Performance of a Horizontal Flow Constructed Reed Bed Filter for Municipal Wastewater Treatment: The Case Study of the Prototype Installed at Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis, Senegal

In Saint-Louis, Senegal, a constructed wetland with horizontal flow reed beds (FHa and FHb) has demonstrated significant efficacy in treating municipal wastewater. Analyzing various treatment stages, the system showed only a slight temperature variation, from an influent average of 26.3°C to an effluent of 24.7°C. Electrical conductivity decreased from 1331 mS/cm to 974.5 mS/cm post-primary treatment, with suspended solids (SS) dramatically reduced from 718.9 mg/L to 5.7 mg/L in the final effluent. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) saw a notable decrease, from initial levels of 655.6 mg/L and 1240 mg/L to 2.3 mg/L and 71.3 mg/L, respectively. Nitrogenous compounds (N-TN) and phosphates () also decreased significantly, indicating the system’s nutrient removal capacity. Microbiological analysis revealed a reduction in fecal coliforms from 7.5 Ulog/100ml to 1.8 Ulog/100ml and a complete elimination of helminth eggs. The presence of Phragmites and Typha was instrumental in enhancing these reductions. The system’s compliance with the Senegalese standards for disposal into natural environments, WHO recommendations for unrestricted water reuse in irrigation, and the European legislation for water reuse was established. The effluent quality met the stringent criteria for various classes of agricultural reuse, illustrating the system’s potential for sustainable water management. This wetland model presents a robust solution for water-stressed regions, ensuring environmental protection while supporting agricultural needs. The study calls for ongoing research to further refine the system for optimal, reliable wastewater treatment and water resource sustainability.

Design and Operation of the Printing and Dyeing Wastewater Treatment Project by Combination of Coagulation Sedimentation - Hydrolytic Acidification with Aeration Tank - Biological Aerated Filter - Active Sand Filter

In order to protect quality of Baiyangdian surface water and Gaoyang groundwater,the project is applied to process printing and dyeing wastewater that contains complicated compositions,high concentrations of organics and SS,and lots of pollutants difficult to degrade by microorganism. The process and operating parameters of project are optimized and debugged,and its economic and environmental benefits are analyzed.The results show that the process of coagulation sedimentation-hydrolytic acidification with aeration tank-biological aerated filter-active sand filter is applied in Gaoyang Sewage Treatment Plant. The design scale of sewage treatment plant is 120000 m^3/d. The influent is as following: COD is 669mg/L; SS is 424mg/L; NH_3-N is 8.83mg/L; TP is 6.03mg/L. After the process,the best removal rates of COD,SS,NH_3-N and TP are 93. 5%,98. 8%,97. 1% and 96. 2%,respectively. The various indexes of effluent water complied with standard A of the first order in Pollutants Emission Standard of Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant( GB 18918-2002). The processing cost is only 0. 807 yuan/m^3. As a result,the project construction and operation not only improve the environment,but also promote regional economic development. Process design and operating parameters provide an important reference value for the printing and dyeing wastewater treatment industry.

Developing and introducing of the resourcesaving technologies into the water-supply systems of mining enterprises

The article deals with modeling the tailing ponds influence on water resources. New technology using hydrocyclons of new design has been offered for additional purification of gold dressing mill wastewater. Laboratory and plant test have determined the optimal parameters of hydrocyclon. Introduction of new technology into system of water supply will prevent environment pollution and make it possible to process recoverable resources.

Energy and Water Conservation Technology Analysis of Water Supply and Drainage of the Building

At present,China’s social and economic development is faster and faster.At the same time,people pay more and more attention to the construction concept of energy and water conservation.We can see the popularization and development of the concept of energy saving and water saving in every major field of our country,the same is true in the construction field.In order to effectively protect the ecological environment and maximize the use of limited resources,the energysaving and water-saving technology of the building,as well as water supply and drainage technology should be actively used.Based on this,this paper first analyzes the application significance of water supplydrainage and energy-water conservation technology in the construction field,analyzes the current situation of water supply and drainage in China,and proposes the application of water supply-drainage and energy-water conservation technology of the building for reference.

Efficient heavy metal recycling and water reuse from industrial wastewater using new reusable and inexpensive polyphenylene sulfide derivatives

Heavy metal(HM)pollution is a serious environment problem.Recovering HM from industrial wastewater by efficient adsorbents is a sustainable method due to recycling HM and acquiring reusable water.However,popular efficient adsorbents are usually expensive or non-reusable.In this paper,methods of efficient HM recycling and water reuse from industrial wastewater were developed using efficient adsorbents,new polyphenylene sulfide derivatives,which are recyclable and stable in an acidic,alkaline or oxidative aqueous solution.Moreover,they can efficiently and quickly adsorb HM ions.The maximum adsorption capacities of these adsorbents for HM ions are at the range from 51.3-184.2 mg·g^(-1).The adsorption equilibrium times of them for HM ions are at the range from 10 to 80 min.Therefore,this paper suggests sustainable methods of HM recovery and water reuse from industrial wastewater.

Evaluation of Drinking Water Pollution and Health Effects in Baghdad, Iraq

Contamination of water reserves by biological, chemical, and radiologic agents may affect the health of millions of residents in the Iraq as well as many others throughout the world. Fatal outbreaks of cholera struck several provinces of the country, including Baghdad. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) also says air pollution, resulting from burning oil and aggravated by war, is cause for concern. The study area Baghdad has been divided into two parts: Central Baghdad and Outskirts of Baghdad (included in Baghdad but near the boundaries of Baghdad). The outskirts of Baghdad comprises of 4 cities: Al-Hussaniya located in northern part of Baghdad, Abu-Gurabe located in the western side of Baghdad, Jissr Diyala located in the eastern side of Baghdad and finally Al-Mahmodiya located in the southern side of Baghdad. These cities are in very poor situation in terms of water supply. The quality of water supplied is bad as no attention is given to WTP's in these places, which is also because of the fact that given the insecure war conditions, these areas are inaccessible. The sewage is thrown directly into the river because these areas do not have sewage treatment plants. In case of central Baghdad the water supply and sewerage network are broken in some places. Due to this there is mixing of water between the two networks. For this study we taking water supply samples and collect all the samples from WTPs and water supply network (houses, shops and different places). We made the analysis to parts first bacteriologies, second chlorine and after analysis these samples in lab we will give in our study numbers of fail samples, type of diseases and how many case during year 2007 in Baghdad City. Also in this study we will give Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2010 to 2035.

Energy-saving Technology Application in Building Water Supply and Drainage Construction

Under the increasing demands as well as resource shortages in today’s society,energy-saving technologies in building water supply and drainage construction plays a vital role.Through the rational application of energy-saving technologies,energy consumption in water supply and drainage projects can be significantly minimized and wastage of water resources can be reduced.This will play a very promising role in promoting sustainable development of resources and environmental conservation in the modern era.This paper analyzes the application of energy-saving technology in building water supply and drainage construction,with an aspiration to make energy-saving technology more reasonable in today’s building water supply and drainage projects and to improve the quality of water supply and drainage construction projects,while achieving effective environmental protection.

Environmental Assessment of Infrastructure Projects of Water Sector in Baghdad, Iraq

In 1970s the city of Baghdad had a good infrastructure. Education and healthcare systems were widely regarded as the best in the Middle East. Income per capita rose to over US$3600 in the early 1980s. Since that time, successive wars and a repressive, state-dominated economic system have stifled economic growth and development and debilitated basic infrastructure and social services. At the end of the 2003 war, Baghdad’s infrastructure was seriously degraded. The majority of the population had limited or inadequate access to essential basic services. Currently, there is an ongoing effort by donor countries, such as the United States (US) (through the US Agency for International Development (USAID)), Japan, the European Union (EU), etc., as well as efforts by multilateral agencies such as the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), to restore the sector to standards that existed prior to the latest conflict. The present study deals with the evaluation of four projects proposed to improve the deteriorating status of water and wastewater treatment plants. Three methods viz. checklist, strategic environment assessment and cost and benefit analysis are used to evaluate the efficiency of the projects.

Ecological engineering land treatment systems──A new development in China

This paper elucidated the necessity and possibility of developing the technology of land treatment on the basis of the analysis of shortage and pollution status of water resources in China.The historical development of this technology in the world was briefly reviewed and the distinction between land treatment and conventional wastewater irrigation was discussed in details. The fundamental characteristics and functions as well as the integrity and compatibility of this ecological engineering were also summarized. It was finally concluded that this technology for wastewater treatment has broad prospects of application in China.

Environmental Efficiency in Water Use in Offshore Platforms in Campos Basin-RJ-Brazil

In drilling and production of oil at sea, potable water is most commonly transported to oil platforms using offshore supply vessels (OSV). This transport generates a series of environmental impacts, such as the emission of greenhouse gases and risks to human health. Furthermore, transporting high volumes of water requires large vessels and consequently, very high fuel consumption. To minimise the environmental impacts, water supply options were studied. The desalination of seawater and the reusing of streams from grey water (light and dark) and black water were evaluated and compared with the characteristics of the current supply via OSV. The amount of fuel consumed was collected in the logistics department of the oil company that used the OSVs. Air emissions were quantified using the methodology that the IPCC recommended. The information on the types of sewage treatment was found in the technical manuals from the manufacturers. It was concluded that the reused water could achieve up to 70% reduction in atmospheric emissions, the use of chemicals in the water treatment plant, sludge generation and the consumption of marine diesel fuel for the transport of water. On the other hand, the same reduction can be observed both from the effluent disposal at sea and in the chlorine of the sewage treatment plant. Therefore, the source of water used and the reduction of air emissions can be maintained without impairment of the normal water use in offshore platforms in the Campos Basin. The objective of this study was to diagnose problems related to the current form of water supply, to quantify them and to propose measures for increasing environmental efficiency.

京津冀平原非常规水资源利用前景分析及其生态环境效应

[研究目的]京津冀平原水资源严重短缺,供需矛盾十分突出,加大非常规水资源利用力度,形成多元供水格局,可有效缓解水资源供需矛盾,对支撑京津冀协同发展区社会经济协调发展和推动生态文明建设具有重要意义。[研究方法]文章系统开展非常规水资源供水方向、开发利用模式和供水规模分类数据统计,依据各省(直辖市)非常规水资源供水规划及配置目标,分析其开发利用前景及其生态环境效应。[研究结果]该区非常规水资源主要包括微咸水、再生水、淡化海水、雨洪水,其中微咸水主要分布于中东部平原的天津、沧州、衡水等地,供水前景为5.43×10^(8)m^(3);再生水利用以北京、天津等大中型及工业城市为主,供水前景为34.22×10^(8)m^(3);淡化海水利用以天津等滨海城市为主,供水前景为4.19×10^(8)m^(3);雨洪水利用较分散。[结论](1)微咸水用于农业灌溉存在土壤盐渍化风险,需加强水盐调控。(2)再生水用于河流生态补水,沿线地表水富营养化,地下水体未受到明显污染;地下水浅埋区开展再生水灌溉,会增加硝酸盐污染风险;建议将高风险的新兴污染物纳入再生水利用监控体系。(3)海水淡化尾液浓盐水、冷却热水可能改变天然海洋生态系统的分布、构成与多样性,应予以关注。(4)雨洪水利用可降低污水入河的水质风险,但过度利用可能影响区域生态系统的稳定性,建议城市区适度扩大利用。

供水工程新近系红层区斜坡深层变形破坏模式分析

针对新近系红层区斜坡变形破坏模式认识不足的问题,通过对以往工程区斜坡破坏现象的调查分析,寻找已有深层破坏形成的滑坡体,反分析滑坡体破坏前原始斜坡地质结构模型,并建立典型斜坡深层破坏模式,根据变形体主要工程地质条件,建立红层斜坡变形体的三维数值模型,分析其在天然、地震及降雨等条件下的稳定性。结果表明,通过建立的新近系地层不同岩段区斜坡深层破坏模式,识别出新近系地层区供水工程20#支线沿线有一个大型深层破坏斜坡变形体。该斜坡变形体在降雨条件下的稳定性较差。

废水处理中水质监测参数的实时预测研究

针对污水处理厂生化池中参数监测智能化水平不高、人力耗费较大的问题,提出基于麻雀算法-长短期记忆神经网络(Sparrow Search Algorithm-Long Short Term Memory Network,SSA-LSTM)的水质参数预测模型。以污水处理过程中好氧区溶解氧(Dissolved Oxygen,DO)、好氧区混合液悬浮固体(Mixed Liquid Suspended Solids,MLSS)质量浓度、缺氧区DO、缺氧区氧化还原电位(Oxidation-Reduction Potential,ORP)、厌氧区DO和厌氧区ORP 6个关键指标为数据样本,进行实例研究。将SSA-LSTM的预测结果与长短期记忆神经网络(Long Short-Term Memory Network,LSTM)、粒子群算法(Particle Swarm optimization-Long Short Term Memory Network,PSO-LSTM)、深度森林以及支持向量机进行对比分析,结果显示:SSA-LSTM在6个参数上的均方误差(EMSE)和决定系数(R2)均表现出更好的预测性,预测精度最高。

供水工程民和组地层区斜坡深层变形破坏模式分析

目的红层软岩斜坡深层变形破坏具有一定隐蔽性,为解决寻找和识别具有一定隐蔽性的民和组地层区斜坡深层变形破坏变形体的问题。方法结合引黄济宁供水工程,依据民和组地层区斜坡变形破坏现象的调查分析,寻找已有深层破坏形成的滑坡体,反分析滑坡体破坏前原始斜坡模型,模拟分析原始斜坡滑动破坏触发因素,建立民和组地层区典型斜坡深层变形破坏模式;然后根据建立的斜坡深层变形破坏模式,寻找识别民和组地层区深层变形破坏斜坡变形体,对典型斜坡变形体构建三维数值模拟模型,分析天然、地震及降雨等条件下的斜坡变形体的稳定性。结果通过研究,建立了民和组地层区不同岩段典型斜坡深层变形破坏模式,识别出民和组地层区供水工程22#支线沿线有一个大型深层变形破坏斜坡变形体,在暴雨条件下会沿砾岩层与泥岩夹层交接面发生深层滑动破坏。结论通过建立典型斜坡深层变形破坏模式识别深层变形破坏斜坡变形体并分析其工程稳定性,可以减少意外发生斜坡深层变形破坏现象,研究成果可为工程施工图设计提供依据,也为民和组地层区地质灾害分析提供参考。

甘肃中部生态移民扶贫开发供水工程设计

以甘肃中部生态移民扶贫开发供水工程为例,分析了工程水文地质条件和工程规模,统筹考虑新建工程与兴电灌区既有工程,提出了供水工程总体布置,尤其是泵站及调蓄水池设计的详细方案,可为类似水资源匮乏地区拉动经济、拓展农业结构、改善人居环境提供重要参考。

大型钢铁冶金企业焦化工程消防给水设计若干问题探讨

现代大型钢铁冶金企业焦化工程主要由备煤系统、炼焦设施、干熄焦设施、焦处理系统、煤气净化系统等生产设施和辅助生产设施组成,在生产过程中使用的原料、燃料及其贮存、输送、生产多为可燃、易燃、易爆物,发生火灾的可能性和发生火灾后的破坏性大,消防给水系统是焦化工程消防设计的重要环节,尤其应受重视。对焦化工程消防给水系统的若干实际问题进行探讨,并提出一些建议和看法,有助于优化焦化工程消防给水设计。

甘肃中部生态移民扶贫开发供水工程水文计算分析

为提高农业灌溉效率,巩固区域脱贫攻坚成果,提供水资源保障,开展甘肃中部生态移民扶贫开发供水工程建设。为满足工程规划设计需要,对黄河干流设计断面开展水文、水利计算。通过对黄河干流、沿线沟道布置以及对水文基础数据进行整编,结合流域大型工程设计历史成果,选定安宁渡水文站、兰州水文站为主要参证站,考虑龙羊峡水库、刘家峡水库联合调度运用方式和区域产汇流特征,通过插补延长、还原计算、采用兴电工程经验公式等方法,得到黄河干流及沟道径流、洪水和泥沙成果,为工程规划与设计提供了技术依据。

空气罐在高扬程泵站水锤防护中的应用及影响

以甘肃某大型供水工程为研究背景,泵站供水管线起伏明显,泵站扬程高、流量大,事故停泵后管线负压严重,通过增设空气阀无法将负压消除。基于特征线法采用HAMMER软件对该泵站在采用二阶段关闭液控偏心半球阀及空气罐的组合下进行了事故停泵水力过渡过程仿真分析,另分析了空气罐的主要参数对水力过渡过程的影响。计算结果表明:设置空气罐后管线负压明显得到解决;空气罐容积越大、水头损失比率越高、水箱进水口直径相对偏小一点,其水锤防护效果越好;空气罐初次向管道补水和吸收管道水在水锤防护过程发挥重要作用;不同参数下空气罐首次向管道补水的时间几乎相同。

一种新型组合式喷雾降尘装置流场及雾化特性试验研究

喷雾降尘是工业粉尘治理的常规技术手段,传统喷雾降尘技术存在降尘效率低、耗水量大及无法实现远距离降尘等缺陷。通过提出一种新型组合式喷雾降尘装置,并基于自行设计的气水喷雾试验平台,对该新型装置气流场分布规律、雾化粒度的空间分布规律以及相关影响因素开展试验研究。结果显示:组合式喷雾降尘装置能够将喷雾吹送至较远的降尘区域,实现远距离降尘,且装置尾部可抽吸周围含尘气体,与雾滴一并喷出,达到二次降尘效果;随着供气压力的增加,组合式喷雾降尘装置的喷雾速度呈幂函数形式增大,随着与喷口处距离的增加,装置喷雾速度自出口沿下游呈指数函数形式衰减;负压随着供气压力的增大而增大,装置尾部产生的吸气量随供气压力的增加而不断增大;随着供气压力的增加,装置的射程不断增大,增大供水压力对装置射程的提升较小;雾滴粒径随着供气压力的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,且沿轴线方向上的不同位置的雾滴粒径呈相同的变化规律;当供气压力一定时,装置的雾滴粒径随供水压力的增加而减小。综合考虑,组合式喷雾降尘装置在现场应用时,供气压力和供水压力分别为0.4 MPa和2.0 MPa时较为合理。