Electrostatic Attraction and Repulsion Explained and Modelled Mathematically Using Classical Physics—A Detailed Mechanism Based on Particle Wave Functions

The phenomenon of electrical attraction and repulsion between charged particles is well known, and described mathematically by Coulomb’s Law, yet until now there has been no explanation for why this occurs. There has been no mechanistic explanation that reveals what causes the charged particles to accelerate, either towards or away from each other. This paper gives a detailed explanation of the phenomena of electrical attraction and repulsion based on my previous work that determined the exact wave-function solutions for both the Electron and the Positron. It is revealed that the effects are caused by wave interactions between the wave functions that result in Electromagnetic reflections of parts of the particle’s wave functions, causing a change in their momenta.

Difference in Unbalanced Magnetic Force of Fractional-Slot PM Machines between Internal and External Rotor Topologie

This paper presents a comparative investigation into unbalanced magnetic force(UMF)of asymmetric permanent magnet machines without rotor eccentricities,particularly focusing on the difference between internal-and external-rotor topologies.The asymmetric field distribution results in radial and tangential asymmetric force waves.Although the radial and tangential stresses are in different direction,the UMF components they produce are nearly aligned.The UMF from asymmetric radial force wave can be additive or subtractive to that from asymmetric tangential force wave.Investigation shows that for the same pole slot number combination,if the UMFs due to radial and tangential force waves are additive in internal rotor machine,they are subtractive in the external rotor counterpart,and vice versa.Investigation reveals a general rule determining whether additive or cancelling:for a UMF produced by any two field harmonics,they are additive if the higher order is produced by the outer part outside the airgap,but cancelling if the higher order is produced by the inner part.Therefore,for a machine with pole number 2p=3k+1,they are additive if it is an external-rotor machine,but otherwise subtractive.On the other hand,for a machine with pole number 2p=3k-1,they are subtractive if it is an external-rotor machine,but otherwise additive.For the UMF due to armature reaction only,they are subtractive for external-rotor machines,but otherwise additive.The investigation is carried out by an analytical model and validated by finite element analysis.

Magnetic Microstructures of 2∶17 Type Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)_z Magnets Detected by Magnetic Force Microscopy

The magnetic microstructures of 2：17 type Sm （Co, Fe, Cu, Zr）z magnets were detected by magnetic force microscopy. Comparing the microstructures of the specimens eoated with and without Ta thin film before and after heat-treatment, it is found that： （a） as a protection layer, Ta coating layer about 20 nm thick can effectively restrain Sm volatilization under high temperature; （b） the stress built in the 2.17 type Sm-Co magnets during specimen preparation only affects some local parts of the domain structures; （c） the magnetic microstructures vary largely for specimens heat-treated at high temperature without Ta film coating due to Sm volatilization. In addition, by comparing with high coercivity Fe-Pt point tips, it is found that the Co-Cr thin-film tips are not suitable for detecting the magnetic microstructures of strong permanent magnets.

The Circular Current Loop as a Model of Fundamental Particles

The presented circular current loop model reveals that charged fundamental particles such as the electron consist essentially of electric and magnetic energy. The magnetic properties have the same order of magnitude as the electric ones. The electromagnetic field energy is the origin of the inertial mass. The Higgs boson, existing or not, is not needed to “explain” particle mass. The magnetic moment of fundamental particles is not anomalous! The “anomaly” indicates the existence of a small additional amount of kinetic energy. Thus, fundamental particles are not purely field-like such as photons and not (essentially) mass-like such as atoms, they represent a special kind of matter in between. Their kinetic energy is obviously not due to any relativistic effect but is related to an independent physical law that provides, together with the magnetic energy, the angular momentum exactly to be ħ/2. Fundamental particles are (at least) two-dimensional. In the simplest case their core consists of two concentric, nearly identical current loops. Their relative design details, the “anomaly” factor, and the rotational velocity of the uniformly distributed elementary charge follow from the stability condition, i.e. electric and magnetic force balance, and do not depend on the particle’s rest mass! Fundamental particles are objects of classical physics. Their magnetic forces are the true origin of the weak and strong nuclear interactions. For their explanation bosons and gluons are not needed.

Electrostatic and Magnetostatic Forces That Arise from Electrostatic and Magnetostatic Pressures

With the insight provided by a balance equation of electromagnetic momentum, we compare the force on a dielectric slab inside a capacitor with the force on a magnetizable rod inside a solenoid. We conclude that these forces are not exactly analogous, as usually thought. We present a device that is a proper analogy of the case of a dielectric slab inside a capacitor. Our analysis shows the significance of the electrostatic and magnetostatic pressures to the understanding of these effects and shows the conceptual differences between both cases.

Principle and Characteristic of Lorentz Force Propeller

This paper analyzes two methods that a magnetic field can be generated, and classifies them under two types: 1) Self-field: a magnetic field can be generated by electrically charged particles move, and its characteristic is that it can’t be independent of the electrically charged particles. 2) Radiation field: a magnetic field can be generated by electric field change, and its characteristic is that it independently exists. Lorentz Force Propeller (ab. LFP) utilize the characteristic that radiation magnetic field independently exists. The carrier of the moving electrically charged parti-cles and the device generating the changing electric field are fixed together to form a system. When the moving electrically charged particles under the action of the Lorentz force in the radiation magnetic field, the system achieves propulsion. Same as rocket engine, the LFP achieves propulsion in vacuum. LFP can generate propulsive force only by electric energy and no propellant is required. The main disadvantage of LFP is that the ratio of propulsive force to weight is small.

Preliminary experimental study on applicability of Lorentz force velocimetry in an external magnetic field

Lorentz force velocimetry(LFV) is a noncontact technique for measuring electrically conducting fluids based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. This work aims to answer the open and essential question of whether LFV can work properly under a surrounding external magnetic field(ExMF). Two types of Ex MFs with different magnetic intensities were examined: a magnetic field with a typical order of 0.4 T generated by a permanent magnet(PM) and another generated by an electromagnet(EM) on the order of 2 T. Two forces, including the magnetostatic force between the Ex MF and PM in the LFV, and the Lorentz force generated by the PM in LFV were measured and analyzed in the experiment. In addition,Ex MFs of varying strengths were added to the LFV, and the location of the LFV device in the iron cores of the EM was considered. The experimental outcomes demonstrate that it is possible for a LFV device to operate normally under a moderate Ex MF. However, the magnetostatic force will account for a high proportion of the measured force,thus inhibiting the normal LFV operation, if the Ex MF is too high.

Characterization of Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of NdFeB Magnet with Dy, Al and Cu Additions

A new alloy of Nd33.5Dy0.99Febal.Al0.52Cu0.1B1.15 (%, mass fraction) was fabricated by powder metallurgy. The effects of Dy, Al and Cu additions on the microstructure and magnetic properties of sintered NdFeB magnet were investigated. The additions of Dy, Al and Cu are effective to refine grains and improve coercivity. Moreover, suitable amounts of Dy, Al and Cu lead to a demagnetization curve with good rectangularity. It is found that the sintered NdFeB magnet has relatively high magnetic performance of Br=12.17 kGs, jHc=13.52 kOe and (BH)max=34.71 MGOe. The sintered NdFeB sample was examined by magnetic force microscope which revealed the domain structures at the surface. It is revealed that the mean Nd2Fe14B grain size is significantly larger than the average scale of the magnetic contrast. An explanation about this is that most Nd2Fe14B grains in sintered NdFeB alloy are dominated with the multidomain structures when the magnet is in thermally demagnetization state.

Anomalous Rutherford Scattering Solved Magnetically

After one century of nuclear physics, the anomalous Rutherford scattering remains a puzzle: its underlying fundamental laws are still missing. The only presently recognized electromagnetic interaction in a nucleus is the so-called Coulomb electric force, in 1/r, only positive thus repulsive in official nuclear physics, explaining the Rutherford scattering at low kinetic energy of the impacting alpha particles. At high kinetic energy the Rutherford scattering formula doesn’t work, thus called “anomalous scattering”. I have discovered that, to solve the problem, it needs only to replace, at high kinetic energy, the Coulomb repulsive electric potential in 1/r, by the also repulsive magnetic Poisson potential in 1/r3. In log-log coordinates, one observes two straight lines of slopes, respectively −2 and −6. They correspond with the −1 and −3 exponents of the only repulsive electric and magnetic interactions, multiplied by 2 due to the cross-sections. Both Rutherford (normal and anomalous) scattering have been calculated electromagnetically. No attractive force needed.

表贴式高速永磁同步电机失磁故障及磁体选区渗重稀土研究

针对表贴式高速永磁同步电机永磁体在受到高温、强退磁磁场等因素影响易产生局部不可逆失磁故障问题,本文基于有限元分析方法,分别建立了一台24 kW表贴式高速永磁同步电机的二维和三维仿真计算模型,在计及该电机在各类不同的退磁因素作用下,确定了电机磁体发生局部不可逆失磁故障的位置,并预测了磁体的进一步失磁扩散趋势。对比了电机在有无失磁故障情况下的空载气隙磁密和反电动势,并研究磁体不可逆失磁故障对电机运行的影响。由于永磁体易在部分区域发生不可逆失磁,故本文将磁体材料更换为较低牌号,并运用选区渗重稀土技术改善易失磁区域材料特性来提升磁体整体抗失磁能力。在此基础上,探究了更为合理的重稀土渗入区域及渗入梯度,从而保证在不失电机性能的前提下,实现了重稀土元素的极限应用,为表贴式永磁电机磁体选区渗重稀土技术提供了参考。

电动汽车用永磁同步电机失磁机理与选区渗重稀土研究

由于电动汽车用永磁同步电机(PMSM)具有高功率密度的设计要求,使得磁钢更易受到电磁以及高温影响致使出现不可逆失磁,为此常在磁钢制备时加入大量镝、铽等贵重稀土元素,但该方法使得磁钢材料价格激增。本文以一台“三角”型内置式永磁同步电机为研究对象,分别研究了温度、电枢电流大小以及弱磁角这三个因素对电机磁钢的失磁特性影响,进而确定磁钢的易失磁位置及失磁扩散规律。在此基础上,通过将电机磁钢材料的牌号更改为较低的牌号,并提出合理的选区渗重稀土设计方案,实现了在不损失电机性能的情况下,减少重稀土元素用量的目的。最后,提出一种适用于计算选区渗重稀土设计方案中最大内禀矫顽力提升倍数的方法,可为电动汽车用永磁同步电机磁钢减重稀土研发设计提供参考。

电火花加工用磁悬浮驱动器控制系统

针对传统电火花加工时,主轴不能及时调整极间间隙导致加工效率低下的问题,提出了一种多自由度磁悬浮驱动器代替传统电火花主轴运动。分析了该磁悬浮驱动器的结构及原理并建立了磁悬浮驱动器的动力学模型,运用有限元仿真软件对该驱动器所产生的电磁力进行仿真分析,通过设计传统PID控制系统及模糊PID控制系统对磁悬浮驱动器的控制效果进行仿真与实验验证。结果表明,该磁悬浮驱动器具有较好的跟随特性和快速的响应速度及符合要求的电磁力,满足微细电火花加工要求。

横向旋转磁场辅助电火花铣削加工烧结钕铁硼的效果研究

为了更好地解决电火花铣削加工烧结钕铁硼过程中蚀除颗粒排出困难的问题,文章引入横向旋转磁场。通过无磁场加工、横向恒定磁场辅助加工、横向旋转磁场辅助加工的加工效果对比试验,分析加工参数对材料去除率、表面粗糙度和电极损耗率的影响。从正离子的受力角度,分析无磁场、横向恒定磁场辅助、横向旋转磁场辅助电火花铣削烧结钕铁硼方法的材料去除率、电极损耗率和表面粗糙度的差异。结果表明:横向旋转磁场辅助电火花铣削烧结钕铁硼的材料去除率更高,表面粗糙度更好,电极损耗率更低。

全电式水下阀执行器多电机协同控制策略研究

水下采油树全电执行器多电机协同工作时,由于误差等导致减速器发生振动。为了减少同步误差导致传动系统发生振动的情况,通过对多电机协调策略进行研究,从控制算法层面提出了一种基于改进粒子群算法优化模糊PI补偿器的多电机协同控制策略。使用Logistic混沌映射并结合中心耦合游移的策略改进粒子群算法,采用改进后的算法离线优化模糊控制器的隶属度函数。为了得到最小的同步误差,在适应度评价函数中引入同步误差项。为了验证该方案,建立了Simulink/Adams联合仿真模型,在Adams中以轴套力柔性连接替换理想约束,建立了联合仿真模型和传动机构动力学模型,对传动机构的振动情况进行了仿真。研究结果表明,该方法通过减小同步误差,能有效减轻传动系统的振动情况。所得结论可为多电机协同控制提供参考。

电动飞机电推进锥形永磁同步电机轴向磁拉力影响因素分析

针对螺旋桨轴向力磨损电推进电机轴承问题,本文提出一种锥形电推进电机方案,利用锥形电机的轴向力平衡螺旋桨的轴向力。首先,建立了电推进锥形永磁同步电机磁路模型,给出了相关参数的数学解析式,同时基于磁路模型给出了锥形电机轴向磁拉力的数学表达式。其次,在此基础上分析了锥角及交直轴电流对轴向磁拉力的影响机理,为锥形永磁同步电机轴向磁拉力的研究提供了理论参考。

A Novel Sinusoidal-Wave Permanent Magnetic Motor with High Power Density

A novel high power-density PMSM (permanent magnetic synchronous motor) with independent magnetic flux path for each phase is proposed in the paper. The complex ma thematic model of PMSM is simplified by decoupling of magnetic flux paths between motor phases. In addition, harmonic components are lowered through optimum design of EMF (electric motive force) wave. Thus the ripple torque caused by EMF wave distortion is suppressed. Key words PMSM (permanent magnetic synchronous motor) - phase decoupling - optimum design of back EMF(electric motive force)

飞机电动环控用高速电机全速域无位置控制稳定性分析

以飞机电动环控用高速永磁同步电机(High-speed permanent magnet synchronous motor,HSPMSM)控制系统为研究对象,考虑到HSPMSM无传感器控制的研究主要集中在算法实现和转子估计误差消除方面,本文提出了一种基于小信号分析的无传感器全速控制全局稳定性分析和参数设计方法。该方法在扩展反电动势法的基础上设计了位置估计环的参数,并建立了位置估计环和速度环的参数对系统稳定性的影响。其次,本文使用根轨迹来设计I/f控制能够运行的最高转速和扩展反电动势法能够运行的最低转速,以确定算法切换的稳定转速。同时分析了电机参数在高温下的灵敏度。最后,在45 kW、4000 r/min表贴式HSPMSM上进行了全速域电动环控实验。结果表明,本文设计的回路参数和切换转速具有更好的动态和稳态性能,参数的灵敏度与理论分析一致,为HSPMSM的全局参数设计和灵敏度分析提供了可行的思路。

地球磁异常EMAG2v3与全球重力数据库V29数据质量综合评估——以北极地区Aegir脊为例

为了评估地球磁异常(EMAG2v3)内海域磁力资料与全球重力数据库V29中海域重力资料质量的高低,选择Aegir轴裂谷及邻区约150 km磁力与重力数据分别进行对比研究。系统收集了EMAG2v3、全球重力数据库V29中研究区范围内的异常数据,用其与在该地实测的重力与磁力数据进行对比分析。首先对EMAG2v3库数据、V29库数据、实测重、磁异常数据进行网格化与白化处理,得到对应的影像图,利用相关分析法对EMAG2v3与船测磁力测量数据、重力数据库V29与船测重力数据进行相关分析,得到磁力相关分析图与重力相关分析图及其对应的相关系数。通过对两种磁力数据与两种重力数据之间相关系数及差值特征的对比分析,对EMAG2v3库数据与全球重力数据库V29数据库中Aegir轴裂谷及两侧约150 km范围内的重、磁数据进行综合评估。根据研究结果表明,EMAG2v3库融合了大量船测磁力资料,在测线密集的地方,船测磁力异常数据比EMAG2v3库数据质量更高;船测重力异常和V29库重力异常变化特征基本一致,表明两种异常数据的横向分辨率相同。

架空输电线路并联间隙防雷装置电弧磁场力计算研究

在架空输电线路上安装并联间隙防雷装置,能够在线路遭遇雷击或绝缘子串工频闪络时有效地保护绝缘子串免受工频电弧的灼烧。在并联间隙或绝缘子表面上产生的工频电弧处在由流过架空线路、并联间隙装置和杆塔的电流以及电弧本身电流产生的综合磁场中,受到磁场力的作用而运动。该磁场力决定着电弧的运动方向和速度,从而决定着绝缘子是否能够避免受到电弧的灼烧而得到有效的保护。针对高压输电线路的实际情况,结合新颖实用的电弧模型,开发了计算电弧所受磁场力的实用方法和程序,并以110kV架空输电线路并联间隙防雷装置为例进行计算和分析,结果和试验现象比较吻合。文中工作为进一步优化设计并联间隙防雷装置打下了基础。

高密度脉冲电流对过共晶Al-Si合金凝固组织的影响

研究了高密度脉冲电流对过共晶Al 19Si合金凝固组织的影响。结果表明 :未经任何处理的试样凝固组织中含有大量的长杆状初生Si,其长宽比较大 ,且共晶Si尺寸较大 ;而经过高密度脉冲电流处理后 ,凝固组织中初生Si转变为块状 ,长宽比显著减小 ,共晶Si呈短杆状 ,尺寸较小 ,另外在试样的局部存在初生Si晶粒破碎现象 。