The Study of the Effect of Educational Level of Students and English Language Teachers＇ Awareness on True and False Cognates in Iran

The ability to speak two languages in the non-English-speaking countries is a remarkable achievement. There is a good reason to believe that bilingualism is the norm for the majority of people in the world, because 70% of the earth＇s population are supposed to be bilingual or multilingual. Our purpose of the study was to determine the participants＇ awareness of using true and false cognate words of L 1 （the first language） ＆ L2 （the second language） in learning English. Three hundred and eighty-five selected people from 3,789 statistical population participated in 2014--2015 at three levels of A.D., B.A., and M.A. of Islamic Azad University as well as teachers of English in English educational institutions in Zanjan （Iran）. Each educational level was considered as one category with the total sample calculated by using Kokran Formula, and the amount of each category was determined by using appropriate proportion and randomized categorical sampling method. The participants＇ age was between from 18 to 52, with a mean age of 29 years. The materials were 45 words of true and false cognate＇s words from 500 words by doing CVR （content validity ratio） and CVI （content validity index） （Lawshe＇s table with the index of 88% and 82% respectively） for being reliable and valid. ANOVA （Analysis of variance） was used for studying the effect of educational level on the rate of awareness. In other words, the awareness level has been compared in different educational levels. The results of Dankan test show that： There is no significant difference between the awareness of A.D., B.A., and M.A. levels, but there is a significant difference between the level of awareness of teachers group and the other groups （in true cognate words） and for false cognate words, there is no significant difference between the level of awareness of the four groups in this regard.

Measurement invariance and latent mean differences of the Chinese version physical activity self-efficacy scale across gender and education levels

Background: Self-efficacy has been identified as an important determinant of youth's behavior change including physical activity(PA) participation. However, the dimensionality check of a PA self-efficacy scale has rarely been conducted in China. The current study aims to examine(1) the unidimensionality of a shortened Chinese version of PA self-efficacy scale(S-PASESC);(2) the measurement invariance of S-PASESC across gender and levels of education;(3) the latent factor mean difference between gender and levels of education;(4) the direct effects of self-efficacy on PA by different gender and education levels; and(5) the comparisons of the direct effects of self-efficacy on PA across gender and education levels.Methods: The participants were 5 th through 11 th grade public school students recruited from 7 cities located in different geographic regions of China. The final data include a total of 3003 participants(49.7% boys) who have completed the scales.Results: Confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) test supported the unidimensionality of S-PASESC. The S-PASESC is invariant across gender and 3 levels of education at both configural, full metric, and full scalar levels. Findings from latent mean comparisons showed that boys reported higher PA self-efficacy than girls. Students' perceived PA self-efficacy tend to decrease from elementary to high school. Finally, self-efficacy positively related to PA by groups of different gender and education levels and the relationship between self-efficacy and PA is stronger among middle school boys than girls.Conclusion: Findings suggest S-PASESC is a valid scale for measuring Chinese students' PA self-efficacy.

Association of premature birth and maternal education level on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children:A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood.There is growing evidence that both preterm birth and maternal education levels substantially affect the likelihood of ADHD in children.However,there are limited systematic reviews and meta-analyses examining these associations.AIM To systematically review and conduct a meta-analysis on the association of preterm birth and maternal education level on the risk of ADHD in children.METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search across MEDLINE(PubMed),Web of Science,Embase,and the Cochrane Library,including studies published up to June 17,2024.Data synthesis was performed using random-effect models,and the quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.RESULTS This study included twelve studies,which revealed a significant association between premature delivery and an increased risk of ADHD in children[odds ratio(OR)=2.76,95%confidence interval(CI):2.52-3.04,P<0.001,I^(2)=1.9%).Conversely,higher maternal education levels were significantly associated with a reduced risk of ADHD in children(OR=0.59,95%CI:0.48-0.73,P<0.001,I^(2)=47.1%).Subgroup analysis further indicated that maternal education levels significantly influenced ADHD risk,particularly in studies conducted in China(OR=0.59,95%CI:0.46-0.75,P<0.001,I^(2)=81.2%),while no significant association was observed in studies from other regions(OR=1.25,95%CI:0.66-2.40,P=0.495,I^(2)=92.3%).The sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of our findings,showing no significant publication bias.CONCLUSION This study found that preterm birth significantly increases the risk of ADHD in children,while a higher maternal education level serves as a protective factor against ADHD.To reduce the incidence of ADHD in children,public health policies should focus on early intervention for preterm infants and improving maternal education levels.

Analysis of Esophageal Cancer Death at Different Educational Levels in Inner Mongolia from 2009 to 2015

Objective: This study aimed to clarify the death characteristics of esophageal cancer in Inner Mongolia and the population distribution with various education levels. Methods: The mortality rate of esophageal cancer was calculated using the monitoring point of Death Registry System in Inner Mongolia from 2009 to 2015. The gender, age, region, ethnicity at two education levels of percentage were calculated and the χ2 test was executed. Result: The mortality rate of esophageal cancer was 10.10/105, China Adjustment Mortality was 10.97/105, World Adjustment Mortality was 9.08/105 in Inner Mongolia. The death of esophageal cancer showed statistical significance at two educational levels (P < 0.05). High school and below accounted for 93.9% at the education level, and above high school accounted for 3.5%. In addition, there were significant differences in the percentage of death by gender, age and region at two educational levels (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Education level has a certain relation with the death of esophageal cancer. To improve the health level, health education plans can be formulated according to esophageal cancer prevention relevant policy with different education levels.

Mental Health Education for Students from Junior Colleges Moving into Undergraduate Level in Private Colleges from the Perspective of Three- Dimensional Education

Good psychological quality is the basic requirement for college students in the new era.Students from junior colleges moving into xmdergraduate level in private colleges are a special group as they are already an important part of students in private colleges.Based on the mental health status of these students,private colleges have analyzed the issues of mental health education which include weak teaching staffs,lack attention,and traditional education methods.From the perspective of three-dimensional education,the psychological education work model in private colleges is explored to build an education team to promote the participation of all employees in the work of psychological education,strengthen the attention of college students who are moving into the undergraduate level,and to pay full attention to these students.Private colleges should try to innovate education methods and improve psychological education in all aspects.

The Effect of a Psycho-Educational Program on Psychiatric Symptoms, Drug Attitude and Treatment Satisfaction of Patients with Schizophrenia

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a Comprehensive Psycho-Educational Approach and Scheme Set (COMPASS) for patients with schizophrenia who were treated with risperidone long-acting injectable (RLAI), on their psychiatric symptoms, drug attitudes, and treatment satisfaction levels. Participants were sixty-five patients at thirteen hospitals in Japan who met ICD-10 F2 criteria for schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorder and were treated with RLAI. A correlational study design was used to measure the effect of the COMPASS on the psychiatric symptoms, drug attitudes, and treatment satisfaction levels of patients treated with RLAI. Using the following evaluation indicators: The Subjective Satisfaction to Treatment Scale (SSTS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale (DIEPSS), and Drug Attitude Inventory-10 (DAI-10), measurements were taken at the beginning of the program (baseline), at the end of the program, and six months after (endpoint). Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Significant differences were observed in BPRS total (p < 0.001), sub-scales of BPRS positive (p < 0.001), BPRS negative (p < 0.01), BPRS affective (p < 0.01), and GAF (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant change in subscale of BPRS manic, DAI-10, DIEPSS, or SSTS but significant positive correlations were found between SSTS and DAI-10 and GAF at baseline;a negative correlation was found between SSTS and BPRS. The findings of the study suggested the benefit of using the COMPASS in conjunction with RLAI to decrease patients’ psychiatric symptomatology and improve treatment satisfaction. In addition, patient satisfaction was found to be an important factor to be considered by the psychiatrist.

Infections and inequalities: anemia in AIDS, the disadvantages of poverty

Objective:To study anemia in AIDS patients and its relation with socioeconomic, employment status and educational levels.Methods:A total number of 442 patients who visited the Infectious Diseases University Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina were included in the study. Patients were dividied into two groups,i.e.one with anemia and the other without anemia. Anemia epidemiology and its relationship with educational level, housing, job situation, monthly income, total daily caloric intake and weekly intake of meat were evaluated.Results:Anemia was found in 228 patients(54%). Comparing patients with or without anemia, a statistically significant difference was found(P<0.0001) in those whose highest educational level reached was primary school, who lived in a precarious home, who had no stable job or were unable to work, whose income was less than 30 dollars per month, whose meat consumption was less than twice a week or received less than 8000 calories per day.Conclusions:The high prevalence of anemia found in poor patients with AIDS suggests that poverty increases the risk to suffer from this hematological complication.The relationship between economic development policies and AIDS is complex. Our results seem to point to the fact that AIDS epidemic may affect economic development and in turn be affected by it. If we consider that AIDS affects the economically active adult population, despite recent medical progress it usually brings about fatal consequences, especially within the poorest sectors of society where the disease reduces the average life expectancy, increases health care demand and tends to exacerbate poverty and iniquity.

The Readability of Online Patient Education Materials from Major Anesthesiology Associations and the American Society of Anesthesiologists

Background: As much as 80% of US adults search online for health related information. The value of the information is limited by the patients’ ability to comprehend it. Despite the recommendation by the American Medical Association (AMA) to provide all patient education materials (PEMs) at a 6th grade reading level, many online sources do not conform. This study aims to evaluate the readability of PEMs from major online sources for anesthesiology. Methods: We determined the readability of PEMs from five major anesthesiology organizations and twelve brochures from the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) using ten validated readability scales. PEMs from the various anesthesiology websites were compiled into a single word document for analysis. The twelve patient education brochures from the ASA were downloaded and analyzed separately. We then grouped the twelve documents into one sample and compared it to the other anesthesiology association websites. Results: All of the PEMs provided by the ASA were determined to be higher than a 6th grade reading level with nine being at a 12th grade reading level or above. The PEMs of the five major anesthesiology association websites were beyond the 6th grade reading level with four out of five at greater than the 12th grade reading level. Conclusion: The results showed that the readability of PEMs provided by five major anesthesiology associations and the ASA was beyond the 6th grade. Therefore, the PEMs with improved readability in anesthesiology are needed.

Self-development of the Teachers and Improvement on EnglishTeaching

For a long time, there have been extensive and deep studies and researches about how to upgrade the level of language education in universities. Now people have realized that the key factor that influences the language education most is teachers＇ self-development and the promotion of teachers＇ personalities. A new teaching concept -- reflective teaching has become very popular in the educational circles. It emphasizes that students should become positive and active learners while teachers should bear more dynamic and capacities for self-development.

Correlation between Geographical Regional Economy and Construction of County-level Vocational Education Centers

In the period of Eleventh Five-Year Plan,the construction of county-level vocational education centers in Shanxi Province made great contribution to local social and economic development. Due to influence of special geography,population environment and regional economic development situation,it forms the pattern of strong in southeast and weak in northwest. Thus,scientific making plan for construction of vocational education centers in northwestern counties( cities) and establishing long-term mechanism for construction of vocational education centers will be helpful for serving regional economic construction.

The Employment Problem of Doctoral Students in China

Since the reform and opening up, as China's economic and social development, China's education has also made rapid develop-ment. Thanks to the rapid growth of total economic output, the need for high-level manpower is increasing, which has provided an good opportunity for the rapid development of doctoral education in China. China's doctoral education started in 1978, when the first batch of 18 doctoral students were enrolled. In 1981, China began to implement a formal degree system, the second year, the first batch of six doc-toral students were granted Ph.D. degree. At present, China has more than 300 colleges and universities which have the right to authorize a doctorate, while the United States only has 253. So far China has cultivated more than 50,000 Ph.D. and become the largest country in the world in Ph.D. Cultivation.

The Dynamism of Teachers＇ Identity： The Case of Iranian EFL Teachers

Recent conceptualizations of professional identity as an ongoing process of interpretation and re-interpretation of experiences demonstrate that it is dynamic and subject to an ongoing learning process. In effect, identity is essentially viewed as fluid, dynamic, recursive, and discursive process in which statements about actions are translated into statements about states, and vice versa. Having these standpoints in mind, the present paper aims at depicting the profile of English as a foreign language （EFL） teachers＇ professional identity. The second purpose of this study is to examine the relationships among the components of teachers＇ professional identity as measured by Kao and Lin＇s （2015） model comprising six latent factors of teachers＇ professional identity： self-expectation （SE）, teachers＇ duties （TD）, external influential factors （EF）, pedagogy （PE）, instructional skills and knowledge （SK）, and teachers＇ citizenship behavior （CB）. This study also sought to scrutinize the dynamics of teachers＇ identity in accordance with their teaching experience, gender, and educational level. For these purposes, 110 EFL teachers were chosen from different language institutes in Mashhad, a city in northeastern Iran. The results indicated that SE received the highest value and EF obtained the lowest mean score in our sample. The highest correlation was observed between SK and PE, followed by the relationship between TD and PE. The results indicated that there were significant correlations between teachers＇ teaching experience and all the teachers＇ identity components. It was also found that there were statistically significant differences between male and females in four components of identity as follows： TD, PE, SK, and CB. The results showed that there were variations in teacher identity with regards to their educational level.

The Social Context of Antibiotic Resistance

There are various socio-economic （poverty, self medication, and non-compliance to prescribed therapy） and behavior factors that affects the way of antibiotic use, which consequently brings the development of antibiotic resistance in patients. In the study, some of these social factors that might have an impact on the resistance of antibiotics in patients of regional of Vlora hospital during the period 2011-2012 were examined. The study was conducted using structured interviews on patients who were previously examined for bacterial cultures and sensitivity. The antibiotic resistance resulted really high in these patients. It is found out that the organisms with higher resistance were Streptococcus and Escherichia coli. 75% of the patients, whose cultures were positive, were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 31% to three or more antibiotics. A significant correlation between the structure of antibiotic resistance and the upper socio economic levels, the low educational level of the patients, self medication and the frequency of antibiotic use was found. These data have influence in the development of the awareness strategies in risky groups in order to clarify the concepts on the proper use of antibiotics.

Impact of Levels of Education on Perceived Academic Stress and Mental Wellbeing: An Investigation into Online Mode of Learning during Pandemic

A sudden outbreak of the current pandemic COVID-19 has switches the learning to online mode which leads to an increase in perceived academic stress and a serious threat to the mental well-being of the students across the globe.The aim of the current study was therefore,to examine the impact of online learning on perceived academic stress and mental well being of the students with moderating effects of levels of education,during the current pandemic.Measures of the constructs were obtained by the online Google form which consists of the Perceptions of Academic Stress Scale(PASS)by Dalia Bedewy and Adel Gabriel(2015)and War­wick-Edinburg Mental Well-being Scale(2008),from a sample of 150 undergraduate students aged 19-25 years studying in different colleges of Bengaluru,India.Mental well-being constituted the criterion variable whilst academic stress and levels of education were treated as predictor variables.Two-way ANOVA were employed.Results show that academic stress is a significant negative predictor of mental wellbeing(r=-.083;p<0.05),there is a significant difference in the perceived academic stress(df=2;F=2.72;p<0.05)which increase in hierarchy(Third year&first year MD=-3.7;Third year&second year MD=-3.2)and mental well being(df=2,F=5.314 p<0.05)which decreases in hierarchy(Third year&first year MD=-5.8;Third year&second year MD=-5.860)of the students at different educational levels and a combination perceived aca­demic stress and educational levels predicts variance in mental well being of the students(R2=0.052;p>0.05).It was concluded that combined aca­demic stress and educational levels have an impact on mental wellbeing of students in online mode of learning during the current pandemic,but this impact is low(only 5.2%).

Effective Face-to-faceTutorials of Online English Learning Lie in Interaction of Affective Domain and Higher Levels of Cognitive Domain of Bloom＇s Taxonomy

Online English learning as an outcome of the rapid development of the Internet has got a wider and wider market in China. However, problems of varieties have also occurred along its way. People never stop thinking of better strategies either in designing online course wares or tutorials to help smooth the learning process. My experience as a tutor is that interaction of affective domain and higher levels of cognitive domain of Bloom＇s Taxonomy plays an important role in face-to-face tutorials of online English learning.

The Practice of Ideological and Political Construction in the“Comprehension and Calculation of Steel Reinforcing Bar Using Plan Representation Method”Course

Under the background of the concept of big ideology and politics,through the organic integration of professional courses and“curriculum ideology and politics,”students should not only learn professional knowledge and skills,but also cultivate craftsman spirit,spirit of hard work,professional quality,and professional normative awareness.Taking the“Comprehension and Calculation of Steel Reinforcing Bar Using Plan Representation Method”course as an example,this course takes the reform of the three teachings as the background.Firstly,the elements of ideological and political education that are relevant to the course are fully excavated.Then,the ideological and political entry point of the professional course of construction engineering technology are explored.In this way,the effective integration of professional course teaching and ideological and political education elements can be achieved,and the students’qualities can be developed,leading to a effective integration of ideological and political collaborative education in the curriculum.

A Theoretical Study on Health Quotient Promotion-based Physical Education Reform at the University Level

This study maintains that university-level physical education does not currently include or implement health education.? As a consequence of this, college and university students have a very weak theoretical understanding of health.? This study maintains that university-level physical education should focus on the state of students’ health, using the principles of the health quotient.? Of particular importance are problems related to mental health, social adaptive ability, and lifestyle.? Physical education should incorporate instruction based on health quotient-related theories and techniques;doing so will lay a strong foundation for students’ lifelong physical education.? In addition to opening up new paths and methods in research related to the all-around health education of college students, this can also enrich and perfect the theoretical system of modern sports science, as well as provide a new line of thinking and perspective to university-level physical education reform.

Quantitative Study of Clothing Expenditure of Families with Different Education Level in shanghai

300 families were investigated,which belong to theFamily Investigation Net of Government Policy-makingInvestigating System of Shanghai Statistical Bureau.Thedata were analysed with SPSSWIN6.0 software.The re-gression models showed that families with different edu-cation level have different clothing expenditure models,that is,different affecting factors of clothing consumingin the second quarter.High education families’clothingexpenditure is mainly affected by the family living spaceand husband’s income,while middle education familiesby wife’s occupation and low education farmilies by hus-band’s income.The descriptive statistics showed:fromApril to June,families with different education levelwere quite different on the following aspects:(1)theclothing expenditure of the whole family and its mem-bers;(2)the structure of clothing consuming;(3)thepurchasing price of clothing;(4)the selection of clothingpurchase places.