农业农村发展、全面推动农业农村数字化转型,从而对传统城乡间产品流动和要素配置进行系统性调整。畅通城乡经济循环的关键在于产品循环和要素循环。需从投资引导、人才保障、财政配套、人员素质、完善机制等方面探索农业农村数字化畅通城乡经济循环的路径。

珠江三角洲的双轨城市化

讨论中国在改革时期双轨城市化兴起的政治经济因素。随后分析双轨城市化在珠江三角洲的趋势及其对空间发展的含义。1980-1990年代,城市化有扩散的倾向,但同时又选择性地集中在新发展的经济特区。但是,此后珠三角出现了国家主导的城市化在主要的城市中心集中的新趋势。本文所展示的复杂现实,对现有基于城市或小城镇的城市化理论提出了挑战。

城市与区域生态关联研究进展

城市及其周边区域正在面临日益严峻的环境污染、生态恶化、资源短缺等问题。这些问题的出现,与长期以来城市发展过程中忽视城市与区域的生态关联密切相关。研究城市与区域的生态关联,对于解决城市与区域的生态环境问题、指导新型城镇化建设具有重要的理论意义与实践价值。主要从以下3个方面系统总结了城市与区域生态关联的研究进展:(1)城市发展对周边区域的生态环境影响,包括直接的胁迫和间接的影响;(2)区域对城市发展的生态支撑;(3)城市与周边区域社会、经济、生态关联的相互作用机制。指出了当前城市与区域生态关联研究中存在的问题和不足:1)城市对周边区域生态环境直接影响的研究较多,且多侧重城市对周边区域的负面影响,对其间接影响的研究较为缺乏;2)周边区域对城市发展生态支撑作用的研究相对缺乏、认识不够深入;3)对城市与周边区域生态关联作用机制的研究较为缺乏。未来的研究要将城市和区域作为统一整体,进一步完善城市与区域生态关联的理论框架,耦合社会经济的相互作用,定量解析城市与区域的生态关联,为城市与区域的可持续发展提供科学依据。