Analysis on the Offside and Vacancy in the Administration of the Village Party Branch and the Villagers′ Committee in Sichuan Province——Based on Villagers′ Autonomy

In the paper, the researches on the administration scope, the leadership style of the village party branch, the core status of village party branch and the autonomy of villagers′ committee are expounded. On the basis of the empirical investigation of countryside in Sichuan Province, the offside and vacancy of the administration of the "two committees in village" in the villagers′ autonomy are studied tentatively. The results show that the offside and vacancy of the "two committees in village" can be divided into three types, covering the village party branch-dominated, the villagers′ committee-dominated type and the antagonism of the two village committees. The reasons for the offside and vacancy of administration of the "two committees in village" are analyzed, including the fragility of the two committees of the village; the imbalanced power sources of the two committees of the village; the imbalance of the competition for interests of the two committees and the negative effects of traditional politics and culture. The countermeasures are put forward, for example, reinforcing the system construction of rural grassroots organizations; expanding the democratic election modes such as "two-vote system " and "selecting one from the two recommended"; establishing the coordinative and supervisory mechanisms between the two committees in the village and introducing into college-graduate village officials to improve the quality of rural cadres.

Analysis of the Election of Village Committees: A Case in Shanxi Province

The report to the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China （CPC） called for improving the grassroots autonomy mechanism led by grassroots Party organizations; paying more attention to enriching democracy, improving the democratic system to ensure people＇s democratic elections, democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision;

Implementation of Villagers Autonomy on Fast Lane——In commemoration of the fifth anniversary of the promulgation and implementation of the Organic Law of the Villagers Committees

It is already five years since the 10-year-old experimental law on the organization of villagers committees adopted in November 1987 by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress was made permanent, ending an intense political debate about how much independence villagers committees should be given to manage village affairs and to what extent villagers should be allowed to choose their leaders. It is five years in which the implementation of villagers autonomy as defined by the law proceeded the fastest and the achievements were the most fruitful. Local laws Over the past five years, all places

Village Inspiration A CPPCC National Committee member turns the fortunes of an impoverished village around with determination and innovation

On entering the mountainous vii lage of Yanbo in southwest China＇s Guizhou Province. the first thing noticeable is the flat roads and rows of new houses with cars parked in front of them. Against the hillside behind ihe houses are several bustling village run enterprises, including a distillery and poultry farms.

Analysis of New Model of "Rule by Three Committees" and Discussion on Construction of Villagers' Self-governing Organizations in China

This paper introduces the operation model of "rule by three committees", including the members of "three committees", functional constitution of "three committees", and relationship between restriction and coordination of "three committees". By referring to the villagers' self-governing system in China, and the relevant provisions in Constitution and Village Committee Organization Law, we take into account the legitimacy of "rule by three committees". In terms of the details of system design, we perfect the new model of "rule by three committees" as follows: make the conditions of holding office stringent and ensure the quality requirements of members of "three committees"; standardize the procedures of election, and guarantee the equitable election of members of "three committees"; perfect dismissal procedure, and strengthen the supervision on members of "three committees".

Success Stories of Democratic Elections in Nedong Villages

ＮＯＲＢＵＣＥＲＩＮＧ＆ＧＡＲＭＡＤＯＪＥｈｅｖｉｌａｇｅｈｅａｄｓｉｎＮｅｄｏｎｇＣｏｕｎｔｙｕｓｅｄｔｏｂｅｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄｅｄｂｙｔｈｅＣＰＣｔｏｗｎｓｈｉｐｃｏｍｍｉｔｅｅｓａｎｄａｐｐｏｉｎｔｅｄｂｙｈｉｇｈｅｒａｕｔｈｏｒｉｔｉｅｓ．...

Election Procedure for Rural Two Committees

In order to further strengthen the construction and improvement of villager autonomy system with democratic election,democratic decision making,democratic management,and democratic supervision of rural two committees with Chinese characteristics,experience of work team of Longyang District Agricultural Technology Extension Station dispatched to villager committees( or offices) and their guidance on election of rural two committees in 2007-2016 were used,and exploration was made for election of rural two committees from the third to the sixth committees. It summarized achievements and main problems in election of rural two committees and came up with pertinent recommendations.The results of this study are expected to provide certain reference for theory and practice of future villager autonomy.

Lozang Chojor,A Self-made Man of Wenda Village

The Ridung Township is located in the northern part of Karub District of Chamdo city.Its township government is 34 kilometers from the government of Karub District.It sits at an altitude of 3,295 meters.Among its twelve administrative villages,six are semifarming and semi-pastoral villages,four farming villages,and two pastoral villages.Wenda is one of the farming villages.Lozang Chojor is the vice head of the village committee,and a wellknown self-made man.

THE POLITICAL REFORM IN HONG KONG:FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

The article provides a historical as well as prospective review of the debates in the political reform development in Hong Kong.The author asserts that the international practice for a country to develop her political systems,if at peace,must be within the constitutional framework of the country.As a Special Administrative Region of China,Hong Kong has to base on the constitutional framework under One Country Two Systems to develop her political system if the Region wants to achieve it peacefully.The constitutional framework of Hong Kong includes the Hong Kong Basic Law as well as the relevant Decisions promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and the Constitution of People's Republic of China.Concerning the arguments on international practice,based on the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights(ICCPR),the author argues that one should rely on article 39 of the Basic Law as to how ICCPR may apply to Hong Kong.The author also discusses,under the constitutional framework of Hong Kong,the issue relating to the nomination of the Chief Executive.In the end,the author concludes that the political reform for a universal suffrage can be achieved in Hong Kong only when the community has reached the consensus that it should be done in accordance with the Basic Law of Hong Kong,rather than deviating from the same.

Chinese Village Elections: Deepening Political Reform in China

ＡＦＴＥＲｔｈｅ１５ｔｈＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＣｏｎｇｒｅｓｏｆｔｈｅＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｓｔＰａｒｔｙｏｆＣｈｉｎａ，ｔｈｅｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓｔｉｌｒｅｍａｉｎｓ：ｗｈａｔｉｓｔｈｅｆｕｔｕｒｅｏｆＣｈｉｎａ＇ｓｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌｒｅｆｏｒｍ？Ｗｉｌｔｈｅ...

对有力推进乡村全面振兴的思考

有力有效推进乡村全面振兴,如何确保“有力”是需要最先解决的问题。本文构建了中央、地方、市场社会和农村农户四类主体在推进乡村全面振兴中的互动机制。这四类主体内生和外在的力量构成决策力、探索力、创新力、内生动力以及领导力、执行力、协同力、反馈力八个方面的力度体系。因此,有力推进乡村全面振兴,需要以党的全面领导、法治化、规范化、利益联动、农民组织化等路径激活乡村全面振兴中各类主体的力量,形成中央有力引领、地方有力执行、市场社会协同参与、农民主体推动的乡村全面振兴推进新格局,落实2024年中央“一号文件”的各项部署目标和重点任务。

建构共识:在精英结构分化的村庄落实“一肩挑”——基于“S村”的经验研究

村级组织负责人“一肩挑”制度对解决村庄“两委”矛盾,强化党组织在农村基层治理中的领导核心地位有重要意义。但是,在“两委”力量相互制衡、精英结构相对分化的村庄,“一肩挑”制度的推行并不顺利。2021年,A镇在所辖16个行政村推行“一肩挑”制度,其中15个村都顺利实现了村内组织“一肩挑”,唯独“S村”遭遇瓶颈。其主要原因是该村已形成比较稳定的村“两委”相互制衡的精英结构,仅靠村庄自治力量难以实现权力整合。在这种情况下,乡镇党委通过灵活运用党的工作方法分别在村庄精英内部以及村民内部建构共识,为强调权力整合的“一肩挑”制度创造条件。一方面,通过党内干部工作方法在原村干部内部打破隔阂,在村庄精英中凝聚候选人共识;另一方面,利用群众工作方法凝聚村庄民意,在村民中构建选举共识。在村庄自治力量存在分化的情况下,党的领导对整合村庄精英、建构村内共识起到了关键作用。

村民自治组织与农村集体经济组织的关系新探——基于发展新型农村集体经济的思考

村民自治组织和农村集体经济组织的交织关系,表现为理论和实践中对集体所有权行使主体的认知困惑。农民集体是村民自治和集体所有权的主体,村民自治组织和农村集体经济组织都是农民集体的执行机构,只是承担的职能不同。基于集体所有权主体分置的产权结构,立法通过确立主体代表化的权利行使机制,将农村集体经济组织确立为集体所有权的当然行使主体,纾解了集体所有权的主体虚化之困。在未设立农村集体经济组织的地区,村民委员会、村民小组依法代表农民集体行使集体所有权,参照适用农村集体经济组织的决议规则,讨论并决定集体财产的经营、管理和收益分配。在村组分级的代行关系下,村民小组可以将代行职能上交村民委员会,但不得改变既有的集体所有权关系。

村民委员会作为行政诉讼被告的制度逻辑

2018年《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国行政诉讼法〉的解释》将村民委员会列入行政诉讼被告范围,然而司法解释内容的含糊以及司法解释在我国法律体系中的合法性,使得村委会作为行政诉讼被告存在争议,以致受案范围局促。《宪法》第111条和《宪法》第三章将作为自治组织的村民委员会置于国家机构的范围,明确了村委会是国家治理的重要组成部分,确立了村委会作为行政诉讼被告的宪法基础。从1982年开始的中央一号文件到《村委会组织法》,从《行政诉讼法》修订到最高院司法解释,村委会作为行政诉讼被告的制度规范越来越清晰。中国裁判文书网上的64份有关村委会做被告的判决或裁定,尽管存在着认可或不认可,但村委会作为行政诉讼被告的制度实践已经客观存在着。在国家治理能力现代化的当下,村委会作为自治与法治的“双重身份”已然越来越突出。村委会作为行政诉讼被告有助于更好地协调村民与村委会之间的纠纷,从而推动法治中国下和谐乡村的建设。

乡村振兴背景下农村政策执行困境与优化路径研究

农村政策执行既是政策落实重要环节,也是基层治理重点。农村政策完整执行过程是上级政府制定政策、乡镇政府执行政策、村委会协助实施政策、村民接受政策,但政策执行过程容易出现经济手段异化导致政策执行不可持续、任务层层重压导致政策执行形式主义、执行手段僵化导致政策执行效果不佳等政策执行难题,其原因是农村政策执行环境发生改变、执行资源较为匮乏、执行人员举措失当。文章提出通过推动政策执行资源多方输入、提升村委会协助政策执行能力、杜绝政策执行过程中的形式主义等路径来改善农村政策执行困境,从而优化农村政策执行效果,提升基层治理效能,更好实现乡村振兴。

农民合作社与村“两委”协同参与乡村治理演化博弈与仿真分析

基于云南省宾川县S村调查数据,构建农民合作社和村“两委”协同参与乡村治理的博弈模型,探寻乡村社会在外生权威缺乏、内生权威式微的情境下乡村治理参与主体的博弈策略及稳定性问题,并用Matlab软件进行仿真分析。结果表明:参与成本、协同收益是影响合作社和村“两委”采取协同治理策略的关键因素,低参与成本和高协同收益有助于维系两者的协同关系;在乡村治理场域中,合作社与村“两委”的利益诉求因公共事务不同既有一致也有分歧,而目标一致性是博弈主体合作关系发生的主要原因和根本推力;构建利益和价值双重协同的“村社共治”是实现乡村有效治理的重要路径之一。据此,建议设定合作社与村“两委”合理的收益分配制度,提高合作社与村“两委”的协同治理积极性;完善多主体协同“激励相容”机制,提高治理主体在乡村治理场域中的利益契合度与目标一致性;建立“村社共治”治理机制,形成乡村治理多主体协同共治局面。

乡村振兴视域下村委会功能定位与优化

村民委员会在乡村治理与乡村建设中发挥着重要作用。实施乡村振兴战略后,需要结合当下现实对村民委员会功能重新定位。村民委员会有四类功能:治理主体性功能、执行自治功能、辅助行政功能及发展经济功能。目前,村委会存在治理主体性欠缺、执行自治功能弱化、行政主导、发展经济要素不足等问题,具体优化路径为:加强治理主体性建设、完善执行自治功能、厘清辅助行政功能及适时实行“政经分离”。

农村集体经济组织法中的四对基本关系

农村集体经济组织与村民委员会是《民法典》上规定的两类彼此明确区分的特别法人。不过,在《农村集体经济组织法》出台之后,《村民委员会组织法》应做相应修改,删去其中与村民委员会经济职能相关的内容。农村集体经济组织与公司制、农民专业合作社、供销合作社等其他农村合作经济组织有着本质区别,不宜将这些农村合作经济组织纳入《农村集体经济组织法》的调整范围。在农民集体与农村集体经济组织之间构成多元且统一关系的基础上,农村集体经济组织仅仅只是集体财产所有权的行使代表,集体财产仍然归属本集体成员集体所有,以此确立《农村集体经济组织法》的立法依据和根本定位。集体成员与农村集体经济组织成员并不同一,其资格认定标准和成员权内容也存在差异。集体成员资格认定标准是户籍要素或者居住要素,而农村集体经济组织成员资格以同时具备户籍要素、权利义务关系要素和基本生活保障要素为认定标准。

策略性均衡:新双轨政治下村委会协商民主行为的内在逻辑——基于A村人居环境整治案例的研究

村委会是乡村社会的政治中心,加强对村委会协商民主行为的研究对推进我国乡村治理现代化具有重要意义。本文在构建新双轨政治下村委会协商民主行为分析框架的基础上,通过A村人居环境整治的案例对该分析框架进行了实证分析。研究发现:受自上而下行政权力和自下而上民主权力的约束,村委会会对政府任务模糊性和村民利益冲突性进行调适,进而使得其协商行为在“行政主导式”“社会主导式”“双向调和式”以及“自由放任式”中游走;这种钟摆行为是村委会追求策略性均衡的结果,该结果建立在新双轨政治制度、村委会“经济人”属性和自由裁量空间之上,其对乡村治理有利有弊。未来,应发挥党密切联系群众和加强信息技术应用等方式来进一步规范村委会的协商民主行为,进而提高基层自治能力。