Writing the Life of Karl Marx:A Comparative Study of Marx Biographies by Mehring and Riazanov

This study compares the biographies of Karl Marx by Franz Mehring and David Riazanov,highlighting three key differences in their portrayal of Marx’s life and ideology.Riazanov emphasized Marx’s Jewish background,criticized Mehring’s oversimplification of Marx’s father’s conversion to Christianity,and offered a nuanced view of Marx’s engagement with Jewish issues.Contrary to Mehring’s defense of Bakunin,Riazanov acknowledged Bakunin’s revolutionary zeal but critiqued his effectiveness and responsibility in the Nechayev affair.Lastly,Riazanov provided an in-depth analysis of Marx’s later years,challenging Mehring’s limited coverage and recognizing the significance of Marx’s late works and contributions to the labor movement.

Marx’s Theory of World History Explained: Basic Connotations and Contemporary Context

Marx’s theory of world history is an important part of his materialist conception of history(i.e., historical materialism). Marx and Engels summarized the evolution of social history and the laws behind it based on their observations and analyses of human activities and their material conditions in real life and raised the realistic possibility of “transformation of history into world history” in the future. From the Marxist perspective of world history, we attempt to catch a glimpse of his profound, scientific criticism of capitalism and understand the contemporaneity and supercontemporaneity of Marxism. Also, we try to perceive new issues of our time and develop a new theory grounded in the scientific, rational, and universal insights from Marxism. The study of Marx’s theory of world history and criticism of capitalism can help understand today’s major issues such as globalization and anti-globalization. In short, Marx’s theory of world history is of profound theoretical and practical significance.

Ability of Therapists Trained in Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy to Guess Pain Catastrophizing and Kinesiophobia Scores for Patients with Low Back Pain

Objective: To investigate whether a physical therapist trained through the Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy (MDT) diploma program could guess psychological Patient Reported Outcome Measure (PROM) scores of individuals with low back pain (LBP) by taking patient history and completing a physical evaluation. Methods: Ten participants with LBP completed PROMs immediately before history taking and again after a physical evaluation. PROMs included the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Pain Coping Strategy Questionnaire. A physical therapist who completed the MDT diploma program took the patients’ history and completed their physical evaluation. The therapist completed the same PROMs immediately after both history taking and physical evaluation. Correlations between patient and therapist scores were calculated using Spearman’s ρ. Results: Statistically significant positive correlations were detected in the PCS (ρ = 0.65) and TSK (ρ = 0.78) before history taking, and in the PCS (ρ = 0.81) and TSK (ρ = 0.74) after physical evaluation. Discussion: The results are based on one MDT therapist and generalizability of the findings is limited. However, the current preliminary findings justify the need for further studies to explore effective post-graduate training to promote a patient centered approach.

3-D Modelling of the Confederation Bridge Using Data of Full Scale Tests

Long-span bridges are special structures that require advanced analysis techniques to examine their performance. This paper presents a procedure developed to model the Confederation Bridge using 3-D beam elements. The model was validated using the data collected before the opening of the bridge to the public. The bridge was instrumented to conduct fullscale static and dynamic tests. The static tests were to measure the deflection of the bridge pier while the dynamic tests to measure the free vibrations of the pier due to a sudden release of the static load. Confederation Bridge is one of the longest reinforced concrete bridges in the world. It connects the province of Prince Edward Island and the province of New Brunswick in Canada. Due to its strategic location and vital role as a transportation link between these two provinces, it was designed using higher safety factors than those for typical highway bridges. After validating the present numerical model, a procedure was developed to evaluate the performance of similar bridges subjected to traffic and seismic loads. It is of interest to note that the foundation stiffness and the modulus of elasticity of the concrete have significant effects on the structural responses of the Confederation Bridge.

Seismic demand evaluation of medium ductility RC moment frames using nonlinear procedures

Performance-based earthquake engineering is a recent focus of research that has resulted in widely developed design methodologies due to its ability to realistically simulate structural response characteristics. Precise prediction of seismic demands is a key component of performance-based design methodologies. This paper presents a seismic demand evaluation of reinforced concrete moment frames with medium ductility. The accuracy of utilizing simplified nonlinear static analysis is assessed by comparison against the results of time history analysis on a number of frames. Displacement profiles, drift demand and maximum plastic rotation were computed to assess seismic demands. Estimated seismic demands were compared to acceptance criteria in FEMA 356. The results indicate that these frames have sufficient capacity to resist interstory drifts that are greater than the limit value.

Foresights, Expectations and Implications of China＇s Foreign Language Proficiency Scaling and Rating Framework

Referring to the well established foreign language proficiency evaluation scale frameworks such as the CEFR （Common European Framework of Reference for Languages） in Europe and ILR （The Interagency Language Roundtable） scale in the United States, Chinese language education authority is dedicating great efforts to the contruction of the Chinese targeted and tailored national proficiency evaluation system. This initiative will tremendously subvert the traditional language learning and testing mechanism, bring phenomenal transformations and innovations to the future language learning and teaching approaches and methodologies, and meanwhile impose great influence on the language concerning administration and profession.

Reservoir water effects on earthquake performance evaluation of Torul Concrete-Faced Rockfill Dam

This study presents earthquake performance analysis of the Torul Concrete-Faced Rockfill （CFR） Dam with two-dimensional dam-soil and dam-soil-reservoir finite element models. The Lagrangian approach was used with fluid elements to model impounded water. The interface elements were used to simulate the slippage between the concrete face slab and the rockfill. The horizontal component of the 1992 Erzincan earthquake, with a peak ground acceleration of 0.515g, was considered in time-history analysis. The Drucker-Prager model was preferred in nonlinear analysis of the concrete slab, rockfill and foundation soil. The maximum principal stresses and the maximum displacements in two opposite directions were compared by the height of the concrete slab according to linear time-history analysis to reveal the effect of reservoir water. The changes of critical displacements and principal stresses with time are also shown in this paper. According to linear and nonlinear time-history analysis, the effect of the reservoir water on the earthquake performance of the Torul CFR Dam was investigated and the possible damage situation was examined. The results show that the hydrodynamic pressure of reservoir water leads to an increase in the maximum displacements and principal stresses of the dam and reduces the earthquake performance of the dam. Although the linear time-history analysis demonstrates that the earthquake causes a momentous damage to the concrete slab of the Torul CFR Dam, the nonlinear time-history analysis shows that no evident damage occurs in either reservoir case.

论马克思主义具体化的要求

马克思主义具有具体化的要求,这是其“绝对命令”。马克思主义具体化的要求是马克思批判和继承黑格尔思想遗产的成果。在思辨唯心主义基础上,黑格尔批判了主观思想,试图实现客观思想对主观思想的超越,区分了抽象的普遍性和真正的普遍性,并使真正的普遍性能够具体化。马克思主义具体化的要求与马克思思想的当代性质和阶级立场直接相关。唯物史观“社会现实”和“历史本质性”原则的发现为马克思主义具体化的要求找到了根据和立足点。作为历史科学的唯物史观的方法论原则要求马克思主义必须具体化,必须把一般原理转化为具体方法和实施纲要。马克思主义中国化时代化是马克思主义具体化的要求在中国的贯彻、落实和实现。

马克思经济哲学语境中的人化自然理论

马克思文献特别是政治经济学文献中客观存在人化自然理论,论说者的简单化理解使其丰富的内涵被抛入视野黑洞之中。回归文本,原生态检视的结果是如下内容:人化自然是人类的基本问题,意谓人类生存的前提是人化自然;变自然为历史是人类社会历史的起源之处;人化自然理论的逻辑起点是区分人化自然与非人化自然。与传统哲学中的自然理论相比,人化自然理论已消除了传统哲学自然理论中的客观性陷阱,使实践是检验真理唯一标准的要求落到实处。人化自然秉有多重属性,如主体属性、预设属性、法权属性和文明属性等。人化自然与非人化自然的边界处于变动过程之中,前者的边界不断扩张,后者的边界逐步退缩,因而形成人化自然的客观辩证法。人化自然的特质之一是作为主体的人发明并利用中介。人化自然的主要成果是满足人类生存和发展的物质财富,但具体性结果层面显现出多种性质,其中包括对人类有害的性质。人化自然的哲学评价标准是“最无愧于和最适合于”“人类本性”。

晕动症易感性分布特征及不同评估方法的效能比较

目的观察人群的晕动症易感性分布特征,比较修改版晕动症易感性问卷(MSSQ)、晕动症历史问卷和Graybiel量表3种方法的晕动症评估效能。方法采用MSSQ及晕动症历史问卷调查海军某部A、B、C单位共1661名男性的晕动症易感性及历史症状。选取C单位共389名人员进行仿真垂荡刺激,刺激过程中采用Graybiel量表评价晕动症严重程度。采用ROC曲线分析MSSQ、晕动症历史问卷及Graybiel量表对晕动症易感性的评估效能。结果该群体中MSSQ和晕动症历史问卷评估的总体晕动症易感性分布均呈右偏态,A、B、C 3个单位的分布特征与总体分布一致,且三者之间差异无统计学意义。A、B、C 3个单位中MSSQ评分与晕动症历史问卷评分均呈正相关(r_(s)=0.565、0.565、0.554),两者对晕动症及重度晕动症发生率的评估效能相当;而Graybiel量表评估的晕动症发生率低于MSSQ和晕动症历史问卷(均P<0.05),重度晕动症发生率高于MSSQ和晕动症历史问卷(均P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,MSSQ对晕动症易感性及重度晕动症均有较好的预测价值(AUC=0.736、0.750),而Graybiel量表的预测能力较差(AUC=0.559、0.557)。结论本研究初步明确了晕动症易感性的总体分布均呈右偏态。在开展防晕动症习服训练时,可通过MSSQ筛选易感人群后进行垂荡刺激以提高训练效能。

马克思主义历史观的主要内涵及时代价值

马克思主义历史观是辩证唯物主义在历史领域的具体应用,其超越了以往各种主义历史观所存在的问题,是一种科学的历史观,因而具有划时代的意义:它清除了唯心主义在历史观领域的统治地位,实现了自然观上的唯物主义与历史观上的唯物主义的统一。马克思主义历史观揭开了人类历史普遍发展规律的秘密,找到了推动社会前进的根本动力,提供了认识世界和改造世界的强大思想武器与科学理论的指导,在当今依然具有重要的时代价值。

马克思主义意识形态理论史研究的学术价值和实践意义

国际国内意识形态领域斗争的日益激烈,愈发凸显了马克思主义意识形态理论史研究的重要性。从意识形态理论的角度探索马克思主义理论的发展进程及其规律,对于深入理解马克思主义理论史,在历史和现实双重维度上深入理解马克思主义意识形态理论内容具有重要的学术价值。不仅如此,提炼和展现马克思主义意识形态理论的精神实质,对于认识当今意识形态形势、加强和改善意识形态工作具有重要的实践意义。

面向建筑韧性目标的减隔震设计研究与实践

为培养土木工程类学生防灾减灾设计能力,本文以《基于保持建筑正常使用功能的抗震技术导则》(以下简称《导则》)为核心内容,提出建筑物在遭受设防地震时满足正常使用要求,并根据使用功能及损坏后果提出Ⅰ、Ⅱ类建筑性能目标。以预期抗震韧性目标为导向,提出一种面向两区八类建筑的“三水准设防、两阶段设计”策略,以实现《导则》对Ⅰ、Ⅱ类建筑进行减隔震设计时正常使用要求,提高震后建筑维持和恢复使用功能的能力。选取某医技楼和学校作为Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类建筑的典型算例,以震后修复费用、修复时间和人员伤亡指标提出预期韧性目标,并对其按照韧性设防策略进行隔震与减震设计。基于弹塑性时程分析结果采用SAUSG-RES提取工程需求参数进行韧性等级评定。结果表明,两区八类建筑采用韧性设防策略后,结构在遭受设防地震时满足正常使用要求,经过简单修复后可恢复使用功能,达到韧性一星等级;在遭受罕遇地震后经过适度修复可恢复使用功能,达到高韧性等级。韧性设防策略不仅完善了传统抗震设防的不足,而且衔接《导则》要求与工程设计习惯,为抗震设计课程高阶性改革提供了参考思路。

An evaluative system for restructuring the literary history of modern China

China is now in an era of multiple values. While there is some virtue in previous theories on the history of literature based on the theory of evolution, class struggle and the enlightenment, when it comes to the twenty-first century, the histories of modem Chinese literature used in teaching are farfrom adequate for meeting the developmental needs of the times, society and literature. This is especially so in view of the putting forward of the goals of ＂putting people first＂ and ＂the harmonious society,＂ and the great changes taking place in time and space, the function of literature and aesthetic taste. Hence there is an urgent need to restructure this history and establish a more fair, equal and reasonable system of evaluation. Such a system would have humanism as its highest principle, and truth, goodness and beauty as its three virtues. Its great superiority would be its functional characteristics of universality, transcendence, fairness, and human-centeredness.

侯外庐的方以智思想研究及其典范意义

全面评介方以智思想,是侯外庐后期学术研究的焦点。经过他与其学术团队的持续努力,方以智被遮蔽近三百年的思想全貌得以公之于世,恢复了其在中华民族文化史上的哲学地位。侯外庐的方以智思想研究,既具有《中国思想通史》理论与方法的一般特征,又存在自身特色。不仅以社会史研究为前提,深刻剖析方以智生平悲剧的矛盾根源及内在思想张力,而且以宏通的世界历史眼光,在中西启蒙思想的对比评价中,赋予方以智思想以世界性哲学意义。侯外庐的方以智思想研究业已成为历史,固然需要“批判地对待”,但他在研究中贯彻的史学理论、方法与目标,即以马克思主义历史科学的民族化来建立比较完整的马克思主义中国思想史体系,具有深远的典范意义,在今天仍能予人有益的启发。

“史·著·论”视域下党史教育融入高校“原理”课的逻辑理路

中国共产党百年历史是最鲜活、最生动的教科书,是“马克思主义基本原理”课铸魂育人的最好营养剂。在“史·著·论”视域下,党史教育和高校“原理”课在教育目标、内容以及载体层面具有互通性、契合性和一致性。将百年光辉党史融入高校“原理”课是引导大学生树立正确党史观的迫切需要,是提升“原理”课教学成效的有效举措,是培育民族复兴时代新人的必然选择,既有利于促进大学生站稳政治立场、坚定政治信仰和强化政治担当,又有利于推动大学生自觉践行社会主义核心价值观和坚定文化自信,也有利于从思想和行动层面为民族复兴事业培育时代新人,具有重要的政治价值、文化价值和社会价值。基于此,高校要从理论性和实践性教学优化融合型育人课堂,从物质、精神和行为多层面形成融合型育人文化氛围,从学校、社会和家庭多方面发挥融合型育人主体的作用,从内容、形式和方法多维度打造融合型育人模式,推进党史教育有机融入高校“原理”课。

柴德赓的马克思主义转向及其史学贡献

柴德赓是近现代以考据见长的史学家。北平解放后,柴德赓积极学习马克思主义,通过参加政治学习、社会实践活动,并且配合自我检讨等一系列方式,逐步建立了相对系统的马克思主义理论体系,并将其运用到历史研究和历史教学中,取得了诸多重要的成就。在历史研究方面,柴德赓反对唯心论,主张用唯物史观解释历史,主要体现在对人类历史发展规律的掌握和阶级理论的运用。在历史教学方面,他探索将马克思主义贯彻到历史教学中,主张在课堂中运用唯物史观恰当分析历史知识,要求教师具有高度的专业素养和政治素养,谨防对唯心主义观点的不彻底批判。

提高高校“四史”课程建设的有效路径研究

“四史”是包括党史、新中国史、改革开放史和社会主义发展史的统称。“四史”课程是高校思想政治理论课课程体系的重要组成部分。自全国高校开设“四史”课两年多来,积累了一定经验,也存在着教学内容相对单薄、教学团队有短板、教学方式较为落后、教学管理不够规范、评价体系有待完善等问题。着力打造高校“四史金课”应丰富课程内容,彰显课程的深厚文化底蕴;强化队伍建设,形成相对稳定的教学团队;创新教学方式,提高教学吸引力和实效性;加强制度建设,提高教学管理规范化水平;完善课程评价,构建动态多元的评价体系。

马克思主义文化理论的实践使命——唯物史观的文化表达

唯物史观是认识和改造世界的强有力的工具,在每一个历史阶段,唯物史观都对中国的社会运动以及发展规律起到了很大的帮助作用。在唯物史观的视野下,阐明马克思主义实践思想的基本原理可以看到其实践的实质与价值取向,也就是作为整个人类社会实践的一部分,文化所表现出来的人类精神实践的根本内涵。而对人和人的现实生活进行理性阐释,就是马克思的文化理论所赋予的实践任务与文化表达。

中药“辨状论质”理论的发展与应用

“辨状论质”是对传统中药品质鉴别经验精髓的概括,是现行中药质量评价体系的重要组成部分,在中药质量控制与评价中发挥着理论指南的作用。传统的“辨状”倚重经验,存在主观性强、量化难、重复性差等问题,现代测量工具及仿生技术可实现中药外观性状(形、色、气、味)数据化表达,将其量化结果与中药有效成分的含量或生物效应相关联,利用现代科学手段的可视化、可量化、便携化及可重复化的“四化”来“论质”,筛选可行可控的质控指标,应用于中药材生产加工各个环节的质量评价与控制。从“辨状论质”的起源与内涵、现代研究进展及其应用价值3个方面进行综述,以期为解决传统“辨状”方法的短板,扩大“辨状论质”的应用范围,促进中药品质评价体系的建设提供参考。