Size effect on longitudinal MOE of microtomed wood sections and relevant theoretical explanation

It has been repeatedly observed that the mechanical properties of microtomed wood sections are significantly lower than those of samples of normal size, but few investigations have been conducted to deal with this topic, especially based on theoretical approaches. We measured the longitudinal MOE of Chinese fir on microtomed sections ranging in thickness from 70 to 200 μm and compared these with the values of samples of normal size. The results indicate that the MOE of microtomed wood sections increases with thickness from 70 to 200 μm, but is significantly less than that of normal samples. A size effect coefficient of 2.63 is inferred based on statistical data for samples of normal size and 200 μm thick microtomed sections. Finally, an explanation based on a complete shear restraint model of cell walls and a single fiber multi-ply model is proposed for the size effect on stiffness of microtomed wood sections.

Grain-size Characteristics of Sediments Formed Since 8600 yr B.P. in Middle Reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River in Tibet and Their Paleoenvironmental Significance

Widespread aeolian sediments have been found in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, China, The grain-size characteristics of sediments from Cha＇er Section in the area were analyzed. The results show that the section include one stratum of paleo-mobile dunes, four strata of paleo-semi-fixed dunes, two strata of paleo-fixed dunes, one stratum of sandy immature soils. The paleo-mobile and paleo-semi-fixed dune sand in this section are similar to modem aeolian sand in either grain-size composition or Mz and c distribution. Compared the above types of dunes each other, the content of sand substance decreases, while the content of silt and clay increases for paleo-fixed dunes and sandy immature soils. Combined with age data for each stratum, the analysis shows that these strata are the products of climate changes and the evolution of aeolian landforms. The evolutionary sequence of the paleoclimate and of aeolian activities in the valley since 8600 yr B.P. reveals four stages： 8600-5700 yr B.P., when the paleoclimate was cold and dry, with strong winds, thereby activating dunes; 5700-3600 yr B.P., when it was warm and wet, with weak winds, causing dunes to undergo soil-forming processes; 3600-1900 yr B.P., when climate shifted from cold-dry with strong winds to warm-wet with weak winds, and activated dunes were fixed again; and 1900 yr B.P. -present, when the climate became fine, with weak winds, fixing dunes again.

Experimental study for the particle size distribution of mine spoil pile cross section

The aim of the experiment is to analyze and view the distribution of gangue withdifferent particle sizes in mine spoil pile cross section.According to the Dimensionalmethod,'Pi'theorem was employed first to abbreviate ten physical and mechanical parametersto three dimensionless groups, and then the similarity criterion and coefficient ofthe experiment were determined and calculated based on particle size distribution curve.The similarity model was designed and constructed to represent the process of the minespoil pile.The profile of the final model shows that the small sized particles mainly composethe upper zone of the mine spoil pile, while the bottom of the pile is dominated bybigger sized particles, and the intermediate section presents a zigzag stripe cross-beddingstructure which is composed by small-medium scale particles and medium-large scaleparticles.Each stripe has two critical angles: one is the angle in which gangue particlescan maintain their stability condition, with approximate range from 24° to 26°; and theother is the angle in which particles can stop gliding downwards, approximately varyingfrom 34° to 36°.

Unimolecular Dissociation of H⁺<sub style="margin-left:-6px;">2n+1</sub>Hydrogen Clusters: Measured Cross Sections and Theoretically Calculated Rate Constants

In this paper, we studied the process of dissociation unimolecular of the evaporation of H+2n+1 hydrogen clusters according to size, using the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theory. The rate constants k(E) were determined with the use of statistical theory of unimolecular reactions using various approximations. In our work, we used the products frequencies instead of transitions frequencies in the calculation of unimolecular dissociation rates obtained by three models RRKM. The agreement between the experimental cross section ratio and calculated rate ratio with direct count approximation seems to be reasonable.

Distribution and characteristics of gravelly soil liquefaction in the Wenchuan M_s 8.0 earthquake

In this paper,a distribution map of gravelly soil liquefaction that was caused by the Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake in China is proposed based on a detailed field investigation and an analysis of geological soil profiles. The geological background of the earthquake disaster region is summarized by compiling geological cross sections and borehole logs. Meanwhile,four typical liquefied sites were selected to conduct sample drillings,dynamic penetration tests (DPT),and shear wave velocity tests,to understand the features of liquefied gravelly soil. One hundred and eighteen (118) liquefied sites were investigated shortly after the earthquake. The field investigation showed:(1) sandboils and waterspouts occurred extensively,involving thousands of miles of farmland,120 villages,eight schools and five factories,which caused damage to some rural houses,schools,manufacturing facilities and wells,etc.; (2) the Chengdu plain is covered by a gravelly soil layer with a thickness of 0 m to 541 m according to the geological cross sections; (3) there were 80 gravelly soil liquefied sites in the Chengdu plain,shaped as five belt areas that varied from 20 km to 40 km in length,and about ten gravelly soil liquefied sites distributed within Mianyang area; and (4) the grain sizes of the sampled soil were relative larger than the ejected soil on the ground,thus the type of liquefied soil cannot be determined by the ejected soil. The gravelly soil liquefied sites are helpful in enriching the global database of gravelly soil liquefaction and developing a corresponding evaluation method in further research efforts.

Geophysical criterion of pre-outburst coal outsqueezing from the face space into the working

The initial process of coal and gas sudden outburst is studied in the article when under the influence of rock and gas pressure the part of a coal seam layer(a coal section)is squeezed out from the mouth of the future outburst cavity in a jump-like manner into the working.Geo-mechanical criterion for a part of a coal seam layer outsqueezing in the form of the relation of active(squeezing out)and passive(preventing the outsqueezing)forces is defined in the article.Based on it,the geophysical criterion is defined by expressing basic physical parameters through geo-physical ones:the current stress is defined by spectral-acoustic method through the ratio of high frequency and low-frequency components of an acoustic signal,which is generated into a face working space by the mining equipment operating in the face;in-situ gas pressure is defined by gas analytical method by the concentration of methane in the atmosphere of the working;the strength of the most broken coal layer is defined by a strength measuring device(a device for measuring the depth of a steal cone punched into the coal by a spring mechanism).This paper studies the influence of acoustic,strength and filtrating and collecting properties of a face working space on the limit value of an obtained geophysical criterion of pre-outburst squeezing of a coal‘‘plug”out of the mouth of the future outburst cavity into the working.

Influence of Section Size of Telescopic Boom on Stability

The telescopic boom is the main bearing force component of the crane.The rationality of the design will directly affect the performance of the machine and safety.The telescopic boom is a typical thin-walled plate and shell structure.Its main form of damage is the occurrence of buckling,resulting in decreased carrying capacity,or even a security incident.In order to meet the lifting weight and height,to ensure the stability of the telescopic boom has become a major problem of the designer.There are many factors that affect the critical load of the telescopic boom,including support method,inertia moment,length and material.When the support mode,material and length are determined,the maximum factor affecting the buckling critical load is the inertia moment.In this paper,the influence of the section size on the buckling critical load of the telescopic boom is analyzed by using the inertia moment of section method ande finite element method.And the sensitivity analysis is carried out on this basis.The results of the analysis can provide designers with design reference basis.Then a reasonable cross-sectional size can be used to improve the buckling resistance capacity of the telescopic boom.

Size variation of the end Permian conodont Neogondolella at Meishan Section,Changxing,Zhejiang and its significance

This study is based on both a generic and species level investigation of the individual size of the latest Permian conodont Neogondolella Pa elements collected from Meishan Section A, Changxing, Zhejiang Province. In this study, an obvious size reduction of Neogondolella Pa elements within bed 24e of the upper Changxing Limestone is recognized. The size variation of the Neogon- dolella occurs simultaneously with some important events including the negative shift of δ 13C, change in the ratio of the abundance of cyanobacterial biomarkers versus that of other general bacterial biomarkers and the shallowing of the sea water. Through the investigation of the paleoenvironmental changes and the analysis of the paleoecology of the conodont genus Neogondolella, the authors propose that the major factors for the size reduction of species of the conodont genus Neogondolella are food shortages caused by the mass extinction, the shallowing of the sea water as well as the in- crease in opacity of the sea water during the end Permian. The same phenomenon of Neogondolella size reduction is also observed in preliminary research from the same horizon at Shangsi Section, Sichuan Province. All the evidence suggests that there was a mass extinction that occurred at the horizon of bed 24e, and the evidence supports the viewpoint of a multi-phase mass extinction during the Permian and Triassic transition in South China.

Mastersize 2000型激光粒度仪分析数据可靠性检验及意义——以洛川剖面S4层古土壤为例

黄土、古土壤剖面中物质粒度是恢复古环境的重要指标之一。精确地测定粒径的大小,是准确而可靠获取气候变化信息的基本前提。通过对洛川典型黄土剖面古土壤S 4及相临黄土层高密度、连续样品多次重复粒度测试结果经统计分析表明:粒径测量的误差主要来自于两方面,即仪器测量与前处理过程,其中前处理过程的影响是粒度测量中误差的主要来源。同时证明,单次测量结果具有不确定性,因此可靠的粒度参数需经多次测量平均获得。但是,此过程会导致某些快速变化信息的丢失和因峰态的平滑而造成粒度变化所反映的变化幅度弱化。

Simulating Aerosol Size Distribution and Mass Concentration with Simultaneous Nucleation,Condensation/Coagulation, and Deposition with the GRAPES–CUACE

A coupled aerosol–cloud model is essential for investigating the formation of haze and fog and the interaction of aerosols with clouds and precipitation. One of the key tasks of such a model is to produce correct mass and number size distributions of aerosols. In this paper, a parameterization scheme for aerosol size distribution in initial emission,which took into account the measured mass and number size distributions of aerosols, was developed in the GRAPES–CUACE [Global/Regional Assimilation and Pr Ediction System–China Meteorological Administration（CMA） Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment model]—an online chemical weather forecast system that contains microphysical processes and emission, transport, and chemical conversion of sectional multi-component aerosols. In addition, the competitive mechanism between nucleation and condensation for secondary aerosol formation was improved, and the dry deposition was also modified to be in consistent with the real depositing length. Based on the above improvements, the GRAPES–CUACE simulations were verified against observational data during 1–31 January 2013, when a series of heavy regional haze–fog events occurred in eastern China. The results show that the aerosol number size distribution from the improved experiment was much closer to the observation, whereas in the old experiment the number concentration was higher in the nucleation mode and lower in the accumulation mode. Meanwhile, the errors in aerosol number size distribution as diagnosed by its sectional mass size distribution were also reduced. Moreover, simulations of organic carbon, sulfate, and other aerosol components were improved and the overestimation as well as underestimation of PM2.5 concentration in eastern China was significantly reduced,leading to increased correlation coefficient between simulated and observed PM2.5 by more than 70%. In the remote areas where bad simulation results were produced previously, the correlation coefficient grew from 0.35 to 0.61, and the mean mass concentration went up from 43% to 87.5% of the observed value. Thus, the simulation of particulate matters in these areas has been improved considerably.

Grain-size cycles in Salawusu River valley since 150 ka BP

The palaeo-mobile dune sands and fluvio-lacustrine facies with palaeosols in Milanggouwan stratigraphic section of the Salawusu River valley situated at the southeast of the Mu Us Desert experienced abundant remarkable alternative changes of coarse and fine rhythms in grain-size since 150 ka BP, and the grain-size parameters Mz,σ, Sk, Kg and SC/D also respond to the situation of multi-fluctuational alternations between peak and valley values. Simultaneity the grain-size eigenvalues F5, F16, F25, F50, F75, F84 and F95 are respondingly manifested as greatly cadent jumpiness. Hereby, the Milanggouwan section can be divided into 27 grain-size coarse and fine sedimentary cycles, which can be regarded as a real and integreted record of climate-geological process of desert vicissitude resulted from the alternative evolvement of the ancient winter and summer monsoons of East Asia since 150 ka BP.

Application of the Largest Movable Mold EMS on a Large Section Size CC Bloom

The largest movable mold EMS developed by POSCO in collaboration with Daineli-Rotelec for improving internal quality of a large CC bloom is being used at a large size bloom caster of POSCO since 2011.Internal quality of carbon steel CC bloom of 700×700 mm~2 section size with the mold EMS was much improved compared with without the mold EMS.Equiaxed zone ratio increased from 50%to 100%and the grain of equiaxed structure became globular and fine.Top shrinkage was also much reduced by applying the movable mold EMS.

Deforming mechanism of non-mandrel drawing process of circular aluminium tube by simulation

The aluminium tubes with high strength and smooth outer-surface can be produced by non-mandrel drawing process. It is an effective method to study forming mechanism of drawing process by simulation, based on which the relevant dies with reasonable dimensions can be designed to ensure tube precision. The dynamic model and elasto-plastic finite element model of the forming process were established based on FEM software Deform-3D, then the simulation was performed. The expressions about drawing load were deduced, and the influence of friction coefficient on drawing load was computed by the expressions and software respectively. Based on simulation results the deformation mechanism of drawing process without plug was expounded. According to flowing speed vector graph the law of material flowing was summarized, by which the deformation regions were partitioned. Furthermore, some potential problems of drawing process such as diameter shrinking, thickness varying were forecast and analyzed quantificationally.

Lot Sizing in Production Scheduling at a Personal Protection Equipment Company

This work presents an optimization model to support decisions during production planning and control in the personal protective equipment (PPE) industry (in particular, gloves). A case study was carried out at a Brazilian company with the aim of increasing productivity and improving customer service with respect to meeting deadlines. In this case study, the mixed integer linear programming model of Luche (2009) was revisited. A new model for single-stage lot sizing was applied to the production scheduling of gloves. Optimizing this scheduling was not a simple task because of the scale of the equipment setup time, the diversity of the products and the deadlines for the orders. The model was implemented in GAMS IDE and solved by CPLEX 12. The model and the associated heuristic produce better solutions than those currently used by the company.

非对称载荷作用下倾斜区段煤柱稳定性分析及控制技术

为解决工作面回采及巷道掘进影响下倾斜区段煤柱稳定性劣化的复杂问题,运用弹性力学半逆解法及摩尔-库伦准则建立力学模型,结合三维有限元数值模拟,深入分析了倾斜区段煤柱一侧受载结构形态特征,明确了倾斜煤柱失稳致灾力源及载荷的分布特性,探究了采掘扰动下倾斜区段煤柱塑性变形-失稳-破坏的动态演化过程,揭示了非对称载荷作用下倾斜区段煤柱临界失稳致灾机理,以此为基础优化了倾斜煤柱及周围巷道稳定性控制技术。结果表明:区段煤柱因煤层倾角导致的倾斜形态是煤柱所承受载荷呈非对称状的关键诱因,这一特性致使倾斜煤柱最底端区域覆载最大,且当此区域失稳破坏时,呈现由煤柱下端底角塑性区向煤柱上端底角塑性区扩展的运移过程,并因此得出倾斜区段煤柱临界尺寸随煤层倾角增大而增加的演化规律。由此,针对大南湖一矿倾斜区段煤柱及周围巷道变形失稳的问题,采用支护优化及注浆加固等措施,降低了倾斜区段煤柱侧巷道的变形速率,为类似矿井的煤柱稳定性控制提供了借鉴。

隧道牵引分区所雷击暂态特性及其二次设备电磁兼容研究

牵引供电系统遭受雷击会在分区所内产生过电压与过电流,对分区所开关柜中二次设备产生瞬态电磁干扰,影响其正常运行。文中针对电气化铁路隧道分区所,建立雷击暂态仿真模型,计算了接触网不同位置遭受雷击时分区所的过电压与过电流,建立了27.5 kV开关柜的电磁场有限元仿真模型,分析开关柜中不同区域的瞬态电场、磁场分布。结果表明:雷击接触网会在分区所内产生幅值较大、频率较高的过电压与过电流,在其作用下开关柜低压室瞬态电场可达147.2 V/m、瞬态磁场可达1.3 kA/m,断路器室前壁处瞬态电场可达822.9 kV/m、瞬态磁场可达15.85 kA/m,超过标准规定的幅值,二次设备需要考虑相应的电磁屏蔽措施。论文结果对牵引供电系统雷击过电压/电流防护以及二次设备电磁兼容设计具有参考价值。

陶瓷基复合材料编织结构参数对气膜冷却效果影响研究

针对陶瓷基复合材料(CMC材料)在航空发动机高温部件中应用时的冷却需求,考虑到CMC材料内部非均质非均匀结构和热物性特征与均质金属材料的巨大差异,探究了CMC材料编织结构几何参数对气膜综合冷却效果的影响,研究中以三维五向编织CMC材料为例,建立了反映材料内部细观编织结构的平板气膜全尺寸计算模型,从细观纱线尺度引入各组分热物性参数,计算分析了不同编织角度和纤维束截面尺寸等几何特征参数对气膜综合冷效的影响规律。研究结果表明,纤维束由于导热系数相对较高成为平板内部的主要热量传输通道,编织角发生变化时纤维束方向也随之改变,进而影响材料内部热量传输通道及整体各向异性等效导热系数。本文计算工况下,在气膜孔下游0~10D (D为气膜孔直径)区域,编织角度为40°时气膜综合冷效相对较高;在远离气膜孔区域,气膜板的冷却效果随着编织角度的增大而减弱。纤维束截面尺寸的改变对气膜综合冷效的影响较小,但是随着纤维束截面尺寸的增加,平板内部温度更加均匀。

锦红冰糖橙大果芽变果实结构解剖、激素变化和转录组分析

【目的】探究锦红冰糖橙大果芽变的形成原因。【方法】以锦红和大果芽变为试材,采用石蜡切片、HPLC-MS/MS和转录组测序技术对其在细胞形态、激素含量和基因表达方面进行比较分析。【结果】与锦红相比,大果芽变果肉内汁胞数量增多,且汁胞变大。石蜡切片结果表明,大果芽变汁胞内细胞数量多于锦红。大果芽变内生长素和赤霉素含量在花后70和120 d均高于锦红,玉米素含量在花后70、120和170 d均低于锦红。对盛花后70、120和170 d的汁胞进行转录组分析得到4597个差异基因,其中24个激素信号相关基因在两个及以上时期差异表达。在大果芽变中有4个生长素相关基因在花后70 d上调表达。细胞分裂素相关基因ARR2在大果芽变花后70和120 d均下调表达。细胞周期蛋白CycD3在大果芽变花后170 d上调表达。【结论】锦红冰糖橙大果芽变的变异可能与汁胞发育有关,并且受激素水平影响。转录组分析为解析锦红冰糖橙大果芽变的分子机制奠定了基础。

开孔金属泡沫流场分布和流动阻力的数值分析

【目的】为了系统研究开孔金属泡沫中空气流场的流动特性和传热传质特性。【方法】使用几何表示法构建12面体开孔泡沫模型,应用有限单元法模拟了不同入口速度下,泡沫韧带截面形状、孔径密度PPI和流场高度方向泡沫结构对称性等参数对流场分布、传质和流动阻力的影响。【结果】结果表明,随着泡沫韧带截面顶点曲率减小,韧带阻滞作用减弱,流场沿程损失h_(f)减少;增大孔径密度可以提高流场对流强度分布均匀性;在高度方向非对称边界流场对流强度更大,且韧带周围对流强度分布趋向均匀,对称结构则相反;对称边界流场的上下边界处对流速度比非对称边界略大,对称边界更有利于边界物质输运;泡沫结构特征和气体入口速度对流场分布和流动阻力的影响明显。流动问题的量纲分析结果表明,泡沫孔数量越多,流场的沿程损失与气体初始动能的比值越大,增大气体入口速度则比值减少,当入口速度超过6 m/s后,比值趋于稳定。

微细粒煤泥浮选分离强化方法及技术研究进展

制约微细粒煤泥高效浮选回收的主要瓶颈问题是微细粒煤泥自身性质导致的颗粒与气泡矿化效率低,但黏土矿物夹杂污染、浮选泡沫性质和捕收剂性能等因素的影响同样不可忽视。为了解微细粒煤泥浮选强化方法及技术研究进展,首先介绍了微细煤泥浮选分离难的原因,其次从增大颗粒表观粒径、减小气泡尺寸、强化流场调节、捕收剂优化、浮选设备改进、浮选工艺创新和矿浆预处理等7方面进行综述,最后深入探讨不同浮选分离强化方法及技术的优劣势。为克服微细粒煤泥自身质量小的影响,絮凝浮选是常见的增大颗粒表观粒径技术,其浮选强化效果显著但药剂选择性及成本问题不可忽视;载体浮选与超声驻波团聚均具备较好的潜力但目前尚处于实验室研究阶段。为提高颗粒与气泡碰撞概率,减小气泡尺寸是有效的手段,其中纳米气泡浮选技术在显著提高微细煤泥回收率的同时能有效降低药剂用量。强化流场调节同样是关注到颗粒与气泡的碰撞、粘附概率的影响,以湍流强化为手段有效促进了浮选指标的提升。捕收剂优化是从降低药剂成本、提高药剂选择性角度出发,其研究点主要有改善传统药剂分散性、引入极性基团、新型药剂设计等。其中药剂乳化、捕收剂替代品、复配型捕收剂及新型纳米粒子捕收剂等均不同程度地呈现了良好的强化效果,但其制备成本及可能对环境造成的影响是其亟待解决的问题。此外,针对微细粒煤泥分离挑战,目的矿物高效矿化和脉石矿物有效抑制是浮选设备优化的核心突破点;多次浮选和分级浮选是解决微细粒分选不彻底的主要工艺创新改进;分级调浆、超声波及高剪切等预处理强化技术有效地改善药剂和矿浆均匀性及药剂和煤粒的碰撞概率,从而强化浮选分离效果。在以上不同浮选分离强化方法及技术中,絮凝浮选、超声驻波团聚、纳米气泡浮选、湍流强度调控及捕收剂分子设计优化等均在实验室研究阶段,向工业化应用发展的过程中还需开展大量基础理论研究及半工业化研究,而寻求成本效益卓越的新型药剂、浮选设备升级赋能、浮选工艺智慧创新及浮选矿浆预处理精细强化或将是现有选煤厂强化微细煤泥浮选分离效果较妥当且切实可行的方案。