Evaluation of the Protégé^(TM) stent in the treatment of carotid artery stenosis with adjunctive use of a filter Embolic Protection Device (PROCAR)-one-month follow-up data on 77 patients

Objective The trial was designed to evaluate the safety and performance of the ev3 Protégé TM stent in the treatment of de novo or re-stenotic common and/or internal carotid artery stenoses with adjunctive use of a CE-marked filter embolic protection device.Methods This study was a prospective multi-center, single-arm trial. Between June and October 2003, 77 patients were enrolled in 8 investigational centers throughout Europe. The primary endpoint was the incidence of Major Neurological Events (MANE) through one month. Other endpoints were the ability to properly place the stent, and primary patency and MANE after six months. Eligible for the study were patients with a de novo or restenotic target lesion located in the common and/or internal carotid artery (>70% stenosis for asymptomatic and >50% stenosis for symptomatic patients). The ev3 Spider (Embolic Protection Filter was used in 75 of 77 cases. Results In 76 out of the 77 patients (99%), the stent could be successfully implanted with a residual stenosis ≤30% as criterion. Of the 74 patients that had a carotid ultrasound at one month follow-up, none had a re-stenosis of the target lesion. There were three MANEs during or immediately after the procedure (3.9%), two were major and one was a minor stroke. There were eight severe complications (9.1%); six of these happened during or immediately after the procedure and were related to the procedure, none was related to the device. They are resolved without sequelae. No deaths have occurred.Conclusions The Protégé stent is safe and performs well in the treatment of carotid artery stenosis. The technical success rate for placement of the Protégé stent as assessed by the residual stenosis post implant was very high and all stents were successfully deployed. The incidence of MANE was comparable with that in other recent carotid stent studies and still lower than standard CEA.

Ileal hemorrhagic infarction after carotid artery stenting:A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND Ileal hemorrhagic infarction after carotid artery stenting(CAS)is a fatal complication.The prognosis of ileal hemorrhagic infarction after CAS is very poor if not treated in a timely manner.We describe a rare case of ileal hemorrhagic infarction due to acute embolism of the mesenteric artery after CAS.CASE SUMMARY A 67-year-old man with acute ischemic stroke underwent CAS via the right femoral artery approach 21 d after intensive medical treatment.On the first day after surgery,the patient had abdominal distension and abdominal pain.Abdominal enhanced computed tomography revealed intestinal obstruction,severe stenosis of the superior mesenteric artery,and poor distal angiography.An exploratory laparotomy was performed,and pathological examination showed hemorrhagic ileal infarction.It was subsequently found that the patient had intestinal flatulence.With the guidance of an ultrasound scan,the patient underwent abdominal puncture,drainage,and catheterization.After 58 d of treatment,the patient was discharged from hospital with a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 2 points,and a Modified Rankin Scale score of 1 point.At the 6-mo follow-up,the patient had an excellent functional outcome without stroke or mesenteric ischemia.Furthermore,computed tomography angiography showed that the carotid stent was patent.CONCLUSION Ileal hemorrhagic infarction is a fatal complication after CAS,usually caused by mesenteric artery embolism.Thus,more attention should be paid to the complications of embolism in the vascular system as well as the nervous system after CAS,and the complications should be identified and treated as early as possible.

Correlation of the history of stroke and the retinal artery occlusion: a nested case-control study

AIM:To analyze the systemic factors including stroke history related to the retinal artery occlusion(RAO).METHODS:Patients with an exact diagnosis of RAO in the medical database of the Kailuan Corporation were identified as the case group.Five patients without RAO were added for each case from the Kailuan Study and matched for sex and age(age±2)as the control group.The Kailuan Study is a general population-based cohort study in northern China,in which a total of 101510 individuals(81110 men)aged 18-98 y were recruited to participate in the study.And the participants were bi-annually reexamined.The database of both groups was from Kailuan study of 2010 cohort.All the information,including the demographic characteristics,lifestyle behaviors,medical comorbidities,medical history,family medical history,drug usage,anthropometric measurements,blood pressure measurement,blood sample laboratory assessment,urine tests,and other physical examinations were all collected.A retrospective nested case-control method was used for this study.Conditional multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors with SPSS 13.0 software and SAS 9.3 software.RESULTS:A total of 45 patients were included as the case group,and the control group included 225 patients.In the case group,28 patients(62.2%)had a central retinal artery occlusion(CRAO),and 17 patients(37.8%)had a branch retinal artery occlusion(BRAO).A total of 18 patients(40.0%)had a stroke before the RAO(mean 4.04±3.88 y before the RAO),and 31 patients(81.6%)had infarctions or malacia identified by the cranial computed tomography(CT)scans.The basal ganglia and centrum semiovale were the most frequently involved regions.Plaques in the common carotid artery were present in 32 patients(88.9%).Conditional multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the RAO was found to be associated with the history of stroke(P=0.0023,OR=28.794;95%CI:3.322-249.586).CONCLUSION:A history of stroke can significantly increase the incidence of RAO.Exists of plaque in the carotid artery is mean more than its severe stenosis for RAO.

Acute onset of massive epistaxis due to post-traumatic cavernous internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm: A case report

Rationale:Cavernous internal carotid artery(ICA)pseudoaneurysm caused by non-penetrating head trauma is a rare cause of massive epistaxis.The sudden onset of epistaxis due to such a fatal aneurysm protruding into the sphenoid sinus is extremely rare in clinical practice.The management is often challenging because of anatomical inaccessibility of the bleeding point.Patient's concern:A 42-year-old man with a history of head trauma showing an ICA aneurysm eroding the sphenoid sinus followed by massive epistaxis.Diagnosis:A computerized tomography(CT)scan showed a fracture in the sphenoid sinus.CT angiogram revealed cavernous ICA pseudoaneurysm.Interventions:Endovascular coil embolization.Outcomes:The patient recovered well and was discharged without any neurological deficits Lessons:Cavernous ICA pseudoaneurysm may lead to a life-threatening situation.If a patient has a history of head trauma,post-traumatic cavernous ICA pseudoaneurysm should be considered a differential diagnosis of massive epistaxis.

Central retinal artery occlusion after endovascular coil embolization for internal carotid artery aneurysm

Dear Editor,We are writing this letter to report an unexpected rare caseofcentralretinalarteryocclusion(CRAO)happened after stent-assisted coiling for internal carotid artery(ICA)aneurysm in a female patient.CRAO is a devastating ocular emergency with poor visual prognosis and no universal acceptedtreatmentatpresent.CRAOisusuallyassociated witharterialhypertension,diabetesmellitus,renaldisease.

Expression of recombinant adeno-associated virus in the brain of rats with a focal embolic stroke via carotid artery

OBJECTIVE: To study whether recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) mediated foreign gene, LacZ, could pass the blood brain barrier by intra-carotid artery delivery and express in vivo in ischemic brain of the focal embolic stroke rats to investigate a possibility of delivering foreign gene through carotid artery to treat acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: The carotid artery territory in 41 rats was embolized with or without arterial-like fibrin rich clots to make a model of focal embolic stroke rat. rAAV containing LacZ gene (rAAV-LacZ) was constructed in 293 cells by calcium phosphate cotransfection. The rats were assigned to one of the following treatments: 1 control (without embolism) groups, including PBS treated (n = 6), pLacZ treated (n = 6 ) and rAAV-LacZ treated (n = 6): 2 embolic groups, including embolism + PBS (n =7),embolism + pLacZ (n = 8) and embolism + rAAV-LacZ (n = 8). Brains were cryosectioned and kappa-Gal stain was performed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks, respectively, after transfection, and then infarct volume was measured and the percentage of LacZ staining-positive cells was calculated. RESULTS: In all the control groups and embolism + PBS treated animal, no kappa-Gal staining-positive cells were found, but in embolism + pLacZ (n = 8) and embolism+rAAV-LacZ groups a lot of kappa-Gal staining-positive cells were found. The expression cells were in the tissues around the infarction. The gene expression persisted only nearly four weeks in embolic group with pLacZ. In the embolic group with rAAV-LacZ the expression was very stable during the experiment course (eight weeks) and the percentage of the expressed cells was significantly higher than that of its contralateral areas at the same time points, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The plasmid vector and rAAV could enter the brain through the ischemia-damaged blood barrier and foreign gene can be expressed in brain. The positive gene expression is mainly in the peripheral areas of the infarction. rAAV as a permanent expression vector may ultimately be used for gene therapy of human ischemia cerebravascular diseases.

Neuroform EZ支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤中远期安全性和有效性分析

目的评价Neuroform EZ支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤的中远期安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2015年4月至2018年12月在南京医科大学第一附属医院接受Neuroform EZ支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗的连续104例颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤患者临床和影像学资料。重点分析动脉瘤特征、术后即刻和进展性闭塞率、围手术期并发症及临床随访结果。结果共104例患者116枚眼动脉段动脉瘤接受治疗,其中16例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血。根据眼动脉段动脉瘤Krisht分型,上侧型36枚,后侧型32枚,内侧型41枚,外侧型7枚。支架辅助弹簧圈填塞治疗均获成功。手术并发症发生率为2.9%,均为小血栓栓塞事件。术后即刻造影显示动脉瘤完全闭塞60枚(51.7%),近全闭塞54枚(46.6%),部分闭塞2枚(1.7%)。89例患者93枚动脉瘤接受平均(7.6±5.4)个月造影随访,首次随访造影显示完全闭塞率进展至92.5%(86枚),未见迟发性支架内狭窄。动脉瘤复发3枚(3.2%),均再次接受弹簧圈栓塞后达到完全闭塞。96例(92.3%)患者临床随访平均(18.5±11.2)个月,其中95例(99.0%)改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分为0~2分,远期预后良好。结论 Neuroform EZ支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤安全有效,中远期随访中可提供更稳定闭塞率,且未见支架内再狭窄。

经鼻内镜联合血管内治疗在复杂颅底肿瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨经鼻内镜联合血管内治疗在复杂颅底肿瘤手术中的应用价值。方法回顾分析天津市环湖医院2017年1月至2022年7月9例内镜下经鼻入路颅底肿瘤切除术联合血管内治疗患者的临床资料,观察肿瘤切除程度;根据世界卫生组织实体瘤测量标准评估术后疗效;随访期采用Glasgow预后分级(GOS)评估术后神经功能预后;同时记录肿瘤复发或进展情况,以及血管内治疗相关并发症如出现假性动脉瘤、自发性脑出血、脑梗死等。结果9例患者中4例术前经DSA确认供体动脉或颈内动脉破裂,其中1例术前进行弹簧圈栓塞,1例术中提前置入颈动脉导管鞘,1例术中行颈内动脉弹簧圈栓塞成功止血,1例术中行覆膜支架植入成功止血;4例术中经DSA确认颈内动脉破裂;1例术后即刻DSA确认颈内动脉破裂者行颈内动脉弹簧圈栓塞成功止血。肿瘤全切除率为8/9。随访时间32.00(25.00,48.50)个月,均未见肿瘤复发或进展。末次随访时GOS评分均为4~5分,均为神经功能预后良好。1例经免疫治疗的复发性鼻咽癌患者颈内动脉岩骨段覆膜支架植入术后3个月支架远端再次出现假性动脉瘤,遂行颈外动脉⁃桡动脉⁃大脑中动脉搭桥术成功止血,且术后无并发症;余8例未出现假性动脉瘤、自发性脑出血等并发症。所有患者术后均未出现脑梗死。结论血管内治疗有助于内镜下经鼻入路颅底肿瘤切除术前评估颅底肿瘤与周围血管之间的关系,可以有效阻断供体动脉,减少术中出血量,有效治疗大血管破裂,也减少严重并发症的发生,疗效和安全性均较高。

复发性鼻咽癌术前行改良颈内动脉栓塞术效果分析

目的探讨复发性鼻咽癌手术治疗前行改良颈内动脉栓塞术的有效性和安全性。方法本研究为回顾性研究。搜集2022年6月—2023年8月于福建中医药大学附属第二人民医院接受改良颈内动脉栓塞术治疗的13例复发性鼻咽癌患者的病例资料。记录围手术期并发症,对比患者术前和术后30 d MRS评分,评估改良颈内动脉栓塞术的有效性和安全性。结果13例患者球囊封堵试验均为阴性,且都顺利完成改良颈内动脉栓塞术,完全闭塞颈内动脉。手术时长50.0~110.0 min,平均(63.7±15.3)min;均未出现弹簧圈逃逸。1例术后发生语言不清、肢体无力,给予升压等对症治疗症状消失;1例术后发生头痛、复视,出院前已恢复;1例由于对侧颈内动脉狭窄同期支架植入,术后植入支架侧出现高灌注脑出血表现,术后30 d MRS评分4分。其余患者均未发生围术期并发症,术后30 d MRS评分均为0分。结论针对复发性鼻咽癌侵犯颈内动脉的患者行改良颈内动脉栓塞术,可安全有效闭塞颈内动脉,降低后续鼻咽癌内镜手术中颈动脉出血发生率,提高患者生存预后。

应用Embosphere微球栓塞治疗难治性鼻出血

目的研究Embosphere微球在颈外动脉栓塞治疗难治性鼻出血中的价值。方法 2009年12月至2011年12月对27例难治性鼻出血患者行Embosphere微球栓塞治疗,在予选择性颈外动脉造影后,用导管超选择插至病变动脉,注入Embosphere微球栓塞病变区供血动脉血管床,观察治疗有效率及并发症情况。结果 27例患者均栓塞成功,栓塞后出血停止或明显减少,治疗成功率100%,其中即刻止血22例(81.48%),1～3 d出血停止5例(18.52%)。27例中15例(55.56%)术后出现颜面部麻木、肿痛、张口受限等轻度并发症,无严重并发症发生,随访2～26个月,2例(7.41%)复发出血。结论 Embosphere微球在颈外动脉栓塞治疗难治性鼻出血安全、有效。

内侧分水岭梗死的临床和影像学特点及与颈动脉系统病变的关系

目的探讨内侧分水岭梗死(IWI)的临床和影像学特点及与颈动脉系统病变的关系。方法选择DWI病灶符合内侧分水岭梗死的患者27例,将其分为融合型IWI(CIWI)及部分型IWI(PIWI)。行头部颈动脉MRA和(或)DSA进行血管评价,确定主要责任血管病变;于入院第1天及第7天测量NIHSS评分,确定病情;卒中后3个月采用修订的Rankin评分评价预后。结果27例IWI患者中14例为融合型,13例为部分型;22例(82%)有颈动脉系统严重狭窄或闭塞,其中CIWI12例,PIWI10例,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。CIWI患者ICA病变的发生比例高于PIWI患者(11/14,4/13),多表现为非腔隙综合征(10/14,4/13);PIWI患者MCA病变的发生比例高于CIWI患者(6/13,1/14),多表现为腔隙综合征(9/13,4/14),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CIWI患者较PIWI患者7d内多见病程进展,且3个月预后差(5/14,0/13;P<0.05)。结论IWI与颈动脉系统病变存在比较确切的关系,CIWI和PIWI发病机制中受累的血管作用存在一定差异。

兔颈总动脉创伤性假性动脉瘤的病理研究

目的 观察兔颈总动脉创伤性假性动脉瘤 (TPA)模型的病理改变 ,探讨人颈内动脉TPA血管内栓塞治疗的时机与方法。方法 运用显微外科操作 ,制作 2 0只兔右侧颈总动脉TPA模型 ,并行彩色超声多普勒随访及病理检查。结果 术后 6～ 12d 2 0只兔均于手术部位出现明显的搏动性包块并经彩色多普勒超声检查证实为假性动脉瘤形成。术后 2周内瘤腔直径均不超 5mm ,瘤壁由部分机化的血栓构成 ,薄且不均匀。术后 3～ 4周瘤径增大至 10 5～ 18.0mm ,病理大体检查见瘤体与周围组织有一潜在间隙 ,瘤壁厚约 2～ 3mm ,由致密的纤维结缔组织构成。术后第 7周瘤径增大至 3 5 5～ 5 2 .0mm ,瘤壁厚薄不均 ,瘤顶处瘤壁菲薄。结论 对于颈内动脉TPA ,在其形成期的早期及瘤体增大期 ,闭塞载瘤动脉最为安全、有效 ;在瘤体稳定期 。

颈内动脉血泡样动脉瘤的血管内治疗

目的研究计划性、分期血管内栓塞在颈内动脉血泡样动脉瘤治疗中的作用。方法回顾性分析6例颈内动脉血泡样动脉瘤病人的临床资料,Hunt-Hess分级Ⅰ级1例,Ⅱ级3例,Ⅲ级2例。首次治疗均采用单纯多支架植入,随访动脉瘤再通则辅助弹簧圈栓塞。结果初次术后动脉瘤完全栓塞2例,次全栓塞3例,不全栓塞1例。随访6～18个月,平均6.3个月。DSA显示动脉瘤再通3例,其中予再次辅助弹簧圈栓塞2例;行动脉瘤孤立及颈内动脉闭塞术1例,术后发生出血性脑梗死。术后6个月mRS评分:1分(恢复良好)5例,3分(恢复差)1例。结论颈内动脉血泡样动脉瘤先行单纯多支架植入,随访动脉瘤再通则辅助弹簧圈栓塞,是一种安全而有效的治疗方法。

氟尿嘧啶大粒径明胶微球的制备与性质

目的 制备大粒径明胶微球 ,研究其体外和颈动脉栓塞化疗的药物释放特性。方法 用改良的双相乳化冷凝法制备大粒径氟尿嘧啶明胶微球 ,紫外分光光度法测定药物含量、药物包裹率、载药量和体内外药物释放特性。用显微照像仪测定了大粒径微球的平均粒径。在X射线监控下 ,将大粒径氟尿嘧啶明胶微球栓塞在兔颈外动脉 ,以氟尿嘧啶溶液为对照 ,不同时间点取血样测试血药浓度进行统计分析。结果 大粒径氟尿嘧啶明胶微球粒径均匀 ,平均粒径 (2 32± 32 ) μm ,药物包裹率85 % ,载药量 12 .2 % ,体外 4 8h缓释 95 %。颈动脉栓塞后 ,可使较小用药剂量在局部较长时间内维持较高的药物浓度。

弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内微小动脉瘤及中长期随访

目的评价弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内微小动脉瘤（VSCAs）的有效性及稳定性。方法 19例患者（20枚VSCAs）接受血管内弹簧圈栓塞治疗。对其中9枚动脉瘤使用单纯弹簧圈栓塞,9枚使用支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞,2枚使用球囊辅助弹簧圈栓塞。根据DSA表现,将栓塞程度分为完全栓塞、次全栓塞和部分栓塞。术后进行中长期随访并收集DSA及临床结果。结果所有VSCAs均获成功栓塞。术后即刻DSA显示,20枚VSCAs中5枚为完全栓塞,9枚为次全栓塞,6枚为部分栓塞。1~2年随访DSA示20枚VSCAs均完全栓塞,未发现动脉瘤复发及弹簧圈脱出、移位。临床随访显示所有患者均未出现动脉瘤再次破裂出血及神经系统缺血症状。结论血管内弹簧圈栓塞治疗VSCAs有效、稳定;中长期随访证实次全及部分栓塞的患者可发展为完全栓塞。

微栓子脱落时脑保护伞处理的临床应用

目的讨论颈内动脉狭窄支架植入术中微栓子脱落后脑保护伞回收时处理方法。方法颈内动脉狭窄支架植入后,颈内动脉血流停滞或缓慢,回撤保护伞于C3、C4段,指引导管送入支架近端,迅速反复多次回抽血流。结果血流通畅,无1例脑栓塞。结论在颈内动脉狭窄支架植入联合应用脑保护伞,当微栓子脱落所导致的颈内动脉血流停滞或缓慢时,正确的处理脑保护伞可以有效防止脱落的微栓子进入脑内。

弹簧圈闭塞颈内动脉治疗颅内巨大动脉瘤的护理

目的总结介入治疗颈内动脉巨大动脉瘤中球囊闭塞试验的重要性以及护理配合的经验。方法对12例采用弹簧圈闭塞颈内动脉方法治疗的患者进行术前、术中及术后的护理,包括心理护理,生命体征监测、并发症预防等。结果经过介入治疗及系统的护理,12例患者术后无病情加重及死亡,患者平均观察9d后出院。随访4～12个月,其中7例未见不适,4例复查动脉瘤消失,1例患者有不适,DSA复查未见异常。结论对行弹簧圈闭塞颈内动脉方法治疗动脉瘤的患者,介入手术过程中的生命体征的监护、并发症预防及规范的护理程序等均是保证手术完成的关键。

视网膜栓子与颈内动脉病变和血脂异常的相关性

目的分析视网膜栓子患者颈内动脉病变狭窄的程度和血脂异常等因素的相关性。方法本研究对2009年至2011年在我院眼科门诊进行眼底检查及眼底照相确诊有视网膜栓子的35例患者进行血脂分析和颈动脉多普勒检查。按照视网膜栓子的类型将其分为2组:Hollenhorst组和非Hollenhorst组。并对两组患者的合并症、血脂及颈动脉多普勒结果进行统计分析。结果 Hollenhorst组和非Hollenhorst组同侧颈动脉狭窄率分别为(30.5±14.5)%和(65.1±9.8)%,差异有显著统计学意义(P=0.000)。Hollenhorst组和非Hollenhorst组总胆固醇含量分别为(4.99±0.71)mmol·L-1和(4.45±0.64)mmol·L-1,差异有统计学意义(P=0.026),高密度脂蛋白含量分别为(1.18±0.34)mmol·L-1和(0.97±0.13)mmol·L-1,差异有统计学意义(P=0.036)。而2组甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白含量比较,差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。结论眼底视网膜栓子的发现与颈动脉病变和血脂异常的程度具有相关性,详细的眼底检查对于患者全身疾病的治疗和预后具有一定的意义。

颈动脉海绵窦瘘的介入治疗

目的 评估介入性栓塞治疗颈内动脉 -海绵窦瘘 (carotid cavernous fistula,CCF)的临床疗效。方法 6例颈内动脉 -海绵窦瘘患者 ,采用经皮股动脉径路、可脱球囊栓塞治疗。其中 1例伴颈外动脉 -海绵窦瘘患者 ,结合颈外动脉颗粒性栓塞。结果 6例 CCF栓塞均获成功 ,其中 2例栓塞后保持颈内动脉通畅 ,另 4例结合同侧颈内动脉栓闭。本组无并发症发生。结论 CCF的介入治疗创伤小、疗效好 ,是 CCF临床治疗的首选方法。

超选择性颈外动脉分支栓塞在难治性鼻出血中的应用

目的探讨超选择性颈外动脉分支栓塞在难治性鼻出血中的应用价值。方法对17例经耳鼻喉科常规止血方法无效的难治性鼻出血患者行超选择性颈外动脉造影,明确出血部位及原因后使用栓塞剂栓塞。结果 17例患者经超选择颈外动脉栓塞治疗后,鼻出血症状完全消失,有效率达100%。所有患者均未发生与介入相关的并发症。术后随访3~24个月,均未出现再次鼻出血。结论超选择性颈外动脉分支栓塞治疗难治性鼻出血是安全有效的,可起到立杆见影的效果。