Class Imbalanced Problem:Taxonomy,Open Challenges,Applications and State-of-the-Art Solutions

The study of machine learning has revealed that it can unleash new applications in a variety of disciplines.Many limitations limit their expressiveness,and researchers are working to overcome them to fully exploit the power of data-driven machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL)techniques.The data imbalance presents major hurdles for classification and prediction problems in machine learning,restricting data analytics and acquiring relevant insights in practically all real-world research domains.In visual learning,network information security,failure prediction,digital marketing,healthcare,and a variety of other domains,raw data suffers from a biased data distribution of one class over the other.This article aims to present a taxonomy of the approaches for handling imbalanced data problems and their comparative study on the classification metrics and their application areas.We have explored very recent trends of techniques employed for solutions to class imbalance problems in datasets and have also discussed their limitations.This article has also identified open challenges for further research in the direction of class data imbalance.

Principle for the Installation of Accommodation for Sick guards in Public Health Establishments in Brazzaville in the Republic of Congo

The results of scientific studies of human social facts in the field of health show that the management of a patient should involve the patient’s entourage,whatever the status or size of the health establishment.In healthcare establishments in the Congo,the following are recognised as being responsible for medical care:specialist doctors,doctors,midwives,nurses and care assistants.The patient’s family and close friends are responsible for looking after the patient and financing care.The hospital infrastructure does not provide any space for the patient warden who accompany the patient during reception and hospitalisation.This makes Congolese hospitals inefficient for patient care.How can we integrate the function of the Sick guard and the assistance of the family,in order to reduce the mortality rate and repair the harm caused to patients requiring the presence of relatives during their stay in hospital,which is considered to be a dangerous place?This article examines the functional principles for configuring the space that patient warden would occupy in the patient care system.On the basis of a documentary analysis of sociological and architectural studies of existing facilities,this article proposes a typical accommodation model with the spaces needed to ensure the well-being and effectiveness of the patient warden with the patient.These are rooms with minimum space for 2 to 4 individual beds,equipped with toilets and showers.The accommodation has a dining area,kitchen and laundry facilities.In the future,this accommodation will become part of the hospital estate and may be occupied by orderlies and patient warden recruited by the hospital administration.

Analysis of the Energy and Environmental Sustainability of a Built Space System: The Case of Patte d’Oie University Campus in Ouagadougou

The aim of this study was to carry out a dynamic simulation of the energy and environmental performance of a built space system, with a view to assessing its energy and environmental class. The use of a simulation and modeling tool, supported by various methodological references, formed the basis of our approach. Adopting a systemic perspective, we described the structural and functional aspects of the systems making up built spaces, as well as the associated energy flows. Our approach was also based on a typology, taking into account typical days, structural and functional configurations at different scales and angles of observation. The analysis tool we developed in Java was applied to the built space system of the Patte d’Oie university campus in Ouagadougou. Annual electricity consumption was measured at 124387.34 kWh, closely aligned with the average annual electricity bill (125224.31 kWh), with a maximum relative deviation of 1%, followed by a carbon emission balance of 58337.66 kg eq CO2 per year. This validation confirmed the effectiveness of our tool. In addition, following the analysis of electricity consumption using our tool, the university campus was classified in energy class B and environmental class C. These results will be based on the emission factors of the energy mix of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) territory, with particular emphasis on Burkina Faso.

World Class Elite Breaststrokers Downward Kick EMG Muscle Activity of the Gluteus Maximus, Quadriceps Femoris, Hamstring, Gastrocnemius Medialis, Rectus Abdominal, and Erector Spinae

This study analyzed the difference between using a downward breaststroke kick and a horizontal breaststroke kick in a sample of world class elite swimmers.We compared average muscle activity of the gluteus maximus,quadriceps femoris(vastus medialis and rectus femoris),hamstring/long head of the biceps femoris,gastrocnemius medialis,rectus abdominal,and erector spinae when using the downward breaststroke kick technique.We find that when this sample of swimmers utilized the downward breaststroke kick,max speed and velocity per stroke increased,measured by 12,788 EMG samples,where the results are highly correlated to duration of the aerodynamic buoyant force in breaststroke kick technique.The increases in performance observed from measuring the world class elite swimmers is highly correlated to the duration of the kick aerodynamic buoyant force.Among this sample of elite swimmers,the longer a swimmer demonstrates a buoyant force breaststroke kick,the lower the time in a 100 breaststroke.

The Integration Strategy of Class Teacher Management and Mathematics Teaching

The professional and moral education of high school mathematics teachers will make classroom management work better,but their work pressure will also lead to classroom management problems.To do a good job in high school class teacher management and organically integrate it with mathematics teaching,we need to start from two aspects:mathematics teaching class teachers and class teacher work teaching,and penetrate mathematical thinking into daily classroom management,moral education,and classroom culture construction.Based on the attributes of the subject,we guide high school students to reflect after class to stimulate their self-management initiative through the cultivation of qualified class representatives.In addition,it is necessary to skillfully resolve classroom generative problems,change the roles of teachers and students,and integrate classroom management with mathematics teaching.

A Case Study on the Effectiveness of Pre-Class Activities in Higher Vocational English Classes: Taking Pingliang Vocational and Technical College as an Example

Based on Bloom’s“effective teaching theory,”this paper proposes pre-class activities to improve students’enthusiasm and autonomy in English learning.These include sentence construction,situational dubbing,famous quotes,English songs,English games,Chinese stories,regional cultures,and theme debates,which combine life,interest,and inspiration as the main characteristics.The activities can enhance the sense of participation and achievement of all students to achieve the purpose of effective teaching.

Application of the PAD Class Teaching Model in High School Education

The teaching mode of the Presentation-Assimilation-Discussion(PAD)class is beneficial to adapt to the objective needs of the transformation of modern talent training mode and optimize the ecology of classroom teaching.In the process of high school teaching,we should pay attention to grasp the concept,effectiveness,and goal orientation of the PAD class,follow the basic steps of knowledge teaching,internalization and absorption,mutual learning,discussion,and exchange,and realize the cultivation of core subject literacy in the process of two-way interaction between teaching and learning.

Classification and Net Primary Productivity of the Southern China's Grasslands Ecosystem Based on Improved Comprehensive and Sequential Classification System(CSCS) Approach

This research classified vegetation types and evaluated net primary productivity （NPP） of southern China＇s grasslands based on the improved comprehensive and sequential classification system （CSCS）, and proposed 5 thermal grades and 6 humidity grades. Four classes of grasslands vegetation were recognized by improved CSCS, namely, tundra grassland class, typical grassland class, mixed grassland class and alpine grassland class. At the type level, 14 types of vegetations （9 grasslands and 5 forests） were classified. The NPP had a trend to decrease from east to west and south to north, and the annual mean NPP was estimated to be 656.3 g C m-2 yr-1. The NPP value of alpine grassland class was relatively high, generally more than 1200 g C m2 yr-1. The NPP value of mixed grassland class was in a range from 1 000 to 1200 g C m-2 yr-1. Tundra grassland class was located in southeastern Tibet with high elevation, and its NPP value was the lowest （〈600 g C m＇2yrl）. The typical grassland class distributed in most of the area, and its NPP value was generally from 600 to 1000 g C m-2 yr-1. The total NPP value in the study area was 68.46 Tg C. The NPP value of typical grassland class was the highest （48.44 Tg C）, and mixed grassland class was the second （16.54 Tg C）, followed by alpine grassland class （3.22 Tg C）, with tundra grassland class being the lowest （0.25 Tg C）. For all the grasslands types, the total NPP of forest meadow was the highest （34.81 Tg C）, followed by sparse forest brush （16.54 Tg C）, and montane meadow was the lowest （0.01 Tg C）.

N SOLITON SOLUTION FOR A CLASS OF THE SYSTEM OF LS NONLINEAR WAVE INTERACTION

In this note,the explicit form of the N soliton solutions for a class of the system of LS nonlinear wave interaction have been obtained by using Hirota's method.

EXISTENCE AND NONEXISTENCE FOR THE INITIAL BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM OF ONE CLASS OF SYSTEM OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR SCHRDINGER EQUATIONS WITH OPERATOR AND THEIR SOLITON SOLUTIONS

The nonlinear interactions between the monochromatic wave have been considered by K. Matsunchi, who also proposed one class of the nonlinear Schrdinger equation system with wave operator. We also obtain the same type of equations, which are satisfied by transverse velocity of higher frequency electron, as we study soliton in plasma physics. In this paper, under some condition we study the existence and nonexistence for this equations in the cases possessing different signs in nonlinear term.

THE COMPOUND BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM FOR A CLASS OF NONLINEAR PSEUDOPARABOLIC SYSTEMS

Let D be N+1 connected bounded domain in plane. Suppose the contour of D consists of N+1 simple-ly closed curves 0, 1…, N and 1… N are in the interior of domain circumscribed byCμ1（0 【μ【 1）. In addition, assume that there are n mutually exclusive contour γ,j=1,…,n,in interi-or of D,γ=γi; ∈Cμ1. Denote Dj is the bounded domain circumscribed by γj,j=1,…,n, D-=D1+…+D.,D+=D-D-,Dt =D ×E, E=[0,T] （T】0）, z=0∈D+.We consider the following pseudoparabolic complex equation on Dt : / t[WZ- Q1（z）Wz- Q2（z） - A1（z）W - A2（Z） ]= H（t,z,W,W-2,W2）, （z,t） ∈Dt , （1）

Quality Synthetic Evaluation of Urea Formaldehyde Foam Substrate in Turf Establishment

[Objective]The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of three kinds of urea formaldehyde foam substrate in tall fescue establishment as well as to study on evaluation of turf quality.[Method]The visual estimates,ecological quality estimates and utility quality estimates were used as the 1st level indicators,and the density,color,texture,uniformity,green period,cover degree,biomass,emergence energy,growth rate and turf-forming time were used as the corresponding 2nd level indicators.With T.L.Satty＇s method Analytic Hierarchy Process（AHP） and the fuzzy synthesis evaluation method,the weight ratio of matrix was obtained and the synthetic evaluation result was accorded with facts,then it could be regarded as the satisfying value of weight.[Result]The quality of three covering soil treatments was better than that of uncovering treatment and conventional treatment,the quality synthetic evaluation of F1 was the best,which was about 0.770.[Conclusion]Urea formaldehyde foam substrate showed high quality for turf establishment,which could be further spread and applied.

5-30 Establishment of Interface Communication between Terminal System and the Treatment Planning System

Treatment of terminal system is mainly through the interface communication protocol for treatment planningsystem to achieve the control of various kinds of medical equipments, including primary collimator, range shifter,scatterer, ridge type filter, multi-leaf collimator, etc. TPS was based on the radioactive source and the patientmodeling to simulate the plan implementation of radiotherapy. The basic structure of block diagram is shown inFig. 1.

Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Establishment and Improvement of Green and Low-carbon Circular Economic System Was Released

On Februar 22~(nd),2021,the State Councilissued Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Establishment and Improvement of Green and Low-carbon Circular Economic System(hereinafter referred to as the Guiding Opinions)According to the Guiding Opinions, establishing and improving the country's green.

The Aysmptotic Behavior of Solution to a Class of Inhomogeneons Systems of Gas Dynamics

Consider an initial-boundary problem vt - ux=0,u, + （）x + f（u） = （）x,θt+ux=（）ux=（）x+ （E） v（x,0） = v0（x）,u（x,0） = u0（x）,θ（0,x） = θ0（x）, （I） u（t,0） = u（t,1） = θx（t,0） = θx（t,1） （J） Sufficient and necessary conditions for （E）, （I） and （J） to have asymptotic stability of the gobal smooth solution are given by means of the elemental L2 energy method.

The Confucian Scholar Class and the Establishment of Traditional Cultural Order

C ultural order is the inherent "soft"order,providing legal explanation and significant value system for the economic order and the political order. C ultural order means the rational,stable and orderly state in the cultural field,w hich can be divided into three levels: the value concept system of the ruling class,i. e.,the ideology of the state; the value system,attitude,belief and orientation of the populace; the self- conscious spirit and value concept system of the intellectual,w hich is represented by literature,art,philosophy and religion.T he establishment and maintenance of the cultural order asks for a group of people believing in such a culture and organizations,institutions and technology to guarantee it. Based on the possession of culture and know ledge and the combination of culture and authority,the C onfucian school class had their say in the traditional society,playing an important role in the establishment and maintenance of the traditional cultural order.

The Application of Goal-Setting Theory in the Second Classroom Teaching Activities of College English

Interest is the precondition and motivation for people's accomplishment.However,due to the exam-oriented system,millions of parents and teachers neglect the interests of children,and our children nearly forget their interests or hobbies.Based on different interests of children,the thesis analyzes how to apply the goal-setting theory in the second classroom teaching activities of College English,using the example of Lushan College of Guangxi University of Technology.

Effect of Herpes Simplex Virus-2 Infection in Vitro on the Expression of HLA Class II Antigen of Monocytes

Objectives: In order to investigate the role of mono-cytes and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II an-tigen in herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection, westudied the effect of HSV-2 infection in vitro on theexpression of HLA class II antigen on monocytes.Methods: Monocytes were infected with HSV-2(Strain 333). Culture cells were collected 1, 3, 5 and 7days after infection. The levels of expression of HLAclass II antigen were measured by using alkaline phos-phatase antialkaline phosphatase method (APAAP).Results: The levels of the expression of HLA class IIantigen on monocytes significantly decreased on thefirst day of post-infection, and then gradually returnedto levels found in the controls by the 7th day post-infection.Conclusion: HLA class II antigen expression onmonocytes was inhibited with HSV-2 infection, whichmight be one means of virus escape at an early phase.The expression of HLA class II antigen may play animportant role in herpes simplex viurs-2 pathogenic-ity and immunity.

The Classification of Positive Definite Unimodular Lattices Over Z[(1+21^(1/2))/2]

In this paper, the author applies adjacent lattice method and Siegel mass formula to determine the classes of positive definite unimodular lattices of rank 4 over Z , and obtains that the class number of unit genus gen( I 4 ) is nine and the class number of even unimodular lattices is three, and also gives the representative lattices of each class.