Background: Research on Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) has shown higher than expected substance use (tobacco and alcohol use) in middle-class Hispanic and Black youth and adults. In theory, some of ...Background: Research on Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) has shown higher than expected substance use (tobacco and alcohol use) in middle-class Hispanic and Black youth and adults. In theory, some of this more than expected risk might be due to the high substance use problem of their social networks. Objectives: To better understand the role of social networks as an explanatory mechanism behind higher than expected substance use among middle-class Hispanic and Black youth, this study tested MDRs of parental educational attainment on substance use involvement of biological relatives in Hispanic and Black middle-class youth. We compared ethnic groups for effects of parental educational attainment on substance use involvement of biological relatives among American youth. Methods: The current longitudinal study used waves 1 and wave 4 data of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health-Adolescents (PATH;2013-2018) study. The sample included 4264 nationally representative American youth who were followed for 4 years. The independent variable was parental educational attainment. The dependent variable was substance use involvement of biological relatives. Age, gender, and marital status of the family were the covariates. Ethnicity was the moderator. Linear regression was used to analyze the data. Results: Parental educational attainment was inversely associated with substance use involvement of biological relatives in the pooled sample (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.13 - 1.63 for high school graduation and OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.53 - 0.80 for college graduation). Hispanic ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with parental educational attainment (OR = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.49 - 3.44 for high school graduation and OR = 2.98, 95% CI = 1.80 - 4.93 for college graduation), suggesting that the protective effect of parental educational attainment against substance use involvement of biological relatives is smaller for Hispanic youth than for non-Hispanic youth. Conclusions: While high parental educational attainment reduces substance use involvement of biological relatives, this protective effect is weaker for Hispanic than non-Hispanic youth. That means, substance use involvement of biological relatives is still high in middle-class Hispanic youth, which increases their risk of substance use. Future research should explore societal and contextual factors that cause MDRs of parental educational attainment on substance use of middle-class Hispanic families.展开更多
Background Many researches report that low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with a higher risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). This study aimed to determine whether levels of education, family income, and...Background Many researches report that low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with a higher risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). This study aimed to determine whether levels of education, family income, and other SES were associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the Chinese population, and to compare the difference in this association between northern and southern regions in China. Methods We conducted a case-control study. Cases were first AMI (n=2909). Controls (n=2947) were randomly selected and frequency matched to cases on age and sex. SES was measured using education, family income, possessions in the household, and occupation. Results Low levels of education (8 years) were more common in cases compared to controls (53.4% and 44.1%; P=0,0001). After adjusting all risk factors, the level of education was associated with AMI risk in the Chinese population (P=-0.0005). The odds ratio (OR) associated with education of 8 years or less, compared with more than 12 years (trade school/college/university) was 1.33 (95% CI 1.12-1.59), and for education of 9-12 years 1.04 (95% CI 0.88-1.33). The proportion of higher income population was more in controls than cases (39.4% and 35.3%). Number of possessions and non-professional occupation were only weakly or not at all independently related to AMI. The adjusted OR associated with the lower education was 2.38 (95% CI 1.67-3.39) in women, and 1.18 (95% CI 0.99-1.42) in men (P=0.0001, for heterogeneity). The interaction between levels of education and different regions was significant (P=0.0206, for interaction). Conclusion Several socioeconomic factors including levels of education and income were closely associated with increase of AMI risk in China, most markedly in northeast and southern area. The effect of education was stronger towards AMI in women than men.展开更多
Viewed from a macro scope,the cultureof a community is closely related to its econ-omy.Economy being the basis,the level ofeconomic growth determines the level ofcultural development.Conversely,culturecan act as the p...Viewed from a macro scope,the cultureof a community is closely related to its econ-omy.Economy being the basis,the level ofeconomic growth determines the level ofcultural development.Conversely,culturecan act as the precursor and cultural devel-opment enhances economic growth.Likewise,the education attainment of an in-dividual reflects the same sort展开更多
文摘Background: Research on Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) has shown higher than expected substance use (tobacco and alcohol use) in middle-class Hispanic and Black youth and adults. In theory, some of this more than expected risk might be due to the high substance use problem of their social networks. Objectives: To better understand the role of social networks as an explanatory mechanism behind higher than expected substance use among middle-class Hispanic and Black youth, this study tested MDRs of parental educational attainment on substance use involvement of biological relatives in Hispanic and Black middle-class youth. We compared ethnic groups for effects of parental educational attainment on substance use involvement of biological relatives among American youth. Methods: The current longitudinal study used waves 1 and wave 4 data of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health-Adolescents (PATH;2013-2018) study. The sample included 4264 nationally representative American youth who were followed for 4 years. The independent variable was parental educational attainment. The dependent variable was substance use involvement of biological relatives. Age, gender, and marital status of the family were the covariates. Ethnicity was the moderator. Linear regression was used to analyze the data. Results: Parental educational attainment was inversely associated with substance use involvement of biological relatives in the pooled sample (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.13 - 1.63 for high school graduation and OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.53 - 0.80 for college graduation). Hispanic ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with parental educational attainment (OR = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.49 - 3.44 for high school graduation and OR = 2.98, 95% CI = 1.80 - 4.93 for college graduation), suggesting that the protective effect of parental educational attainment against substance use involvement of biological relatives is smaller for Hispanic youth than for non-Hispanic youth. Conclusions: While high parental educational attainment reduces substance use involvement of biological relatives, this protective effect is weaker for Hispanic than non-Hispanic youth. That means, substance use involvement of biological relatives is still high in middle-class Hispanic youth, which increases their risk of substance use. Future research should explore societal and contextual factors that cause MDRs of parental educational attainment on substance use of middle-class Hispanic families.
文摘Background Many researches report that low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with a higher risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). This study aimed to determine whether levels of education, family income, and other SES were associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the Chinese population, and to compare the difference in this association between northern and southern regions in China. Methods We conducted a case-control study. Cases were first AMI (n=2909). Controls (n=2947) were randomly selected and frequency matched to cases on age and sex. SES was measured using education, family income, possessions in the household, and occupation. Results Low levels of education (8 years) were more common in cases compared to controls (53.4% and 44.1%; P=0,0001). After adjusting all risk factors, the level of education was associated with AMI risk in the Chinese population (P=-0.0005). The odds ratio (OR) associated with education of 8 years or less, compared with more than 12 years (trade school/college/university) was 1.33 (95% CI 1.12-1.59), and for education of 9-12 years 1.04 (95% CI 0.88-1.33). The proportion of higher income population was more in controls than cases (39.4% and 35.3%). Number of possessions and non-professional occupation were only weakly or not at all independently related to AMI. The adjusted OR associated with the lower education was 2.38 (95% CI 1.67-3.39) in women, and 1.18 (95% CI 0.99-1.42) in men (P=0.0001, for heterogeneity). The interaction between levels of education and different regions was significant (P=0.0206, for interaction). Conclusion Several socioeconomic factors including levels of education and income were closely associated with increase of AMI risk in China, most markedly in northeast and southern area. The effect of education was stronger towards AMI in women than men.
文摘Viewed from a macro scope,the cultureof a community is closely related to its econ-omy.Economy being the basis,the level ofeconomic growth determines the level ofcultural development.Conversely,culturecan act as the precursor and cultural devel-opment enhances economic growth.Likewise,the education attainment of an in-dividual reflects the same sort