COVID-19/Tuberculosis Co-Infection at the Epidemic Treatment Center (ETC) of Saint-Louis (Senegal): About 9 Cases

Introduction: COVID-19 is a global public health emergency that can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome. In countries where tuberculosis (TB) is endemic, coinfection of COVID-19 and TB is often encountered, which increases the risk of developing severe forms of COVID-19. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of COVID-19/TB coinfection at the Epidemic treatment center (ETC) in Saint-Louis (Senegal) and to describe the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, and outcome profile of co-infected patients. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive cohort study based on the records of COVID-19/ TB co-infected patients who were hospitalized at the ETC in Saint-Louis (Senegal) over an 18-month period from March 2020 to September 2021. Results: Out of a total of 454 hospitalizations, we collected records of 9 patients co-infected with COVID-19/TB, resulting in a prevalence of 2%. The study included patients with a median age of 34 years (range: 10-86 years), with a male predominance (7 cases) and a sex ratio of 3.5. The majority of patients (88.9%) had severe forms of COVID-19. Dyspnea and cough were reported in all patients (100%). Pulmonary TB was the most frequent localization, with 9 cases. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed by nasopharyngeal PCR in all patients (100%). Bacilloscopy was positive in 3 out of 5 cases. One patient tested positive for GeneXpert? MTB/RIF without rifampicin resistance. All patients were prescribed the hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin combination and anti-tuberculosis treatment. Out of the nine patients, four recovered (44.4%) and five died (55.5%). Conclusion: COVID-19/TB coinfection had a low prevalence in our cohort, but was associated with a high mortality due to the frequent occurrence of severe forms of the disease.

Profile of SARS-CoV-2 Infected Patients Hospitalized at the Epidemic Treatment Center (ETC) in Saint-Louis, Senegal during the First Two Waves

Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 infection is a major public health emergency. Several risk factors are involved in the occurrence of respiratory distress that can lead to death despite resuscitation measures. Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic, and evolution profile of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized at the CTE of Saint-Louis (Senegal) during the first two waves. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study that included all patients hospitalized at the ETC of Saint-Louis (Senegal) with SARS-CoV-2 infection from March 2020 to April 2021. Results: A total of 358 cases were collected, 256 (71.5%) during the first wave and 102 (28.5%) during the second wave. The mean age was 49.5 years (19.5). There was a male predominance (58.4%), with a sex ratio of 1.4. Hypertension was the main comorbidity, with 87 cases (24.3%). The most common functional signs were cough in 194 cases (54.2%), dyspnea in 143 cases (40%) and ageusia in 134 cases (37.4%). Thoracic CT scans were performed on 20 patients (5.6%), with severe involvement (50% - 75%) observed in 50% of cases. Hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin was prescribed to 351 patients (98%). Overall, 338 (94.4%) recovered and 17 (4.7%) died. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with death were male sex [OR = 2.645;95% CI: 1.530 - 4.785;p = 0.011], age 60 years [OR = 1.039;95% CI: 0.564 - 1.914;p = 0.002], the presence of comorbidities [OR = 2.171;95% CI: 0.564 - 3.429;p = 0.033], SpO2 (ambient air) 95% [OR = 2.061;95% CI: 0.616 - 3.827;p = 0.03], acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [OR = 0.635;95% CI: 0.316 - 1.275;p = 0.001], severe form [OR = 1.664;95% CI: 0.298 - 2.478;p = 0.016], occurrence of complications [OR = 0.521;95% CI: 0.287 - 0.944;p = 0.032], high creatinine levels [OR = 2.061;95% CI: 1.616 - 3.827;p = 0.026], and lymphopenia [OR = 0.485;95% CI: 0.370 - 0.636;p = 0.001]. Conclusion: In our series, infection with SARS-CoV-2 was associated with low lethality. Several risk factors were identified that need to be considered for successful management of patients.

On the Physical Process and Essence of the Photoelectric Effect

A hundred years ago, Planck and Einstein and others created quantum theories or quantum mechanics while they explained the photoelectric effect. Planck and Einstein empirically obtained a statistical relationship between the energy of light quantum and the frequency of light but have not studied the physical process and essence of the photoelectric effect, so some photoelectric phenomena are difficult to be explained by existing quantum mechanics currently. In this paper, a dynamical process of orthogonal interaction between a photon and an electron to form a new state of matter in photoelectric effect experiments is studied so finding that the Planck constant is a product value of the mass, length, and velocity of a high-energy particle. The dynamics of the orthogonal collision of matter (particles) can not only give the physical process and essence of the photoelectric effect, but also have great significance for the further development of quantum mechanics. It can physically explain phenomena such as wave-particle duality and quantum entanglement in the motion of high-energy particles. Its prospects can be widely used in cosmic physics, macro physics, and micro physics.

The Essence of Sport and Tourism-Commonplace and Philosophical Interpretation

The paper is aimed at presentation of the two basic ways of human cognition,which have been used for ages to get to the essence of the human phenomenon of sport and tourism.The first of them is connected mainly with the commonplace standpoint on sport,which is considerably more popular and known by modern people than the second-the philosophical one.The latter is usually used as a point of departure for objective,methodical,and purposeful attempts at getting to the very essence of sport through systematic research,various ideological disputes,various publications,etc.Hence the basic aim of the paper is an attempt at answering the question:which of the abovementioned ways-if any-leads to the final explanation of the essence of sport and tourism?It requires however further philosophical research,further comparative studies,detailed systematic analyses,etc.,and the presented paper is only an initial contribution to them.

Numerical Simulation of Saint-Venant Equations with Thermal Energy Dependency: Applications on Global Warming

Since the Industrial Revolution, humanity has been intensifying the burning of fossil fuels and as a consequence, the average temperature on Earth has been increasing. The 20th century was the warmest and future prospects are not favorable, that is, even higher temperatures are expected. This demonstrates the importance of studies on the subject, mainly to predict possible environmental, social and economic consequences. The objective of this work was to identify the interference of the increase in ambient temperature in the dynamics of fluids, such as ocean waves advancing over the continent. For this, thermal energy was considered in the Saint-Venant equations and computational implementations were performed via Lax-Friedrichs and Adams-Moulton methods. The results indicated that, in fact, depending on the amount of thermal energy transferred to the fluid, the advance of water towards the continent can occur, even in places where such a phenomenon has never been observed.

The Comprehensive Human Essence and the New Evolution of Human Beings

Human beings have no absolute,fixed essence. The essence of human beings is the combination of an innate substrate and acquired creation. As the degree of machine intelligence in the development of human society continues to increase,human beings are constantly changing and creating their own essence,and they are also constantly liberated from the bondage of a certain single old essence,creating and enriching the richer and more diverse aspects of its essence. The transformation of labor from its alienation to its return is also a transformation of labor from the centralized form to the non-centralized form of human essence according to Karl Marx. The new fusion of artificial intelligence and bioengineering will lead to a new tracks of evolution that"reshapes and regenerates"life itself. This new evolutionary path will fuse the two-track evolution,biological evolution and cultural evolution,which have been relatively isolated in the traditional sense. If human beings are able to work hard together to design and implement a new social system that adapts to the future intelligent development,then what the comprehensive development of intelligence bring human beings about would be not a disaster,but a bright future.

Six Amino Acids among Natural Moisturizing Factors Responsible for Skin Hydration: Improvement and Anti-Aging of Skin by Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate-PiteraTM Containing Skin Moisturizer

Background: Natural moisturizing factors (NMFs) are filaggrin-derived components in the cornified layer that are critical for maintaining healthy skin moisturization and barrier function. However, studies have reported conflicting findings on the relationship between NMF levels and aging, while few studies have investigated this relationship clinically. To fill this research gap, we determined the levels of major NMF components such as free amino acids, pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, and urocanic acids, and individually verified their relationships with skin hydration, barrier function, age, and skin aging. Purpose: The objective of this study was to clinically investigate the relationship between NMF components levels and skin aging in facial skin. The main NMF components were obtained from facial skin and quantified. We then selected NMF components showing strong relationships to skin hydration, and analyzed the relationships of the levels of these selected NMF components with signs of skin aging, namely, texture, pores, wrinkles, and dullness (L-value). We also examined the efficacy of treatment with a skin care formula (SK-II Facial Treatment Essence, called SK-II FTE hereafter) including Galactomyces ferment filtrate (GFF, PiteraTM) on the selected NMF component levels associated with skin hydration and barrier function, and the signs of skin aging of texture, pores, wrinkles, and dullness (L-value). Method: We conducted two clinical trials in this research. In Study 1, we measured 23 NMF components using tape-stripped cornified layer to quantify them via an HPLC method in 196 Asian females aged 20 to 59 (mean S.D., 38.6 9.4). Facial visual aging parameters [texture, pores, wrinkles, and dullness (L-value)], as well as elasticity (R7), skin hydration, and TEWL, were quantified using facial skin imaging and skin physical property measurement devices. Study 2 was performed to evaluate whether the facial application of SK-II FTE affects the NMF levels and skin aging parameters in 63 Asian female volunteers aged 20 to 55 (38.4 9.03). During the course of Study 2, 0.6 mL of SK-II FTE was applied to the face twice daily in the morning and afternoon. Skin measurements were performed at the start of the day (baseline) and at week 8. Results: In Study 1, we examined the stratum corneum levels of 23 NMF components comparing to the skin hydration status in 196 female subjects. The subjects were divided into two groups using the median of each measured NMF component. Skin hydration values were compared between the two groups defined for each NMF component. The results showed that subjects with higher levels of six amino acids, alanine, arginine, asparagine, glutamine, glycine, and histidine, exhibited significantly higher skin hydration than those with lower amino acid levels. No significant differences in skin hydration values were found for the other 17 NMF components. We then analyzed whether the sum of these six amino acid NMF components (called 6-AA-NMFs, hereafter) is affected by aging. The 6-AA-NMF level peaked in the subjects aged 25-29, and then gradually and significantly decreased with age. Interestingly, the 6-AA-NMF level was significantly correlated with the skin hydration value, but not with TEWL. In addition, the 6-AA-NMF level demonstrated significant correlations with the signs of skin aging of texture, pores, wrinkles, and dullness (L-value). Then, in Study 2, we examined whether the daily application of SK-II FTE affects the 6-AA-NMF level and visual aging parameters in 63 females. SK-II FTE demonstrated significant increases of the levels of 6-AA-NMFs and each of its components associated with hydration and barrier function, and improvements of skin texture, pores, wrinkles, and dullness (L-value) during the 8 weeks of treatment of facial skin. Conclusion: These clinical studies with large numbers of subjects across a wide age range revealed that six amino acids as NMF components were highly correlated with facial skin hydration in the stratum corneum. The levels of these six NMF components were also found to decrease at ages after the 30 s and were significantly correlated with major signs of skin aging. Notably, these six NMF components (6-AA-NMFs) were increased by SK-II FTE treatment associated with improvements of skin hydration and signs of skin aging, namely, texture, pores, wrinkles, and dullness (L-value). These studies were limited by the lack of investigation of why some NMF components were not associated with skin hydration. More clinical trials examining various NMF components and their relationship with aging are anticipated.

线性阻尼Boussinesq方程解的Phragmén-Lindelof二择一性

研究一类含有双调和算子的双曲方程解的空间性态.利用能量方法,构造一个能量表达式,推导出该能量表达式所满足的二阶微分不等式,通过求解该不等式,得到解的Phragmén-Lindelof型的二择一结果.该结果表明,Saint-Venant原则对于线性阻尼Boussinesq方程同样适用.

Comparative Study of the Efficacy of Misoprostol and Oxytocin Im in the Prevention of Post-Partum haemorrhage in a Low-Resource Setting

Background: In developing countries, postpartum hemorrhage is responsible for 30% of maternal deaths. Although the World Health Organization recommends the use of oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage, the use of misoprostol is increasingly common. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of postpartum hemorrhage in parturients delivering at Saint-Vincent Hospital and to compare the effectiveness of misoprostol use versus oxytocin in preventing postpartum hemorrhage. Material and Methods: We conducted a comparative longitudinal study at the Saint Vincent Hospital comparing 10 units of intramuscular oxytocin with 600 micrograms of sublingual misoprostol. The study was conducted from 01 January 2017 to 31 December 2019, a period of 3 years. The study population consisted of 2161 consenting women. Of these, 1289 received 10 IU of intramuscular oxytocin and 872 received 600 micrograms of misoprostol. The collected data were entered using Microsoft Excel 2013 and analysed using SPSS version 21 software. Results: The frequency of administration of Misoprostol and oxytocin in parturients was 40.4% and 59.6% respectively in this study. One hundred and fourteen cases of postpartum hemorrhage (114/2161 or 5.3%) were noted among the parturients. The average age of parturients who received oxytocin was 24.36 ± 4.45 years vs 24.63 ± 5.11 years among parturients who received Misoprostol;(p = 0.190). The mean parity was 2.52 ± 1.46 vs 2.66 ± 1.44;(p = 0.020). We noted a high proportion (78.3%) of postpartum hemorrhage from the oxytocin group vs. 21.7% from the Misoprostol group (OR 2.5-fold), with a statistically significant difference (p 0.001). We noted high proportions of uterine atony (92.3%) from the oxytocin group vs 7.7% from the Misoprostol group (p = 0.004). Uterine atony was the actual factor associated with postpartum hemorrhage (OR = 10.0895% CI: 1.78 - 57.10;p = 0.009). Conclusion: Misoprostol 600 Microgram administered sublingually immediately after neonatal expulsion and before delivery was 2.5 times more effective than oxytocin 10 IU/IM. Misoprostol is therefore a good alternative to oxytocin and offers more advantages in management, use and outcome than oxytocin.

The Prevalence of Female Genital Bilharziasis (FGB) in the Northern Region of Senegal

Introduction: Female Genital Bilharzia (FGB) is a pathology secondary to infection by Schistosoma haematobium. It is one of the neglected tropical diseases, capable of causing infertility, difficulties in childbirth and even cervical cancer. It represents a real public health problem. We therefore conducted a study in the maternity ward of the Saint-Louis regional hospital, with the overall aim of determining the prevalence of FBG in patients undergoing colposcopy. The specific objectives were to define the patient profile, and to compare colposcopic images with the World Health Organization (WHO) atlas. Methodology: We conducted a descriptive, analytical cross-sectional study of all colposcopic images taken at the maternity ward of the Saint-Louis regional hospital from August 1, 2018, to September 30, 2020, i.e. 25 months. The images were compared with the BGF images described in the WHO atlas. Results: We collected 178 colposcopy images. FBG images numbered 50, or 28%. The mean age of the patients was 44.5 years ±11.4 at the extremes of 18 and 78 years. Mean gestational age was 4.69 ± 2.72. Among patients with a bilharzian lesion on the cervix, visual acid inspection (VIA) was negative in 60% of cases (p = 0.007, Odd Ratio = 3.6 (1.49 - 9.07)). Conclusion: the results of our study show that FBG is a reality in our daily practice. It occurs in adult, multigestating, non-occupational women whose examination reveals a negative visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). Healthcare providers therefore need to be trained in the recognition of lesions associated with genital bilharziasis, and public awareness needs to be raised.

Impact of Urban Anthropogenic Pressures on the Mangrove Forest of Sainte Marie (East Madagascar)

This article demonstrates the urban anthropogenic threats and their impacts on Sainte Marie (Eastern Madagascar) mangrove ecosystem. In addition to conducting interview with 158 residents, floristic inventories were carried out in order to compare the mangrove structure between a control site and another one that was impacted by Belle Vue dyke (south of the District downtown) rehabilitation. From 2003 to 2014, the island of Sainte Marie lost 0.47% per year of its mangrove area. 87% of the harvested resources from this ecosystem are fish products and are related to human nutrition. The mangrove is used as a dumping ground for liquid and solid waste in the lots of Saint Joseph and La Pointe. Defecation in the open air is topical under the island’s mangrove forest. A very weak resilience of the mangrove impacted by the rehabilitation of Belle Vue dyke was noted. Indeed, regenerations of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Ceriops tagal have struggled to rebuild. The total height and diameter of impacted trees decreased by 37.2% and 44.3%, respectively. The development of an updated urban master plan, including mangroves in the related zoning process is an imperative measurement for the conservation and/or valuation of existing lots.

Physical Essence of the “Predictability Barrier”

Although the "predictability barrier" is a scientific problem brought forward during the middle 1990’s,it has yet to be clearly understood.In this paper,the authors used model results to study the "predictability barrier" of some atmospheric (climatic) systems,including the equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (SST),East Asia trough (EAT),and South Asia wind field (monsoon).It is shown that the "predictability barrier" appeared not only in predicting the SST in the equatorial Pacific,but also in predicting the atmospheric circulation systems,such as the EAT and the monsoon.The "predictability barrier" for predicting the different climate systems appeared not only in spring,but also in different seasons.It appeared in spring for the equatorial Pacific SST,in summer for the EAT,and in fall and winter for the monsoon.Further analyses showed that the fundamental physical essence of the "predictability barrier" is the seasonal variability characteristics of the atmospheric (climate) system.The "predictability barrier" would occur when the system was at its weakest or worst continuous phase.Furthermore,the models and error patterns also had an important impact on the "predictability barrier";good models and special error patterns can minimize the "predictability barrier".

A Study of the Industrial Circular Economy Using an Essence Analysis Model

The concept of a circular economy can be applied to different business fields.The development of the existing industrial cycles with an overemphasis on economic development and the twisting concept of a circular economy,has limited any substantial contribution of the circular economy to environmental resources.In some cases,resources are even being consumed to create resource recycling.This puts a greater burden on the environment.To gain an understanding of the actual value of a circular economy to the environment and resources,an“Essence Analysis Model”has been used in this study.This combines sustainable development issues in a multi-faceted and multi-leveled analysis of the industrial circular economy model to guide its development more directly towards fundamentals.An analysis of the results of the“Essence Analysis Model”was used to find and change the original strategy,and develop a means of improving the circular economy model.The results of the study make an essential contribution to the sustainable development of environmental resources and the reduction of greenhouse gas emission.

The Essence of Non-Traditional Security Issues and Their Solutions

Non-traditional security issues have arisen since the 1960s,especially after the end of the Cold War,and are becoming a major issue in world security and politics.This reflects tremendous changes in the world situation.With diverse causes and plural referent objects,non-traditional security issues cover nearly all the problems in the world today and make development difficult to sustain.This raises the question of whether human society and the earth can survive.Power politics one-sidedly stresses the role of power,endangering the harmonious development of nations and the whole of human society.It is not at all conducive to the solution of non-traditional security issues.The solution of non-traditional security issues demands cooperation from all actors in the international community.Multiple means are needed to solve these issues.Equal dialogue between all the actors,which can easily be attained,will play an effective role,as long as all actors respect each other's differences.

Iranian Medical Staff’s Perception of the <i>All Saints</i>TV S

The present study was an attempt to explore the Iranian medical staff’s perception of the All Saints TV series. 199 participants including doctors, nurses, interns, and paramedics took part in this survey study which was done in 2011. A 17-item Likert scale questionnaire was developed by the team of researchers to gather further evidence on the issues raised by the participants in the focus group which was formed in order to delve into their thoughts, attitudes, and feelings about the mentioned program. The supportive and non-blaming nature of the working relationship among the treatment team, their respect for the patients, their strong team work, the accuracy and precision of the presented medical information, and the discipline and sense of responsibility on the part of the medical staff were among the most frequent issues being mentioned and noticed by the participants. In addition, the majority of the participants considered the demonstrated model for providing healthcare services to be an efficient one;however, they believed that it was not possible to apply that model in the Iranian hospitals mainly due to the cultural differences between the two contexts and the current regulations in Iran. The participants were also observed to be only moderately satisfied with the system they were working in. It seems that healthcare systems in the developed countries can be used as models to identify the problems with the existing healthcare system in Iran. Authorities need to take appropriate measures to resolve such problems. The possible solutions and actions have been suggested in the present article.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Experience of Sainte Clotilde Hospital in Reunion Island

Introduction: Degenerative aortic stenosis is the most common valvulopathy in developed countries. The implantation of a percutaneous aortic valve (TAVI) has taken an important place in the management of this valvulopathy. The objective of this work is to report the results of patients treated by TAVI by the team of Sainte Clotilde Hospital (Reunion Island). Patients and?Methods: This was a descriptive retrospective study conducted from 01/10/2014?to 01/10/ 2017 in the Sainte Clotilde Hospital, Reunion Island. All patients who received TAVI for degenerative aortic stenosis were included in the study. Follow-up was completed until 31/08/19. Results: Forty-six (46) patients were included (sex ratio 0.53). The age was 82 (±7.5). Respectively,?56.5%, 21.7% and 6.5% of patients were diabetic [n = 26 (56.5%)], severe renal impairment [n = 10 (21.7%)] and hemodialysis [n = 3 (6.5%)]. All procedures were performed by femoral route under consious sedation. Edwards’ prostheses were used more often (93%), 100% Sapien 3, 6% of which were size 23. The primary success rate was 97.8% and the failure rate was 2% (deaths per procedure). The TAVI range of 0.66 ± 0.14 and 46.8 ± 15.5 against 1.48 ± 4.3 and 13.8 ± 5 in post TAVI. Severe pulmonary arterial?hypertension (>60 mmHg) was observed in 21.7% of pre-TAVI patients?compared to 4% in post TAVI patients. The overall rate of complications was 17% (n = 8). They were related to conductive disorders [6.5% (n = 3)], paraprosthetic leakage [2% (n = 1)], tamponade [2% (n = 1)], and hemorrhagic complications [6.5% (n = 3)]. Mean follow-up was 946 days (median = 1007.5 days), mean follow-up death rate was 30.4% (n = 14). The causes of death were non-cardiac in 57% (n = 8) of the cases. Conclusion: The TAVI results of the Sainte Clotilde Hospital Clinic are comparable to those observed in the literature.

OBSERVATION OF CURATIVE EFFECT ON EOSINOPHILIC GASTROENTERITIS BY TREATMENT WITH METHOD OF REINFORCEMENT OF ESSENCE OF THE KIDNEY

12 patients with eosinophilic gastroenteritis were treated with prescriptions and drugs based mainly on the method of reinforcement of essence of the kidney. Remarkable curative effect was achieved in 9 cases and eutherapeutk effect in 3, Le, the cure rate was 100%. The efficacy began to appear hi a minimum of 7 days and a maximum of 12 days. There was no recurrence over 1 to 3 years’ follow-up observation.

The Theoretical Connotation and Systematic Essence of Core Competence of Agricultural High-tech Enterprises

Six representative interpretations about the core competence of the corporate proposed by the researchers both at home and abroad from different perspectives are introduced,which includes "Resource theory","Capacity theory","Integration theory of assets and mechanism","Theory of consumer surplus","Theory of institutions and systems" and "Theory of innovation". It is pointed out that although these interpretations play an active role in enriching the theory of core competence,it still faces the problems to further deepen these interpretations:the first problem is how to give a precise definition;the second is about its extension;the third is on the logical and practical relationship between the production mechanism and its sustainable competitive advantages;the fourth is the problems in the production process and the corresponding management. Both the systematic essence and features of core competence are introduced:the first is the system self-organization process produced within the corporate;the second is the interaction between corporate system and environment;it needs a growing and evolution process. This paper briefly describes the essence of core competence of agricultural high-tech corporate,introduces its five features including systematicness,integration,non-imitation,ductility and non-equilibrium,and finally explains its component parts,mainly including corporate culture system,technological innovation system,human resource system,management capability system,corporate production and marketing system,financial capability system and adaptability system.

A Brief Discussion on the Marxist Theory of the Essence of Culture

Marxism holds that the internal essence of culture lies in the inherent identity of culture and man,and in the spiritual essence of man and that there would be no culture without man and man’s spirit.From the perspective of the source of culture,it is man’s transcendence over nature.From the point of view of the process of its evolution,it is the sum of all human social relationships.Culture has the characteristics of man’s sociality and is shared by an entire cultural community.The essential complexity of culture is the logical expression of human thinking,and the logic reflection of cultural practice.Cultural practice,i.e.,human practice,is influenced and constrained not only by external practice,but also by the consciousness of man himself.Such two-way internal and external effects determine the particular law and logic of culture itself in its development,i.e.,the dialectical unity between decisiveness and selectivity,and between nationality and cosmopolitanness,in the development of culture;the dialectical unity between the consistency of basic trends in terms of the law of cultural development and the diversity of choices of paths;and the dialectical unity between diversity and unity concerning paths for the development of culture.

View on the Essence of Beauty

美的本质是关系的和谐，具有客观性、超越性，是易变性和恒久性的辩证统一。人化美的创造，是合目的性与合规律性的统一。马克思主义美学是指向未来、开放发展的哲学体系。