Twenty years’ economic reform and open door practice have made China not only an important host nation to foreign direct investment (FDI), but also the largest FDI home nation among the developing countries. In fact,...Twenty years’ economic reform and open door practice have made China not only an important host nation to foreign direct investment (FDI), but also the largest FDI home nation among the developing countries. In fact, since the late 1980s, the Chinese government has not simply put its effort into exporting made-in-China" products to earn foreign currency or into encouraging foreign inward capital, but also actively encouraged its manufacturers to invest overseas. This paper examines China’s outward FDI and poses the question to what degree China is expected to follow the other East Asian economies or will it forge its own particular patterns. The first section of this paper reviews the characteristics of FDI of China’s neighbors and then it turns to examine the spatial patterns of and motivations for China’s FDI. Finally, this paper looks at potential of China’s outward investment in the near future. It concludes that China is not Japan but its potential for further outward FDI is huge. With its WTO membership and growing economy, China will become the second to Japan or USA. It will also use its financial power to further contain Taiwan’s independence.展开更多
The literature generally refers to Chiang Kai-shek and his son Chiang Ching-kuo as“authoritarian”leaders.This paper will argue that,in fact,they governed more like totalitarian dictators.Their tight control over eve...The literature generally refers to Chiang Kai-shek and his son Chiang Ching-kuo as“authoritarian”leaders.This paper will argue that,in fact,they governed more like totalitarian dictators.Their tight control over every sector of Taiwan Residents society was not inferior to the dictatorial rule of the German Democratic Republic(GDR).Despite the tight control exercised by the GDR regime and the Chiangs,however,Protestant churches still managed to become shelters for dissidents in both East Germany and Taiwan.Also,in both localities,church buildings became gathering locations and church newsletters optimal channels for communications.Moreover,the dissidents that had kept hidden in East German churches eventually led the protests that overthrew the GDR’s communist regime.Similarly,in Taiwan dissidents from the Gikong Presbyterian Church became the oppositional leaders that facilitated the first democratic party rotation in Taiwan.This article explores why the above became possible by examining the following hypothesis:The oppressive policies of dictatorial regimes transform churches into breeding grounds for dissidents because of the alternative ideologies and values they provide.Moreover,the paper will show how civic movements can develop in churches even under authoritarian regimes.展开更多
The fall in international oil prices,which began in the second half of 2014,had a severe impact on the economy of Saudi Arabia,and the country began to adjust its economic development policy.The main contents include:...The fall in international oil prices,which began in the second half of 2014,had a severe impact on the economy of Saudi Arabia,and the country began to adjust its economic development policy.The main contents include:changes in the allocation of resources from reliance on government intervention to reliance on the dominance of market;government revenue shifts from dependence on oil revenues to expansion of non-oil revenues;industrial structural changes from excessive dependence on oil economy to diversification in the field of new energy and mining;enterprise ownership structure changes from nationalization to privatization;source of investment funds shifting from basically relying on domestic investment to paying attention to foreign investment;labor and employment change from relying on foreign workers to a trend of localization in Saudi Arabia.Combining priorities in the economic development if Saudi Arabia with the key areas of the“One Belt and One Road”Initiative,energy security,cooperation capacity,infrastructure and finance are the most promising fields in bilateral economic cooperation.展开更多
This study utilizes multiple regression analysis and the technique for computing economies of scale to evaluate the dynamics of NRW in the AER of GWCL. Data on monthly total production, billed consumption, total reven...This study utilizes multiple regression analysis and the technique for computing economies of scale to evaluate the dynamics of NRW in the AER of GWCL. Data on monthly total production, billed consumption, total revenue, total production cost and the volume of NRW spanning the period January 2015 to June 2019, was obtained from the headquarters of AER and used for the analysis. The study showed that NRW averaged 59.3% for the period under consideration, which far exceeds the 25% threshold set by the World Bank for developing economies. It was also established that a fairly inelastic relationship exists between NRW and total revenue. Results further show that resources are not optimally used in the AER as proof of diseconomies of scale was observed.展开更多
Before 1842, China was a major world economic power, about 30% of the world economy. From 1842 to 1901, China was forced to sign 29 ＂unequal treaties＂, depriving China of much of its sovereignty. （China lost tariff...Before 1842, China was a major world economic power, about 30% of the world economy. From 1842 to 1901, China was forced to sign 29 ＂unequal treaties＂, depriving China of much of its sovereignty. （China lost tariff autonomy, consular jurisdiction over foreigners, control over land in concession areas, inland shipping rights, control over foreign troops, and the right to outlaw opium and to tax businesses）. These sovereignty losses correlated with China＇s economy shrinking to about five percent of the world economy by 1949 （Maddison, 2009）. Communist China regained full sovereignty in 1949 and, even with a post-Korean War US-led Western blockade; China＇s planned economy model achieved average GDP per capita growth of 2.8% annually from 1949 to 1973, despite the disasters of the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution （Maddison, 2009, p. 216）. Though twice the per capita growth rate of India （1.4%）, China＇s growth was only 35% of Japan＇s growth rate （eight percent from 1950 to 1973）. After Mao＇s 1976 death, Deng Xiaoping, with the new global political/economic environment, opened China to the global economy, achieving annual per capita growth of more than five percent （Maddison, 2009）. China＇s per capita income increased from USD 200 in 1978 to about USD 5000 in 2012, making China the world＇s second largest economy. We will explore how China used its post-1949 full sovereignty to combine lessons from China＇s semi-sovereign past and its domestic experiences （Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution） to engage in Western-style market reforms and ＂China Goes Global＂ policies. These Chinese reforms were also based on the post-WWII changed international environment and the success of Japan and the Four Tigers in creating ＂miracle＂ economies.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of Australian 2000 small ARC grant!(No.S7004950).
文摘Twenty years’ economic reform and open door practice have made China not only an important host nation to foreign direct investment (FDI), but also the largest FDI home nation among the developing countries. In fact, since the late 1980s, the Chinese government has not simply put its effort into exporting made-in-China" products to earn foreign currency or into encouraging foreign inward capital, but also actively encouraged its manufacturers to invest overseas. This paper examines China’s outward FDI and poses the question to what degree China is expected to follow the other East Asian economies or will it forge its own particular patterns. The first section of this paper reviews the characteristics of FDI of China’s neighbors and then it turns to examine the spatial patterns of and motivations for China’s FDI. Finally, this paper looks at potential of China’s outward investment in the near future. It concludes that China is not Japan but its potential for further outward FDI is huge. With its WTO membership and growing economy, China will become the second to Japan or USA. It will also use its financial power to further contain Taiwan’s independence.
文摘The literature generally refers to Chiang Kai-shek and his son Chiang Ching-kuo as“authoritarian”leaders.This paper will argue that,in fact,they governed more like totalitarian dictators.Their tight control over every sector of Taiwan Residents society was not inferior to the dictatorial rule of the German Democratic Republic(GDR).Despite the tight control exercised by the GDR regime and the Chiangs,however,Protestant churches still managed to become shelters for dissidents in both East Germany and Taiwan.Also,in both localities,church buildings became gathering locations and church newsletters optimal channels for communications.Moreover,the dissidents that had kept hidden in East German churches eventually led the protests that overthrew the GDR’s communist regime.Similarly,in Taiwan dissidents from the Gikong Presbyterian Church became the oppositional leaders that facilitated the first democratic party rotation in Taiwan.This article explores why the above became possible by examining the following hypothesis:The oppressive policies of dictatorial regimes transform churches into breeding grounds for dissidents because of the alternative ideologies and values they provide.Moreover,the paper will show how civic movements can develop in churches even under authoritarian regimes.
文摘The fall in international oil prices,which began in the second half of 2014,had a severe impact on the economy of Saudi Arabia,and the country began to adjust its economic development policy.The main contents include:changes in the allocation of resources from reliance on government intervention to reliance on the dominance of market;government revenue shifts from dependence on oil revenues to expansion of non-oil revenues;industrial structural changes from excessive dependence on oil economy to diversification in the field of new energy and mining;enterprise ownership structure changes from nationalization to privatization;source of investment funds shifting from basically relying on domestic investment to paying attention to foreign investment;labor and employment change from relying on foreign workers to a trend of localization in Saudi Arabia.Combining priorities in the economic development if Saudi Arabia with the key areas of the“One Belt and One Road”Initiative,energy security,cooperation capacity,infrastructure and finance are the most promising fields in bilateral economic cooperation.
文摘This study utilizes multiple regression analysis and the technique for computing economies of scale to evaluate the dynamics of NRW in the AER of GWCL. Data on monthly total production, billed consumption, total revenue, total production cost and the volume of NRW spanning the period January 2015 to June 2019, was obtained from the headquarters of AER and used for the analysis. The study showed that NRW averaged 59.3% for the period under consideration, which far exceeds the 25% threshold set by the World Bank for developing economies. It was also established that a fairly inelastic relationship exists between NRW and total revenue. Results further show that resources are not optimally used in the AER as proof of diseconomies of scale was observed.
文摘Before 1842, China was a major world economic power, about 30% of the world economy. From 1842 to 1901, China was forced to sign 29 ＂unequal treaties＂, depriving China of much of its sovereignty. （China lost tariff autonomy, consular jurisdiction over foreigners, control over land in concession areas, inland shipping rights, control over foreign troops, and the right to outlaw opium and to tax businesses）. These sovereignty losses correlated with China＇s economy shrinking to about five percent of the world economy by 1949 （Maddison, 2009）. Communist China regained full sovereignty in 1949 and, even with a post-Korean War US-led Western blockade; China＇s planned economy model achieved average GDP per capita growth of 2.8% annually from 1949 to 1973, despite the disasters of the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution （Maddison, 2009, p. 216）. Though twice the per capita growth rate of India （1.4%）, China＇s growth was only 35% of Japan＇s growth rate （eight percent from 1950 to 1973）. After Mao＇s 1976 death, Deng Xiaoping, with the new global political/economic environment, opened China to the global economy, achieving annual per capita growth of more than five percent （Maddison, 2009）. China＇s per capita income increased from USD 200 in 1978 to about USD 5000 in 2012, making China the world＇s second largest economy. We will explore how China used its post-1949 full sovereignty to combine lessons from China＇s semi-sovereign past and its domestic experiences （Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution） to engage in Western-style market reforms and ＂China Goes Global＂ policies. These Chinese reforms were also based on the post-WWII changed international environment and the success of Japan and the Four Tigers in creating ＂miracle＂ economies.
