Besides leaves, non-foliar green organs such as stem and spike are also considered photosynthetic organs. To assess the photosynthetic contributions of these organs, the correlations between these photosynthetic areas...Besides leaves, non-foliar green organs such as stem and spike are also considered photosynthetic organs. To assess the photosynthetic contributions of these organs, the correlations between these photosynthetic areas and single-spike weight were investigated in a winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) under four nitrogen and mulching treatments: N120,N150, N195, and N195 + M. Two-year repeated field experiments were conducted on the Loess Plateau of China. Non-foliar photosynthetic area, grain-filling ratio and duration,grain yield, and in particular, single-spike weight, were measured, recorded and analyzed.Under the N195 + M treatment, plants showed the largest area of photosynthetic organs(flag leaf and non-foliar organs) and the highest grain yield and single spike weight. Singlespike weight was positively correlated with the areas of all examined non-foliar photosynthetic organs, in particular with the area above the flag leaf node(R^2= 0.761*)and the area above the exposed part of the peduncle(EXP)(R^2= 0.800**). In addition, singlespike weight was highly correlated with average grain-filling ratio(R^2= 0.993**), whereas it was less highly correlated with grain-filling duration(R^2= 0.533). The morphological traits of non-foliar photosynthetic organs were also more highly correlated with average grainfilling ratio than with average grain-filling duration. The significant correlation between each of the morphological traits(area, length and width) of EXP and single-spike weight indicates that morphological traits of EXP are important in determining spike weight in the Loess Plateau environment.展开更多
This study analyzed weekday shopping behavior from a home base to a destination using data from the 4th Keihanshin metropolitan area person trip survey.We first analyzed the relationships between occupation and transp...This study analyzed weekday shopping behavior from a home base to a destination using data from the 4th Keihanshin metropolitan area person trip survey.We first analyzed the relationships between occupation and transportation means,transportation means and travel time,and transportation means and duration of time at the destination.Results of a chi-square test,residual analysis,and correspondence analysis confirmed that employed persons tend to travel by cars while unemployed persons tend to travel by bus or walk.The relationship between travel time and duration of time at the destination was also revealed according to transportation means.Results of a cluster analysis then classified shopping behaviors to expose four patterns.Finally,multiple regression analyzed the degree to which certain variables were related to duration of time at the destination.Results confirmed a strong relationship between duration of time at the destination and travel time.The degree of this factor’s influence on other variables was also clarified.The value of these findings is that the relationship between travel time by means of transportation and the duration of time at the destination was clarified using statistical analysis.We then found a highly accurate equation that estimates the duration of time at a destination from the travel time.If the duration of time at a destination can be estimated,it may be possible to more accurately develop the structure of rest facilities,the number of parking lots,the degree of congestion,and so on,which can be associated with the customer’s usage behavior in a shopping site.This research in this paper contributes to the field of urban analysis and marketing by presenting a new effective method for person trip survey and analysis.展开更多
建立具有设计意义的地震动总输入能量谱是实现结构能量设计的基础。根据中长周期段修正的加速度反应谱及地震动有效持时,提出了一种生成地震动输入能量谱的方法。统计270组人工波的时程分析结果,得到了以等效速度表征的四段式弹性单自由...建立具有设计意义的地震动总输入能量谱是实现结构能量设计的基础。根据中长周期段修正的加速度反应谱及地震动有效持时,提出了一种生成地震动输入能量谱的方法。统计270组人工波的时程分析结果,得到了以等效速度表征的四段式弹性单自由度(single degree of freedom,SDOF)体系总输入能量谱,并给出了不同场地类型、抗震设防烈度等设计条件下归一化等效速度谱的参数取值。在考虑延性系数及刚度折减系数的影响后,提出了弹塑性SDOF体系修正输入能量谱的等效速度谱,估算了引起结构损伤的滞回耗能占总能量的比值。该能量谱可为基于能量的结构设计及研究提供参考。展开更多
基金the financial support of the National Basic Research Program of China (2015CB150402)National Natural Science Foundation of China (51479189)+1 种基金Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory, Institute of Water and Soil Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Water Resources (A314021402-1610)Key Research Foundation of Baoji University of Arts and Sciences (ZK16066)
文摘Besides leaves, non-foliar green organs such as stem and spike are also considered photosynthetic organs. To assess the photosynthetic contributions of these organs, the correlations between these photosynthetic areas and single-spike weight were investigated in a winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) under four nitrogen and mulching treatments: N120,N150, N195, and N195 + M. Two-year repeated field experiments were conducted on the Loess Plateau of China. Non-foliar photosynthetic area, grain-filling ratio and duration,grain yield, and in particular, single-spike weight, were measured, recorded and analyzed.Under the N195 + M treatment, plants showed the largest area of photosynthetic organs(flag leaf and non-foliar organs) and the highest grain yield and single spike weight. Singlespike weight was positively correlated with the areas of all examined non-foliar photosynthetic organs, in particular with the area above the flag leaf node(R^2= 0.761*)and the area above the exposed part of the peduncle(EXP)(R^2= 0.800**). In addition, singlespike weight was highly correlated with average grain-filling ratio(R^2= 0.993**), whereas it was less highly correlated with grain-filling duration(R^2= 0.533). The morphological traits of non-foliar photosynthetic organs were also more highly correlated with average grainfilling ratio than with average grain-filling duration. The significant correlation between each of the morphological traits(area, length and width) of EXP and single-spike weight indicates that morphological traits of EXP are important in determining spike weight in the Loess Plateau environment.
基金This work was supported by Kindai University under a Faculty Assistance and Development Research Grant in 2018[grant number SR09]This study was supported by Joint Research Program No.690 at Center for Spatial Information Science(CSIS),The University of Tokyo.
文摘This study analyzed weekday shopping behavior from a home base to a destination using data from the 4th Keihanshin metropolitan area person trip survey.We first analyzed the relationships between occupation and transportation means,transportation means and travel time,and transportation means and duration of time at the destination.Results of a chi-square test,residual analysis,and correspondence analysis confirmed that employed persons tend to travel by cars while unemployed persons tend to travel by bus or walk.The relationship between travel time and duration of time at the destination was also revealed according to transportation means.Results of a cluster analysis then classified shopping behaviors to expose four patterns.Finally,multiple regression analyzed the degree to which certain variables were related to duration of time at the destination.Results confirmed a strong relationship between duration of time at the destination and travel time.The degree of this factor’s influence on other variables was also clarified.The value of these findings is that the relationship between travel time by means of transportation and the duration of time at the destination was clarified using statistical analysis.We then found a highly accurate equation that estimates the duration of time at a destination from the travel time.If the duration of time at a destination can be estimated,it may be possible to more accurately develop the structure of rest facilities,the number of parking lots,the degree of congestion,and so on,which can be associated with the customer’s usage behavior in a shopping site.This research in this paper contributes to the field of urban analysis and marketing by presenting a new effective method for person trip survey and analysis.
文摘建立具有设计意义的地震动总输入能量谱是实现结构能量设计的基础。根据中长周期段修正的加速度反应谱及地震动有效持时,提出了一种生成地震动输入能量谱的方法。统计270组人工波的时程分析结果,得到了以等效速度表征的四段式弹性单自由度(single degree of freedom,SDOF)体系总输入能量谱,并给出了不同场地类型、抗震设防烈度等设计条件下归一化等效速度谱的参数取值。在考虑延性系数及刚度折减系数的影响后,提出了弹塑性SDOF体系修正输入能量谱的等效速度谱,估算了引起结构损伤的滞回耗能占总能量的比值。该能量谱可为基于能量的结构设计及研究提供参考。
