Evaluating the Subgrade Reaction Modulus Variations with Soil Grains Shape in Coarse-Grained Soils Using Genetic Algorithm

Subgrade reaction modulus (Ks) is one of the main factors in evaluating engineering properties of soils for structural calculations and operations. So, many studies have been performed on the effect of other soil geotechnical parameters on it. One is the effect of soil grains shape on engineering properties of soils, especially Ks. The aim of the present research is to evaluate the effect of soil grains shape on Ks for coarse-grained soils of the west of Mashhad, Iran. For this purpose, 20 PLTs were performed on coarse-grained soils of the west of Mashhad and Ks amounts were determined. Then, flakiness and elongation of the samples measured and changes of Ks by soil grain shape were evaluated. The results showed the strength dependency of Ks to grain forms which an increase in flakiness and elongation indices leads to a decrease in Ks. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce Ks estimated form empirical relationships for flaky and elongated soils. So, by writing a genetic algorithm-based program to find the optimal relationship between the grain shape and the subgrade reaction coefficient, a valid equation for correcting the results from previous empirical equations was presented.

Application of Simultaneous Technique of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Photothermal Interference Spectrometry for Monitoring Chelating Reaction of Light Rare Earth with Tribromoarsenazo

A novel high sensihtity, small-volume photothermal intheence detector has beenintroduced for capillap zone electrophoresis separation analysis. The utility of thes sdriulboconstecheque for momtomp chelating reachon of light rare earth with tribromoarsenazo has beenreported.

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Thermal Decomposition Mechanism of Alkaline Earth Benzoates

Alkaline earth benzoates were synthesized using hydrothermal reaction. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, X ray powder diffraction. All of them are monoclinic and have layered structure. The mechanism of thermal decomposition of alkaline earth benzoates was studied by using TG, DTA, IR and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The thermal decomposition of alkaline earth benzoates in nitrogen proceeded in one or two stages: they decomposed to form MCO 3 (M=Ca,Sr,Ba) or MgO and organic compounds, respectively. The organic compounds obtained from decomposition reaction are mainly benzophenone, triphenylmethane and so on.

Effects of rare earth element lanthanum on the microstructure of copper matrix diamond tool materials

Effects of rare earth element La on the microstructure of Cumatrix diamond tools were researched under the conditions of variousmaterials components and the process parameters in order to improvematerials properties. SEM, XPS and X-ray were used to investigate thefracture section, microstructure and the element valence inmaterials. The Results shown that the combination of rare earthelement La and transition element Ti is advantageous to the bondingstate Between diamond particles and matrix, so it can improve thematerials properties. Suitable sintering temperature is 790 deg. C.

Decomposition Reaction of Mixed Rare Earth Concentrate and Roasted with CaO and NaCl

The reaction of the mixed rare earth concentrate including monazite ( REPO4 ) and bastnaesite ( REFCO3 )decomposed by CaO and NaCl additives at the temperature range from 100 to 1000 ℃ was studied by means of XRD and TG-DTA.The results show that when CaO and NaCl are not added, only REFCO3 can be decomposed at the temperature of 377 ～ 450 ℃.The decomposition products include REOF, RE2O3 and CeO2.However, REFCO3 can not be decomposed.When CaO is added, the decomposition reactions occur at the temperature range from 660 to 750 ℃.CaO has three decomposition functions: ( 1 ) REPO4 can be decomposed by CaO and the decomposition products include RE2O3 and Ca3 (PO4)2; (2) CaO can decompose REOF, and the decomposition products are RE2O3 and CaF2; (3)CaO can decompose REPO4 with CaF2, and the decomposition products are RE2 O3, Ca5 F( PO4 )3.The decomposition ratio of the mixed rare earth concentrate increased obviously, when CaO and NaC1 were added.NaC1 can supply the liquid for the reaction, improve the mass transfer process and accelerate the reaction.At the same time, NaC1 participated in the reaction that REPO4 was decomposed by CaO.

Thermal Decomposition Reaction Kinetics Model of Powdered Bastnaesite

The thermal decomposition procedure of powdered bastnaesite from Mianning was investigated, and TG DTA curves of bastnaesite were tested in atmosphere. According to the model provided by Criado, the kinetics data were calculated and treated with thermal analysis techniques, and kinetics curves of thermal decomposition reaction of powdered bastnaesite were drawn. Comparing these curves with the standard curves and combining with the previous research results of kinetics parameter calculation, the results confirmed that the reaction mechanism was nucleation and nuclei growth, and its differential and integral forms of reaction kinetics model can be expressed as: f(α)=(1-α) and g(α) =-ln(1- α ) respectively.

Reaction process of monazite and bastnaesite mixed rare earth minerals calcined by CaO-NaCl-CaCl_2

The decomposition reactions of monazite and bastnaesite mixed rare earth minerals calcined by CaO-NaCl-CaCl2 were studied by means of TG-DTA and XRD. The results show that the process of the minerals decomposed by CaO involves two steps. The first step occurs in the temperature range of 425-540 ℃, and the main reactions are bastnaesite decomposition, i.e. REOF reacts with CaO to produce RE2O3 and CaF2, and Ce2O3 is oxidized to CeO2. During this step, CaCO3 is formed at about 500 ℃. The second step takes place in the temperature range of 610-700 ℃, and the reactions are monazite decomposition into RE2O3, Ca5F(PO4)3 and Ca3(PO4)2 by CaO and CaF2. In this process, the decomposition ability is improved because CaO from CaCO3 decomposing has high chemical activity. In calcining process, the new formed Ca5F(PO4)3 restrains fluorine that can escape in form of gaseous compound. The decomposition ratio of the mixed rare earth minerals reaches 90.8% at 700 ℃.

Synthesis of Lanthanide Cryptates by Transmetalation Reaction

New lanthanide cryptates [LnL](ClO_4)_3 (Ln=Eu 3+, Ce 3+, Pr 3+, Sm 3+, Gd 3+, Tb 3+; L=1, 4, 12, 15, 18, 26, 31, 39, 42, 43, 44-undecaazapentacyclo-[13.13.13.1 6, 10.1 20, 24.1 33, 37]-tetratetraconta-4, 6, 8, 10(44), 11, 18, 20, 22, 24(43), 25, 31, 33, 35, 37(42), 38-penta decaene) were synthesized by transmetalation reaction of lanthanide perchlorates with its barium cryptate which was obtained by [2+3] template condensation of tren with 2,6-diformylpyridine in the presence of barium perchlorate, and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and electrospray mass spectrum.

Kinetic Study on the Induced Coordination Reaction of Lanthanum with p-Acetylcarboxylazo

The absorption spectra of p-ACA(p-acetylcarboxylazo)and its complex with lanthanum ions were determined.The molar ratio of metal to ligand in the complex was estimated to be 1:2.An induction period was found existing in the coordination reaction between La and p-ACA and the effects of temperature,acidity and ionic strength on the induction period were studied.The reaction mechanism was depicted.The rate equation is consistent with the rate law,R=k[La(H_2O)_6^(3+)][H_3O^+],obtained by kinetic method.Finally the possible geometric structure of this complex was discussed.

Characteristics of Oxidation Reaction of Rare-Earth Chlorides in Eutectic Chloride Melt

Oxidation reaction of rare earth chlorides(Ce/Pr/Nd/EuCl3) in a LiCl-KCl eutectic molten salt was carried out using an oxygen sparging method. Regardless of the sparging time and the molten salt temperature, oxychlorides (NdOCl, PrOCl) and oxides(CeO, Eu2O3, PrO2) were formed as a oxidation products(i.e. precipitates) by the reaction with oxygen. The conversion efficiency of the rare earth elements to the precipitates increases with the sparging time and the molten salt temperature. In the conditions of 650 ℃ of a molten salt temperature and 420 min of a sparging time, the values of the conversion efficiency of the used rare earth chlorides were over 99.9%. Information on the hydrodynamics of an oxygen-molten salt two phase flow system is essential since its hydrodynamics strongly affect the oxidation reaction of rare earth elements in an eutectic chloride melts.

Rare earth alloy nanomaterials in electrocatalysis

With the rapid development of society and economy, the excessive consumption of fossil energy has led to the global energy and environment crisis. In order to explore the sustainable development of new energy, research based on electrocatalysis has attracted extensive attention in the academic circle. The main challenge in this field is to develop nano-catalysts with excellent electrocatalytic activity and selectivity for target products. The state of the active site in catalyst plays a decisive role in the activity and selectivity of the reaction. In order to design efficient and excellent catalysts, it is an effective means to adjust the electronic structure of catalysts. Electronic effects are also called ligand effects. By alloying with rare earth(RE) elements, electrons can be redistributed between RE elements and transition metal elements, achieving accurate design of the electronic structure of the active site in the alloy. Because of the unique electronic structure of RE, it has been paid attention in the field of catalysis. The outermost shell structure of RE elements is basically the same as that of the lower shell, except that the number of electrons in the 4f orbital is different, but the energy level is similar, so their properties are very similar. When RE elements form compounds, both the f electrons in the outermost shell and the d electrons in the lower outer shell can participate in bonding. In addition, part of the 4f electrons in the third outer shell can also participate in bonding.In order to improve the performance of metal catalysts, alloying provides an effective method to design advanced functional materials. RE alloys can integrate the unique electronic structure and catalytic behavior of RE elements into metal materials, which not only provides an opportunity to adjust the electronic structure and catalytic activity of the active component, but also enhances the structural stability of the alloy and is expected to significantly improve the catalytic performance of the catalyst. From the perspective of electronic and catalytic activity, RE elements have unique electronic configuration and lanthanide shrinkage effect. Alloying with RE elements will make the alloy have more abundant electronic structure, activity, and spatial arrangement, effectively adjusting the reaction kinetics of the electrochemical process of the catalyst. In this paper, the composition,structure, synthesis of RE alloys and their applications in the field of electrocatalysis are summarized, including the hydrogen evolution reaction, the oxygen evolution reaction, the oxygen reduction reaction, the methanol oxidation reaction, the ethanol oxidation reaction, and other catalytic reactions. At the same time, the present challenges of RE alloy electrocatalytic materials are summarized and their future development direction is pointed out. In the field of electrocatalysis, the cost of catalyst is too high and the stability is not strong. Therefore, the testing process should be related to the actual application, and the test method should be standardized, so as to carry forward the field of electrocatalysis.

Reaction of Bis(Methylcyclopentadienyl) Lanthanide Amido Complex with n-Hexyl isocyanate-Synthesis and Characterization of {(MeC_5H_4)_2YbOC(NPh_2)N(n-hexyl)}_2

Bis （methylcyclopentadienyl） lanthanide amido complex （MeCp） 2YbNPh2 （THF） reacted with n-hexyl isocyanate （n-nexylNCO） in 1：1 molar ratio to give {（MeC5H4）2Yb[OC（NPh2）N（n-hexyl）] }2（1）. Complex 1 was characterized by elemental analyses and X-ray diffraction. The title complex belongs to trigonal system and R-3 space group. Its unit cell parameters are a =2.9533（11） nm, b =2.9533（11） nm, c = 1.5873（6） nm, V= 11.9896（80） nm^3, Z =9, Dc= 1.562 mg·m^-3, μ = 3.536 mm^-1（Mo Kα）, F（000） =5670, R =0.034, Rw =0.064. It is a dimeric structure with two symmetrical bridged oxygen atoms. Nitrogen atom is coordinated to the ytterbium atom to form a tricyclic backbone. The coordination number of ytterbium is 9. The whole molecule shows central symmetry.

Anomalous Nuclear Reaction in Earth’s Interior:a New Field in Physics Science?

Tritium （3^H） in excess of the atmospheric values was found at volcanic Lakes Pavin （France）, Laacher （Germany） and Nemrut （Turkey）, as well as Kilauea Volcano at Hawaii （USA） and other volcanoes. Because 3^H has a short half-life of 12.3 years, the tritium and the resulting 3^He must have formed recently in the Earth. The result suggests that nuclear reactions may generate a significant amount of tritium in the interior of the Earth, although we have not yet learned what the reaction mechanism may be responsible. The nuclear reaction that can be responsible for tritium production in the Earth is probably a new research field in physics science. Nuclear reactions that generate tritium might be a source of ＂missing＂ energy （heat） in the interior of the Earth. Finding in-situ 3^H in the mantle may exhibit an alternative explanation of 3^He origin in the deep Earth.

Bending the Foundation Beam on Elastic Base by Two Reaction Coefficient of Winkler’s Subgrade

A new method for analysis of counter beams is presented in the paper. The analysis has taken into account their stiffness EI, Winkler’s space with modulus of subgrade reaction k and equality deformities of the foundation beam with the ground. The solution is found by using the numerical analysis of the Winkler’s model, with variation of different moduli of the subgrade reaction k2 outside the force zone r, while under the force P exists the modulus of the subgrade reaction k, up to the definition of minimum bending moments. The exponential function k2(r), as the geometric position of the minimum moments is approximately assumed. From the potential energy conditions of the reciprocity of displacement and reaction, the width of the zone r and the modulus of the subgrade reaction k2 are explicitly determined, introducing in the calculation initial and calculation soil displacement wsi successively. At the end of the paper, it presented numerical example in which the influence of k and k2 values on bending moments of the counter beam is analyzed. The essential idea of this paper is to decrease the quantity of the reinforcement in the foundations, beams, i.e. to obtain a cost-efficient foundation construction.

La^(3+)/NH_(4)^(+)在双电层内交换过程中铵的吸附规律

离子交换反应过程中铵的吸附规律是浸矿剂用量计算的基础。以化学纯高岭土为吸附剂,以镧离子为吸附质,制备高岭土饱和镧矿样,采用不同浓度铵离子浸取矿样中的镧离子。结果表明:当铵离子浓度为1~5 mg/L时,铵只出现物理吸附;当铵离子浓度大于300 mg/L时,铵开始出现化学吸附;离子交换吸附开始时,铵离子吸附量为0.012 mg/g,双电层内ζ电势趋于0,滑动面与扩散层最外层几乎重合。通过铵的解吸实验,得到镧离子交换完全后,物理吸附态、离子交换态和固定态的所占比例分别为30%、65%和5%;铵的总吸附量与镧离子浸出量之间的摩尔比接近5∶1。此结果为高岭土作为主要黏土矿物的离子型稀土矿浸矿剂的用量计算提供理论依据。

稀土镧对Q450NQR1铁路车厢用钢中夹杂物生成的影响

文章通过采用感应炉试验和热力学计算研究钢中镧元素含量对钢中夹杂物的影响,得出在Q450NQR1铁路车厢用钢的钢液热力学条件下,首先形成的是稀土硫氧化物,然后是稀土镧的铝酸盐、氧化物、碳化物、硫化物,最后是反应趋势较小的镧-硅和镧-铝金属间化合物以及稀土氢化物。通过Ohnaka偏析模型的计算得出,LaAs和LaP夹杂物可以在凝固过程中产生。

基于脉冲回波法的反应烧结碳化硅弹性模量预测

为了快速准确地检测反应烧结碳化硅(RBSC)的弹性模量,基于材料超声声速与弹性特性之间的关系,采用脉冲回波法检测不同密度RBSC材料的超声纵波声速与横波声速,结合密度计算得到材料的弹性模量。建立了弹性模量与密度之间的直接模型,并将模型预测值与实测值、传统经验模型所得值分别作对比;进一步,研究了不同密度RBSC材料的面孔隙率和游离硅含量随密度的变化规律,并建立了密度与游离硅体积百分含量的经验公式。结果表明,建立的弹性模量预测模型可以无损、简单、快捷地得到RBSC材料的弹性模量,密度与游离硅体积分数的经验公式还可辅助调节RBSC材料的制备工艺,对碳化硅等复合材料的研制和检测具有重要意义。

电镀过程中析氢反应的抑制与机理

电镀是工业上常用的表面处理技术之一,然而电镀过程会伴随析氢反应(HER),产生的氢原子一部分进入基体之中,导致镀层鼓泡、基体开裂或氢脆等危害。目前工业中常用的解决措施是对镀后工件在200℃除氢4~24 h,但长时间的除氢处理不仅生产效率低,还会消耗大量能源。本文通过Devanathan-Stachurski双电解池研究稀土盐对电镀过程中氢渗透行为的影响,同时探索在电镀过程稀土盐作为添加剂对电镀过程中阴极析氢反应的影响,并基于Iyer-Pickering-Zamanzadeh(IPZ)模型,拟合计算添加稀土盐后电镀过程中HER动力学参数。结果表明:稀土盐显著抑制电镀过程中的氢渗透,可以节约电镀后处理时间和减少除氢后处理过程的能量需求,为电镀行业的节能减排提供新的思路。

Ce-CoFe-P@CC纳米复合催化体系的OER性能

对粉末电催化剂进行电催化性能测试时通常需要加入黏合剂,该测试容易导致催化剂电阻增加,催化剂负载量减少,并且在长时间测试下催化剂容易被剥离。采用一步水热法使Ce掺杂CoFe层状双金属氢氧化物在碳布上均匀生长,并进一步磷化处理直接获得了无需黏合剂的Ce-CoFe-P@CC自支撑电极材料;通过XRD、SEM、TEM、N_(2)吸附-脱附等温曲线和XPS对电极材料进行表征,并对其进行了电催化OER性能测试。结果表明,合成得到的电极材料具有规则的纳米片形貌,纳米片长度和厚度分别为2.50μm和0.05μm;Ce和P的掺杂优化了CoFe-LDH电子结构,促进了电荷转移,增加了催化活性位点,提高了电极的耐久性;Ce-CoFe-P@CC在10 mA/cm^(2)的电流密度下只需187 mV的过电势,表现出优异的OER催化性能。