Interdecadal variability of summer precipitation in the Three River Source Region: Influences of SST and zonal shifts of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet

Summer precipitation in the Three Rivers Source Region(TRSR)of China is vital for the headwaters of the Yellow,Yangtze,and Lancang rivers and exhibits significant interdecadal variability.This study investigates the influence of the East Asian westerly jet(EAWJ)on TRSR rainfall.A strong correlation is found between TRSR summer precipitation and the Jet Zonal Position Index(JZPI)of the EAWJ from 1961 to 2019(R=0.619,p<0.01).During periods when a positive JZPI indicates a westward shift in the EAWJ,enhanced water vapor anomalies,warmer air,and low-level convergence anomalies contribute to increased TRSR summer precipitation.Using empirical orthogonal function and regression analyses,this research identifies the influence of large-scale circulation anomalies associated with the Atlantic–Eurasian teleconnection(AEA)from the North Atlantic(NA).The interdecadal variability between the NA and central tropical Pacific(CTP)significantly affects TRSR precipitation.This influence is mediated through the AEA via a Rossby wave train extending eastward along the EAWJ,and another south of 45°N.Moreover,the NA–CTP Opposite Phase Index(OPI),which quantifies the difference between the summer mean sea surface temperatures of the NA and the CTP,is identified as a critical factor in modulating the strength of this teleconnection and influencing the zonal position of the EAWJ.

Anomalous Midsummer Rainfall in Yangtze River-Huaihe River Valleys and Its Association with the East Asia Westerly Jet

In this study, the interannual and interdecadal relationship between midsummer Yangtze River-Huaihe River valley （YHRV） rainfall and the position of the East Asia westerly jet （EAWJ） were investigated. The midsummer YHRV rainfall was found to significantly increase after the 1980s. Moreover, the location of the EAWJ was found abnormally south of the climatic mean during 1980–2008 （ID2） compared to 1951–1979 （ID1）. During ID2, associated with the southward movement of the EAWJ, an anomalous upper-level conver-gence occurred over middle-high latitudes （35° –55° N） and divergence occurred over lower latitudes （～30°N） of East Asia. Correspondingly, anomalous descending and ascending motion was observed in middle-high and lower latitudes along 90°–130° E, respectively, favoring more precipitation over YHRV. On an interan-nual time scale, the EAWJ and YHRV rainfall exhibited similar relationships during the two periods. When the EAWJ was centered abnormally southward, rainfall over YHRV tended to increase. However, EAWJ-related circulations were significantly different during the two periods. During ID1, the circulation of the southward-moving EAWJ exhibited alternating positive–negative–positive distributions from low to middle– high latitudes along the East Asian coast; the most significant anomaly appeared west of the Okhotsk Sea. However, during ID2 the EAWJ was more closely correlated with the tropical and subtropical circulations. Significant differences between ID1 and ID2 were also recorded sea surface temperatures （SSTs）. During ID1, the EAWJ was influenced by the extratropical SST over the northern Pacific; however, the EAWJ was more significantly affected by the SST of the tropical western Pacific during ID2.

Ecological water demand:the case of the slope systems in the East Liaohe River Basin

The ecological water demand (EWD) is the least water amount required to maintain the structure and the function of the special eco-system and the temporal scale of a study on the EWD must be a season's time. Based on GIS and RS with the source information of hydrological data of 46 hydrological gauges covering 52 years and the digital images of Landsat TM in 1986, 1996 and 2000, the landscape patterns, precipitation and runoff in the East Liaohe River Basin were analyzed. With the result of the above analysis, the spatial and temporal changes of the ecological water demand in the slope systems (EWDSS) of the East Liaohe River Basin (ELRB) were derived. Landscapes in the ELRB are dispersed and strongly disturbed by human actions. The hydrological regime in ELRB has distinct spatial variations. The average annual EWDSS in the ELRB is 504.72 mm (324.08-618.89 mm), and the average EWDSS in the growth season (from May to September) is 88.29% of the year's total EWDSS .The ultimate guaranteeing ratio of the EWDSS in ELRB is 90%. The scarce EWDSS area in the whole year and in the growth season are 60.47% and 74.01% of the entire basin respectively. The trend of scarce EWDSS area is most serious according to the quantity and area of scarce EWDSS regions.

Evolution of the Pearl River and its Implication for East Asian Continental Landscape Reversion

As the link connecting the South China Continent and the northern South China Sea(SCS),the Pearl River is the focus of sedimentology and petroleum geology research.Its evolutionary process and controlling factors are of great significance in revealing the East Asian continental landscape reorganization during the Late Cenozoic.Based on published data,’source-to-sink’provenance analyses allow systematic deliberation on the birth and evolutionary history of the Pearl River.Close to the Oligocene/Miocene boundary,an abrupt shift in the sedimentary composition indicates significant westward and northward expansion of the river’s watershed area,followed by the establishment of a near-modern fluvial network.This sedimentary change generally concurred with a series of regional geological events,including the onset of the Yangtze throughflow,large-scale development of the loess plateau,and formation of the northwestern arid zone and Asian Monsoon system.These major changes in the geology-climate-ecoenvironment system are in close response to the process of the Cenozoic Xizang(Tibetan)Plateau uplift.Consequently,the East Asian continental landscape and most of midCenozoic drainage systems underwent critical reversion into east-tilting,or east-flowing networks.

Variation Characteristics of the Large-scale Frost in East Region of the Yellow River of Gansu in Recent 40 Years

[Objective]The research aimed to study variation characteristics of large-scale frost in the east region of the Yellow River of Gansu in recent 40 years.[Method]Based on daily minimum temperature data at 15 meteorological stations over the east region of the Yellow River of Gansu from 1969 to 2008,according to common climatic statistical index of the frost,variation characteristics of the large-scale frost and continuous frost in the east region of the Yellow River of Gansu in recent 40 years were studied.[Result]Since the 1990s,average last frost date in the east region of the Yellow River of Gansu obviously advanced,and first frost date started to obviously postpone.Advancing time of the last frost date was longer than postponing time of the first frost date.Average frost-free period also obviously prolonged.Extremely early first frost date and extremely late last frost date mainly happened in the 1970s and the 1980s.Extremely late first frost date and extremely early last frost date mainly happened after the middle period of the 1990s.Extremely long frost-free period gradually started to appear frequently.In recent 40 years,the continuous frost gradually decreased,and the intensity also declined.[Conclusion]The research was favorable for understanding change characteristics of the frost and climate in the east region of the Yellow River of Gansu,and had important guidance significance for improving prediction capability of the abnormal frost disaster,effectively preventing frost disaster and improving crop yield in the area.

Characteristics of Atmospheric Rivers over the East Asia in Middle Summers from 2001 to 2016

Atmospheric Rivers(ARs) are narrow and elongated water vapor belts in troposphere with meridional transport across the mid-latitudes towards high-latitudes. Compared with ARs occurred over the northeastern Pacific, the western coast of North America and Europe, the ARs over the East Asia have received less attention. In this paper, the characteristics of ARs which affected China in the area 20?–60?N, 95?–165?E in the middle summer season from 2001 to 2016 were investigated by using European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis data and Multi-functional Transport Satellites-1 R(MTSAT-1 R) infrared data. Totally, 134 ARs occurred during that period, and averagely 8.4 ARs occurred per year. Statistically, 101 ARs were in east-west orientation, and 33 ARs were in north-south orientation, which accounts for about 75% and 25%, respectively. Herein we report the occurrence number, duration time, intensity, length, width, ratio of length to width, and extension orientation of these ARs, which provide the basic information for those who have interest in ARs over the East Asia.

Simulating the responses of a low-trophic ecosystem in the East China Sea to decadal changes in nutrient load from the Changjiang(Yangtze) River

Using a three-dimensional coupled biophysical model,we simulated the responses of a lowtrophic ecosystem in the East China Sea(ECS)to long-term changes in nutrient load from the Changjiang(Yangtze)River over the period of 1960–2005.Two major factors aff ected changes in nutrient load:changes in river discharge and the concentration of nutrients in the river water.Increasing or decreasing Changjiang discharge induced different responses in the concentrations of nutrients,phytoplankton,and detritus in the ECS.Changes in dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN),silicate(SIL),phytoplankton,and detritus could be identified over a large area of the ECS shelf,but changes in dissolved inorganic phosphate(DIP)were limited to a small area close to the river mouth.The high DIN:DIP and SIL:DIP ratios in the river water were likely associated with the diff erent responses in DIN,DIP,and SIL.As DIP is a candidate limiting nutrient,perturbations in DIP resulting from changes in the Changjiang discharge are quickly consumed through primary production.It is interesting that an increase in the Changjiang discharge did not always lead to an increase in phytoplankton levels in the ECS.Phytoplankton decreases could be found in some areas close to the river mouth.A likely cause of the reduction in phytoplankton was a change in the hydrodynamic field associated with the river plume,although the present model is not suitable for examining the possibility in detail.Increases in DIN and DIP concentrations in the river water primarily led to increases in DIN,DIP,phytoplankton,and detritus levels in the ECS,whereas decreases in the SIL concentration in river water led to lower SIL concentrations in the ECS,indicating that SIL is not a limiting nutrient for photosynthesis,based on our model results from 1960 to 2005.In both of the above-mentioned cases,the sediment accumulation rate of detritus exhibited a large spatial variation near the river mouth,suggesting that core sample data should be carefully interpreted.

Detection of Human Pharmaceuticals in the Surface Water of East Fork Stones River

Pharmaceuticals have been detected nationwide in different environmental matrices including wastewater effluents and surface water. In recent studies, pharmaceuticals have also been found in aquatic plants, fish tissues and plasma of shark bulls. Pharmaceuticals that were detected as indicated in published literature, included steroids, prescription drugs such as antibiotics, anti-depressants, anti-inflammatory drugs, hormones and over the counter (OTC) drugs. We conducted a monitoring study to detect the presence of pharmaceuticals in East fork of the Stones River located in Rutherford County in Middle Tennessee. East Fork Stones River is a six (6) order river that drains a large portion of Rutherford County including Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Grab water samples were collected from Stones River for three seasons: (summer and fall of 2014 and 2015 and winter of 2015 and 2016) each year. Water quality parameters were also determined in situ using Eureka Water ProbesTM multi-parameter sondes. Water samples were analyzed for the presence of pharmaceutical compounds using GC-MS. Chemical Abstract Service Registry Numbers (CASRN or CAS) for detected pharmaceuticals were identified. Pharmaceuticals detected included those used for treatment of chronic alcoholism (Disulfiram: CAS # 97-77-8), a compound (Thiazolidine: CAS # 504-78-9) in the drug Thiazolidinedione which is used for the treatment of type II diabetes, a compound associated with the prevention of anti-inflammatory conditions (Methyl palmitate: CAS # 112-39-0), and emollient in skincare (Undecane: CAS # 1120-21-4). While the quantitative concentrations of these drugs were not determined in this study, their qualitative presence in surface water is noteworthy.

Post-depositional modification of NO_3 in snow layers at East Antarctica and atthe headwater of Urumqi River

Acidic species, such as Nitrate, in polar snow and firn layers are “reversibly” deposited, and are sufficiently volatile to undergo significant post depositional exchange between snow/firn and the atmosphere. Through comparison of the snowpit and snowpack nitrate concentrations from central East Antarctica and the headwater of rumqi River, we conclude that the nitrate peaks in the uppermost surface snow layers in central Antarctica are not related to an atmospheric signal and must account for post depositional effects. Such effects, however, are not found in the surface snowpack nitrate profiles from the headwater of rumqi River. Two reasons may account for the post depositional difference. At first, nitrate in the polar snow and firn layers appears to be hydrated ion, which can be taken up by the atmosphere, while at the headwater of rumqi River it seems mainly as mineral ion, which assembles the behavior of aerosol derived species that are “irreversibly” deposited and do not undergo significant post depositional exchange with the atmosphere. Secondly, the chemical features of the snow and ice on the Antarctica are mainly determined by wet deposition, to the contrary, dry deposition is more significant at the headwater of rumqi River than that on the East Antarctic Plateau.

Stochastic Modeling of Flow and Sediment of the Rivers at Delta Head, East Coast of India

Major peninsular rivers debouching into the Bay of Bengal through 2729 km long east coast of India, carry enormous inland flow and sediment from their alluvial basins. Present climate changes, storm irregularities and tsunamis have changed the hydrology of the coastal rivers. The hydrologic interventions for human need have reduced the sediment flow of the rivers resulting in sinking the deltas. Twelve important river basins in the east coast of India were identified. Linear and nonlinear regression equations were developed by stochastic approach of their annual flow (1986-2011) and yearly sediment influx (1993-2012) for the 12 rivers at their delta head. As results, the annual flow of the rivers from Subarnarekha to Godavari followed rational curves except the Brahmani River and Gaussian models for rivers from the Godavari to south except the river Vaigai. Similarly, the curve fitting models of time series for sediment had shown a change in curve pattern, the river Godavari being the line of demarcation. Gumbel II and Log Pearson type III methods were used to predict the flow and the sediment at various probabilities. Sediment prediction by Gumbel method had shown lower values than Log Pearson Type III methods for planning and design of hydraulic structures. The disparities in geologic formation of the central India and Deccan Plateau can be emphasized based on the statistical interpretations.

战时英军服务团与中共领导的东江纵队合作探究

太平洋战争爆发后,英军服务团主动与活跃于中国香港的中共领导的东江纵队开展情报合作。由于英国政府对国共冲突奉行中立政策,英军服务团便对东江纵队地位问题“避而不谈”,以维持同国共双方的合作。但在企图剿灭东江纵队的国民政府阻挠下,英方被迫中断与东江纵队的合作。后来的“军舰鸟事件”使得英方清楚认识到,其在华南的行动和情报工作必须依赖与东江纵队的合作。同时期美方与东江纵队的靠近也引起英方的重视,英军服务团敦促上级直接与国民政府进行交涉,要求恢复英军服务团与东江纵队的合作。英方高层一面与国民政府仅就程序性问题进行交涉,一面寄希望于与美方就东江纵队合作的所谓“红色问题”一起向国民政府摊牌。然而,美方绕过国民政府暗中与东江纵队合作使得英方的希望落空。战后英国政府承认东江纵队对英方的贡献,却由于政治因素并未公开给予应有评价。但从英国档案记载中可以获知,英方对东江纵队给予了高度肯定,从而彰显了东江纵队的国际贡献和国际影响。

典型挺水植物应用于湿地生态修复工程污染净化效应差异性研究

以洱海流域北部上游东湖片区库塘湿地中水生植物为研究对象,选取5种主要水生植物,寻求净化湿地水质的最佳植物组合。结果表明:东湖片区库塘湿地水体总磷、总氮、氨氮、化学需氧量分别为0.09~0.23、0.80~3.28、0.18~0.89、12.00~37.00 mg/L,总体符合《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中Ⅳ类要求;综合比较发现,植物组合群落生物量和碳氮磷累积效应优于单一植物;植物组合对水体碳氮磷具有一定的吸收净化作用。

新近纪以来华北东部古地貌演化数值模拟及陆架海沉降控制

中生代以来,华北地区经历了华北古高原垮塌形成渤海湾盆地的地貌巨变过程。针对中生代的华北古高原和古近纪期间的渤海湾盆地裂陷过程已有大量研究,但新近纪以来,由于受太行山隆起、黄河沉积物输运、黄河贯通及海侵等地质事件影响,现今华北东部沿海地区及海域的地貌演化过程及地貌格局的定型时间还存在争议。使用Badlands数值模拟软件,定量化分析了地幔对流、构造事件、古气候、侵蚀和沉积等地球深浅部多种因素对于地形地貌的贡献,动态重建了华北东部晚新生代(25 Ma)以来的地貌演化过程;并通过与区域构造格架和沉积相展布的对比,检验了模拟结果的合理性。结果表明,华北东部的地貌格局在中新世期间已定型并趋于稳定演化;陆架海沉降是该时期华北东部地貌演化的一级控制因素。此外,该时期华北东部可能存在一条环山东半岛的古河流——华东河,这条古河流的形成时间不晚于中新世,可能在全新世期间消亡。本研究的古地貌模拟结果也有助于系统理解华北洋陆过渡带的多圈层相互作用。

长江口-东海陆架黏土中高活性铁的富集效应及环境控制机制

铁元素的化学相态分析是深入理解沉积物的来源、环境演化以及铁参与的生物地球化学循环的关键手段,但不同粒级沉积物中铁化学相态研究薄弱,制约了表生铁循环的研究认知。本文选择长江口-东海陆架表层沉积物,通过六步提取法分析沉积物全样及其黏土组分中总铁(FeT)、高活性铁(FeHR)、弱活性铁(Fe_(PR))和不活性铁(Fe_(U))的含量,含量均遵循Fe_(HR)>Fe_(PR)>Fe_(U)。全样中Fe_(T)和Fe_(HR)的含量与平均粒径、黏土、有机碳和铝含量密切相关,表明富含有机质的黏土矿物易于富集高活性铁;相较于全样,黏土组分中Fe_(HR)/Fe_(T)比值升高10%,而Fe_(PR)/Fe_(T)比值则降低10%,反映黏土组分对高活性铁的富集效应。河口动力环境基本控制沉积物中Fe的相态分布,长江口最大浑浊带沉积物全样中Fe_(T)和Fe_(HR)含量较高,且受粒度的影响显著;黏土组分可以显著消除粒度效应的影响,Fe_(T)和Fe_(HR)被大量截留在最大浑浊带前缘的河口低盐度区域;而在中高盐度的口外区域,Fe的来源相对稳定,主要为富Fe_(HR)的长江源和贫Fe_(HR)的陆架源沉积物混合。本研究揭示黏土组分在流域-河口-陆架的迁移可能主导了高活性Fe在陆海界面的分布和循环过程,这对深入理解入海颗粒态Fe的源汇过程、地球化学循环及其环境效应有重要参考价值。

基于HHO的跨流域调水工程受水区水资源优化配置研究

跨流域调水工程是解决我国水资源时空分布不均和缓解水资源供需矛盾的重要措施。山东省黄水东调工程、引黄济青工程和胶东调水工程是缓解胶东地区潍坊、青岛、烟台、威海四市水资源紧缺问题的重要跨流域调水工程。为充分发挥调水工程社会和经济效益,在考虑受水区缺水量、工程输水能力及沿途分水口门设计流量等基础上,以受水区四市综合缺水率最小和调水工程经济效益最大为双目标,构建了胶东地区跨流域调水工程水资源优化配置模型,采用哈里斯鹰优化算法(HHO)求得现状水平年和规划水平年在50%、75%和95%频率时3种不同目标协调机制(以综合缺水率最小为主导、以调水工程经济效益最大为主导及两目标均衡)16个分水口门的调水方案。结果表明:(1)通过调水工程调引黄河水和长江水,使四市缺水量大幅减少;(2)当经济效益目标所占比重越大时,计量水价越高的分水口门供水量越大;(3)从三个调水工程利用程度来看,黄水东调工程利用程度最高,其次为引黄济青工程和胶东调水工程。本文为山东省胶东地区跨流域调水工程的水资源配置提供了决策支持。

西湖凹陷中北部花港组上段浅水辫状河三角洲发育特征

从分析岩芯资料和砂体平面展布着手,重新厘定了东海盆地西湖凹陷中北部花港组上段H4、H5砂组的沉积相,创新提出了研究区花上段发育浅水辫状河三角洲沉积,研究区中南部发育规模性砂体。研究认为:在研究区的西部及东部边缘为辫状河三角洲平原相主导区,以发育辫状河三角洲平原河道砂体为主,局部有少量的辫状河三角洲前缘相发育。在研究区的中部及中南部,为辫状河三角洲平原与辫状河三角洲前缘交互发育区,主要特征是在较短的沉积期内形成了三角洲平原相与三角洲前缘相交互沉积;在枯水期时,以发育三角洲平原沉积为主,南部边缘发育三角洲前缘相沉积;在丰水期时,主要发育三角洲前缘相沉积及少量浅湖相沉积。在浅水辫状河三角洲沉积模式指导下,在研究区中南部发现了众多三角洲水道砂体及朵叶状砂体,这些砂体被钻井证实为油气藏。研究区的中南部仍然是油气勘探的潜力区,这一认识已被最新探井所证实。

长江口和东海内陆架黏土矿物与黏土粒级碎屑矿物构成及物源指示意义

黏土矿物以及黏土粒级碎屑矿物颗粒细小、搬运距离远,是进行长江口及浙闽内陆架泥质区多物源示踪的良好指标。本研究利用改进的黏土矿物XRD(X射线衍射分析)预处理方法,制作了供多面XRD衍射分析的方形样品,实现了部分黏土矿物种的鉴定,结合黏土粒级中碎屑矿物鉴定,探讨了长江口及内陆架沉积物来源。研究表明:长江口及内陆架表层沉积物中的黏土矿物种属包括伊利石(含2M1、2M2两个多型)、高岭石、珍珠陶土、斜绿泥石以及弹性绿泥石,非黏土矿物主要有石英、钾长石、斜长石、白云石、铁白云石、方解石以及硬石膏。依据黏土矿物、黏土粒级碎屑矿物空间分布差异把长江口及东海内陆架划分为两个物源区:长江口及内陆架北部物源区、内陆架南部物源区,前者受废黄河物质影响,后者受浙闽中小河流物质影响。本研究表明来自苏北废黄河的沉积物不仅跨过了长江冲淡水进入长江水下三角洲,而且一直向南达到浙闽泥质区的北部。

“东数西算”赋能黄河流域生态保护策略研究

“东数西算”是把我国东部算力资源转移到西部的数字新基建,符合数字经济自身发展规律和地理环境差异协同规律,具有历史的必然性和现实的必要性。实施“东数西算”重大工程可通过减少水土流失、降碳节能减排、减缓荒漠化进程、优化能源消费结构、促进数字治黄能力提升等具体策略的实施,有效赋能黄河流域生态保护。在习近平生态文明思想的指导下,实施“东数西算”重大工程,有助于实现经济社会发展数字化和绿色化的统一。

东海盆地西湖凹陷X油田辫状河三角洲隔夹层成因与分布

海上油田稀井区隔夹层刻画是储层表征中的一个难点问题。以东海盆地西湖凹陷X油田H3砂层组为例,在隔夹层成因类型分析的基础上建立了隔夹层电性特征识别标准,并通过地质与地震相耦合的方法对隔夹层空间分布进行了半定量刻画。研究结果表明,H3砂层组发育洪泛型、废弃河道型、落淤泥型、河道滞留型、细粒沉积型和成岩型等六种隔夹层。依据隔夹层渗透率性将洪泛型、废弃河道型和落淤泥归为泥质隔夹层,河道滞留型和细粒沉积型归为物性夹层,成因型归为钙质隔夹层;H3砂层组内部H3a与H3b小层间隔夹层非常发育,厚度大,连续性好,全区稳定分布,起到较好封隔作用;H3b与H3c间隔夹层发育不均匀,在X10井北、X7-X8井西、X4-X5井区、X1井西南等区域厚度较薄,导致H3b与H3c砂体间存在弱连通。研究结果较好表征了H3砂层组内隔夹层分布,为后续剩余油分析提供了地质基础。通过地质、地震相耦合的方法能够有效进行海上油田稀井网区隔夹层刻画,对类似地区储层精细刻画具有重要的借鉴意义。

东海西湖凹陷C油田花港组H3沉积微相研究

研究区C油田位于东海西湖凹陷中央背斜带南部,主力产层为渐新统花港组H3碎屑岩储层。H3储层砂体横向迁移摆动频繁,垂向多期次叠加,沉积微相及展布规律认识不清。针对海上井资料少、地质特征复杂的特点,综合应用研究区岩心、测井、地震数据及实验室分析数据等相关资料,明确目的层相标志、微相类型,分析了东海西湖凹陷C油田H3沉积微相平面展布及纵向演化特征。研究结果表明本区发育浅水辫状河三角洲前缘亚相,发育水下分流河道、支流间湾微相,水下分流河道进一步细分为主水道、次级水道及水道边缘,其中主水道是本区有利相带,呈条带状分布为主,复合砂体内部连通性较差,开发中后期往往易形成剩余油富集区;水下分流河道末端多发育孤立型储层,砂体规模较小,与沟源断层搭接可形成向上倾方向尖灭的构造-岩性复合油气藏。该研究明确有利沉积相带与油气分布的关系,对本地区及其它地区调整井的部署具有重要的指导意义。