Ecological Network Resilience of Shiyang River Basin: An Arid Inland Watershed of Northwest China

Due to the uncertainties posed by climate change,resilience has become an increasingly important variable for evaluating regional ecosystem stability.The assessment of Ecological Network Resilience(ENR)is crucial for establishing mitigation strategies and sustainable socioeconomic development in arid regions.Shiyang River Basin is an arid watershed in Northwest China with complex characteristics,its ENR and spatial differentiation characteristics in 2020 were investigated in this work based on the Complex Adaptive System(CAS)theory.The results indicated that the mean Ecological Network Resilience Index(ENRI)value for the Shiyang River Basin was 0.390 in 2020,and the mean values in the southern mountainous,middle oasis,and northern desert regions of the basin were 0.598,0.461,and 0.237,respectively,demonstrating evident spatial differences.Additionally,the ENR of the basin exhibited distinct distribution characteristics across different dimension,whereas the trend of the integrated ENR of the basin was consistent with that of elemental,structural,and functional resilience,indicating the constructed three-region ENR model based on the logical relationship of element-structure-function was suitable for evaluation of the ENR in arid inland river watersheds.Furthermore,strategies for enhancing regional ENR were proposed from the perspective of adapting to climate change.

Evaluation on Current Situation of the Water Ecology of the Main Rivers and Lakes in the Liaohe River Basin

In this paper,15 rivers and 10 lake reservoirs in the Liaohe River basin were taken as research objects. Based on six indexes: satisfaction situation of ecological water demand,standard-reaching rate of water quality in water function area,eutrophication index of lakes and reservoirs,longitudinal connectivity of rivers,reserve rate of important wetlands and status of important aquatic habitat,water ecological conditions of main rivers and lakes in the basin were evaluated. The results showed that the rivers with better ecology were mainly distributed in east mountainous area of Liaoning,such as the upper reaches of the Hunhe River and the Taizi River;the problems of water pollution,ecological water shortage and habitat shrinkage were widespread in the Liaohe River basin,and the situation of water ecological security in the Liaohe River basin still faced great pressure.

Importance of Comprehensive Ecological Restoration of Mountains,Rivers,Forests,Farmland,Lakes and Grass:A Case Study of the Shichuan River

With China's economic development and population growth,China's ecological environment continues to deteriorate.The comprehensive ecosystem restoration of the Shichuan River aims to build an ecosystem containing"mountains,rivers,forests,farmland,lakes and grass"by determining scientific and reasonable thickness of foreign soil,pollution restoration,ecological reconstruction,safeguard measures,etc.It brings new vitality to local ecological environment remodeling and economic development.

Thoughts and Practice of Ecological Protection and Restoration of Mountains, Rivers, Forests, Farmlands, Lakes and Grasslands

The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China stated that it was necessary to establish and practice the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets,treat the ecological environment as life,and coordinate the management of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands.In recent years,China has organized a series of pilot projects for the ecological protection and restoration of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands,breaking the boundary between administrative divisions,departmental management and ecological elements,and implementing conservation and restoration oriented towards the improvement of ecosystem services,so as to solve the problem of the lack of overall planning for ecological protection and restoration projects and the separated management of ecological elements.This study systematically elaborated the theoretical basis and connotation characteristics of ecological protection and restoration of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands.It proposed the implementation path of ecological protection and restoration project of mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands by taking the water source conservation area of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei as a case,so as to provide reference for the implementation and decision-making management of ecological protection and restoration projects in various regions.

Relationship Between Changes of River-lake Networks and Water Levels in Typical Regions of Taihu Lake Basin,China

The typical regions of the Taihu Lake Basin,China,were selected to analyze the variation characteristics of river-lake networks under intensive human activities.The characteristics of the fractal dimension of river networks and lakes for different periods were investigated and the influences of river system evolution on water level changes were further explored through the comparison of their fractal characters.The results are as follows:1) River network development of the study area is becoming more monotonous and more simple;the number of lakes is reducing significantly,and the water surface ratio has dropped significantly since the 1980s.2) The box dimension of the river networks in all the cities of the study area decreased slowly from the 1960s to the 1980s,while the decrease was significant from the 1980s to the 2000s.The variations of lake correlation dimension are similar to those of the river network box dimensions.This is unfavorable for the storage capacity of the river networks and lakes.3) The Hurst exponents of water levels were all between 0.5 and 1.0 from the 1960s to the 1980s,while decreased in the 2000s,indicating the decline in persistence and increase in the complexity of water level series.The paper draws a conclusion that the relationship between the fractal dimension of river-lake networks and the Hurst exponents of the water level series can reveal the impacts of river system changes on flood disasters to some extent:the disappearance of river networks and lakes will increase the possibility of flood occurrence.

Road Impacts on Spatial Patterns of Land Use and Landscape Fragmentation in Three Parallel Rivers Region,Yunnan Province,China

The structure and function of network is a central issue in landscape ecology.Road networks with hierarchical structure are crucial for understanding landscape dynamics.In this study,we compared the distribution of national road,provincial road,county road and rural road in the Three Parallel Rivers Region(TPRR)in Yunnan Province of China,and estimated the effect of roads(and other factors)on the spatial patterns of land use and land cover with logistic regression.In addition,we analyzed the land use and land cover change(LUCC)and landscape fragmentation in 1989–2005 along a buffer zone of the primary traffic corridor,national road G214.The results showed that,county and rural roads had much higher percentage of length extending into more natural habitats at higher elevation and steeper slope,compared with the higher level roads in this region.While the distributions of natural land cover types were dominated by environmental factors,human land use types i.e.,building land and farmland types were significantly related with roads,linking more closely with lower level roads.The LUCC dynamics(1989–2005)of the G214 buffer zone showed a general trend of land transformation from conifer forests and valley arid shrubs to building land and farmland,and from ice and snow to alpine shrubs and forests.With the length of G214 unchanged during the time,the overall landscape pattern changed little in the buffer zone,but habitat fragmentation and area decrease had occurred for the natural vegetation types,in contrast to patch mergence and expansion of human land use types,and landscape fragmentation was intensified above 2500 m a.s.l.but declined below the elevation.The results indicated the dynamics of landscape composition and patch type level distribution in spite of the stability of the overall landscape pattern,and implied the potential role of roads,especially the low level roads on landscape changes.

Eukaryotic microbial distribution pattern and its potential effects on fisheries in the fish reserves of Qiantang River in breeding season

To examine the eukaryotic biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems in the Qiantang River,China,eukaryotic microbes in the river were investigated using 18S rRNA gene sequencing during the breeding season(July to August 2018).Four distinct distribution patterns(1.Jiande;2.Tonglu and Fuyang;3.Jiubao;4.Yanguan)of the microbial community and their potential effects on fishery activities were observed.Results show lower abundances of Dinophyta and Fungi and higher abundances of Cryptophyta and Chlorophyta in Tonglu and Fuyang than those in the other three sections.In addition,the reserves(Tonglu and Fuyang)destabilized the original eukaryotic microbial co-occurrence network.Among all the environmental factors measured,nitrogen(nitrite,nitrate,ammonium),water temperature and total chlorophyll a acted as major driving factors that controlled the eukaryotic microbial distribution.Furthermore,the existence of some algae(e.g.,Chrysophyceae,Cryptophytes,and Chlorophyceae)and fungi(e.g.,Rhizophydium)in Tonglu and Fuyang was beneficial to juvenile fish growth and water quality,although some detrimental species(e.g.,Aphanomyces)needed attention.This study provides further insights into the sustainable protection and utilization of rivers.

Materializing the “Urban Region” Concept by Integrating Ecological Networks and Central Place Theory

This paper attempts to integrate urban development and ecological conservation by applying and syncretizing the “urban region” concept from landscape ecology and the “city-region” concept from socioeconomics. First, various concepts pertaining to regions are discussed and then, the integration of ecological conservation and urban development on a regional scale is introduced. Subsequently, the Greater Pearl River Delta, in China, is used as a case study area and landscape ecology’s “urban region” concept is applied to produce a landscape spatial arrangement framework for an urban region. This framework is achieved through the following steps: conceiving the study area as a region that consists of two urban regions, arranging ecological conservation landscapes by establishing a regional ecological network within the urban-region rings;and formulating an urban development strategy using central place theory. The resulting landscape spatial arrangement solution includes natural protection areas that cover half of the study area, several key strategic urbanizing locations, and suggestions for the strict protection of certain agricultural land-use areas. We believe that this framework facilitates a feasible exploration of land-use planning on a regional scale, although more in-depth studies are required to refine this approach.

河湖长制背景下复苏河湖生态环境路径探析

河湖长制是一项基于我国政治制度和国家治理结构而设计的重大制度创新,实施7年多来,取得了显著成效。复苏河湖生态环境是推动新阶段水利高质量发展的六条实施路径之一,不仅涉及工程技术问题,更重要的是面临着理念、制度和管理层面突破创新的挑战。在分析河湖长制制度效能的基础上,从体制机制、保护治理和制度政策3个维度探讨了复苏河湖生态环境的路径选择问题。研究建议:以河湖长制为复苏河湖生态环境的有力手段和重要的体制机制保障,将河湖长制的制度优势转化为河湖治理效能,统筹各方力量共同推进河湖保护治理;以建设幸福河湖为目标,通过系统治理、综合治理、源头治理,推动复苏河湖生态环境各项任务落实;将健全复苏河湖生态环境的制度和标准体系作为复苏河湖生态环境的政策制度路径。

国家水网构建与生态安全保障辩证关系探析

国家水网建设和水生态安全保障是当前和今后一个时期水利行业的核心工作,准确认识两者的辩证关系,对于促进水利高质量发展、为中国式现代化提供高标准水安全保障具有重要意义。从国家水网建设与我国生态安全总体格局、北方生态屏障区保护修复、缺水地区河湖生态环境复苏、地下水超采区治理恢复、河湖水质改善、重要湿地及其生物多样性保护等六个方面的关系阐述了国家水网对于保障国家生态安全的重要作用。科学解析了国家水网规划、建设与运行对生态安全保障可能带来的影响,提出协同推进国家水网建设与生态安全保障的措施建议:优化国家生态安全保障整体格局,明晰重点区域生态安全保障水资源需求;在国家水网框架内,开展国家水生态网整体规划与建设;维护和发挥地下水应急储备水源功能,构建立体国家水网;加强水网内部源头减排与属地治理,建设清洁水网;发挥国家战略储备水源区作用,降低集中调水对长江流域的影响;加强水工程全生命期绿色技术研发与应用。

基于碳汇潜力的碳排放空间关联网络结构特征及影响因素——以长江中游城市群为例

考虑碳汇潜力的碳排放空间关联是促进城市群协同减排的重要基础,更是实现碳中和的有力抓手。以长江中游城市群为研究区,对传统引力模型进行修正,构建兼具碳汇潜力的碳排放空间关联网络,采用社会网络分析(SNA)和二次指派程序方法(QAP)探究长江中游城市群碳排放空间关联网络的时空特征与影响因素。结果表明:①研究期间长江中游城市群碳排放网络关联关系数、网络密度和网络关联度呈增长趋势,网络效率和网络等级度不断下降,且网络等级度在2010年后始终为0,表明碳排放空间关联网络日益稠密、网络通达性较强,存在多重叠加的溢出渠道,但等级结构并不森严。基于碳汇潜力的长江中游城市群碳排放空间关联网络从“双核化”向“多极化、多线程”网络形态发展,核心城市的扩散作用不断增强。此外,以抚州、宜昌、鹰潭、上饶和吉安等为代表的高碳生态承载力地区,在碳排放空间关联网络中的受益关联性大于溢出关联性。②2020年,长江中游城市群碳排放空间关联网络形成四大板块,相较于板块内部成员间的碳排放空间关联效应,板块间的碳排放空间关联效应更为明显,即板块间的“碳排放转移”效应较为普遍。净溢出板块主要分布在武汉都市圈、宜荆荆都市圈和长株潭城市群外围城市,处于网络核心圈层位置;净受益板块主要分布在环鄱阳湖城市群东部,“碳排放避难所”效应显著。经纪人板块集中在环鄱阳湖城市群西部,板块间表现出“净溢出板块→经纪人板块→净受益板块”的碳排放传递路径,呈现出明显的“梯度转移”特征。双向溢出板块主要位于长江中游城市群西部,对净溢出和净受益板块都存在碳排放的空间溢出。研究期内,净溢出板块的成员虽然有所变化但总数保持不变,经纪人板块的成员有所增加,而净受益和双向溢出板块的成员均减少,环鄱阳湖城市群的“碳排放避难所”效应有所弱化。③地理邻近关系能够促进城市间碳排放关联关系的建立,而城市间的经济集聚程度、土地利用强度和经济发展水平上的互补性,促使碳排放空间关联网络随着城市间分工与协作的加强而呈现出千里“碳缘”一线牵的特点。

为以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业提供有力的水安全保障

今年3月22日是第三十二届“世界水日”,第三十七届“中国水周”宣传活动同步开启。联合国确定今年“世界水日”主题为“以水促和平”。我国纪念今年“世界水日”“中国水周”的活动主题是“精打细算用好水资源,从严从细管好水资源”。水是生存之本、生产之要、生态之基。2014年3月,习近平总书记主持召开中央财经领导小组第五次会议,研究水安全问题,提出“节水优先、空间均衡、系统治理、两手发力”的治水思路,这为系统解决我国水灾害水资源水生态水环境等新老水问题、保障国家水安全提供了根本遵循和行动指南,在中华民族治水史上具有重要里程碑意义。

江苏省平原水网区河湖生态水位确定探索与实践

保障河湖生态流量,事关江河湖泊健康。本文在分析江苏平原水网区域特点的基础上,选择生态水位作为河湖生态流量的表征指标,根据水利部确定的江苏省26条全国生态流量保障重点河湖名录,科学选定控制断面,采用1990—2020年水文序列资料,选用Qp法分析计算90%、95%、99%保证率下的水位,同步对比分析近10年最枯月水位、最低通航保证水位,最终确定了26条河湖的生态水位。通过制定保障措施方案、开展监测预警评估、强化统一调度管理等措施,全面保障区域河湖生态水位,为平原水网地区河湖生态水位的确定与保障提供了经验。

水网格局下流域生态流量保障调度研究——以永定河流域为例

水利部2022年起部署实施母亲河复苏行动,以生态流量和水量为保障目标,生态流量管理模式也转向以水量、流量和过程等多样化生态保障为目标的新模式。生态用水需求的多样化,对流域生态用水总量、水利工程调蓄能力提出了更高要求。在保证永定河流域防洪、供水安全前提下,充分发挥跨流域调水对流域生态流量的补偿作用,提出了水网格局下江河流域生态流量保障调度框架,包括生态流量保障目标确定、考虑跨流域调水的生态流量保障调度方案制定、考虑跨流域调水的生态流量保障调度方案执行3个方面,以永定河为例,分析了流域生态流量保障调度实践及效果,提出以贯通“调算—优化—优选”全过程的生态调度决策方法,构建以生态效益最优、补水效率最高、补水费用最小为调度目标的多目标生态流量优化调度模型,可为我国北方水资源短缺流域开展生态流量保障调度提供参考。

长江安徽段江湖连通性及生物通道恢复研究

江湖阻隔是导致长江中下游江湖复合生态系统衰退的最主要原因,江湖连通和生物通道恢复是流域生态修复的重要措施之一。通过现场调查等方法研究了华阳河湖群、菜子湖、升金湖和安庆西江古道等与长江干流的阻隔现状及连通性特征,在此基础上探讨了技术和管理层面存在的问题并提出对策建议。结果发现:依托涉水工程建设开展恢复河湖生物通道的做法可以有效缓解江湖复合生态系统的衰退,尤其是以“过鱼设施建设、季节性灌江纳苗、生态水网建设”相结合的生物通道恢复方案具有技术可行性。相关成果可为长江中下游江湖连通性及生物通道恢复、国家水网建设提供有益的参考。

南方平原河网河流生态需水研究进展

生态需水是保障流域水生态环境科学调控和可持续发展的重要指标,是维系平原河网生态系统的基本要素。城市的加速发展及水利工程的兴建改变了河网河流的水文特征和河床地貌演变规律,可能导致河流生态功能减弱、生物多样性减少等问题,因此,生态需水逐渐成为研究热点。归纳总结了我国南方平原河网河流生态需水研究的最新进展,根据生态需水研究现状及重难点,系统地对水文学法、水力学法等计算方法在南方平原河网典型河流中的应用进行了分析总结,探究其优缺点及适用条件。针对南方平原河网河流条件复杂多样的情况,建议根据实际情况选择适宜的生态需水计算方法,持续完善河流生态需水分区分类研究,为促进水资源高效利用和生态环境保护提供科技支撑。

西北内陆河流域水资源韧性配置与生态复苏的思考及建议

西北内陆河流域水资源极度短缺,长期的过度开发与不均衡利用,导致水资源供需矛盾突出、生态系统退化、经济社会发展受阻。围绕西北内陆河流域重要战略地位和河湖复苏实践现状,分析了西北内陆河流域高质量发展面临的水资源问题与挑战。研究提出了遵循“四水四定”和“以水定绿”原则,识别经济社会与生态环境用水特性与弹性空间,科学确定用水优先级和调控策略,构建水资源韧性配置模式,实现经济社会发展和河湖生态复苏的统一;基于上中下游空间关联,量化生态服务供需关系,优化人工绿洲和天然绿洲规模,确定适宜的生态格局,实现生态水量优化配置与高效利用;建立“天空地水工”全要素监测体系,构筑水资源管理数字孪生平台,发展水利新质生产力,增强内陆河流域水资源系统的适应性和应对外部压力的能力。

加快推进母亲河复苏行动的实践与思考

江河湖泊是地球的血脉,哺育生命、支撑发展、承载文明。近年来,水利部部署开展母亲河复苏行动,通过优化水资源配置与调度、强化生态流量泄放管理、实施生态补水等措施,推动我国江河湖泊面貌实现根本性改善。在总结母亲河复苏实践的基础上,分析了母亲河复苏行动的目的和意义,阐述了母亲河复苏应遵循河湖自然规律,坚持分区分类施策,统筹近期和远期、需要和可能,合理确定复苏标准;提出了常年流水河流、季节性河流和湖泊分阶段的复苏指标和目标;明确了加快推进母亲河复苏的理念方法。在此基础上,提出今后一个时期加快推进母亲河复苏行动的对策和举措:做好顶层谋划,加快推进初始水权分配、生态流量管理、水资源统一调度和管理及健全河湖复苏监测评估体系等重点措施落实,加快推进水生态保护修复,加强宣传引导与考核激励。

西辽河生态复苏进展与对策

西辽河是我国七大江河中唯一处于断流状态的大江大河干流,2024年全国水利工作会议提出“力争实现西辽河干流全线过流”目标。分析了西辽河流域水资源条件及开发利用状况,根据水资源调查评价结果,流域水资源短缺且衰减剧烈,地下水水位持续下降,西辽河生态环境复苏面临河道断流、地下水超采、河道侵占、主河槽萎缩等主要问题。从强化流域水资源统一调度、强化水资源刚性约束、强化地下水综合治理、强化河湖管理4个方面,总结梳理了水利部松辽水利委员会为实现西辽河干流全线通水和流域生态复苏采取的主要措施。2020年以来,特别是2024年春季调度实施后,西辽河取得了有水河段和有水时长逐年增加、有效回补地下水等生态复苏进展。针对西辽河全面复苏,提出加快实施河道综合整治、优化站网建设与强化站网管理、加强产汇流规律等基础性研究、推动实施跨流域生态补水等对策。

黄河流域城市群新型城镇化-生态安全-公共健康协调发展研究

为改善黄河流域生态环境、加强黄河治理保护、促进沿黄地区高质量发展,选取2002-2021年黄河流域7个城市群60个地级市(州)的面板数据,运用熵权法、综合评价模型、耦合协调度模型和BP神经网络模型分析探讨了黄河流域7个城市群的新型城镇化-生态安全-公共健康协调发展状况及其时空演化特征与未来发展趋势。结果表明:①2002-2021年黄河流域城市群新型城镇化、生态安全和公共健康子系统发展水平均有所提升;②新型城镇化-生态安全-公共健康系统耦合协调水平总体上呈现波动增长态势,在整体格局上,位于黄河流域中下游的山东半岛城市群和中原城市群系统发展水平较好,而其他城市群则较差;③预测2022-2026年黄河流域各城市群新型城镇化-生态安全-公共健康系统协调水平将整体显著提升。根据评估与预测结果,提出了相应的对策建议。