Comparative Analysis of Imperial Gardens in the Han Dynasty

The Han Dynasty was the foundation period of Chinese feudal society and an important period for the growth and development of imperial gardens.Therefore,the Han Dynasty has always been a hot topic in the study of Chinese classical garden history.This study analyzed the background and mainstream thoughts of the Han Dynasty,compared creative ideas,construction techniques,and garden construction achievements of imperial gardens in the Han Dynasty,and elaborated on the similarities and differences between creative ideas,gardening techniques,and social functions of imperial gardens in the Han Dynasty.It is hoped that through this study,the status of the gardening art of the Han Dynasty in the history of Chinese classical gardens can be evaluated more scientifically and objectively,and some reliable theoretical basis for modern garden design is provided.

The Influence of Thesis Writing of Imperial Examinations on Prose in Tang and Song Dynasty

The imperial examination system not only has profound influence on prose development in Tang and Song Dynasty, but also has an important influence on the whole Tang and Song Dynasty and even the later literature and cultural development. In the feudal autocratic rule, any system implemented by the state will have an important influence on all aspects of the whole society~ especially it is related with the imperial examination system of education and talents. Once it becomes a ＂basic national policy＂ , the role in social development is incalculable. This paper takes the relationship between imperial examination system and Tang and Song prose development as the breakthrough point, analyzing the influence of thesis writing of imperial examination on the prose in Tang and Song Dynasty and ＂Eight great men in Tang and Song Dynasty＂ .

A Brief Analysis of Competitive Sports Depicted on the Portrait Bricks and Stones of the Han Dynasty

The emergence of competitive sports in ancient China is closely related to military activities.With the evolution and development of society,many sporting events have been introduced to and accepted by,the people and later carried forward from generation to generation.In the Han Dynasty,thanks to the strong national strength and booming economy,competitive sports witnessed rapid development.People at that time,from imperial officials to common people,were all keen on various competitive sports and such sports were also very popular among the folk.Along with this,there emerged multiple monographs on sports.Portrait bricks are the remnants of the lavish burial rituals of the Han Dynasty.As the economy grew and social wealth amassed,the lavish burial custom prevailing since the Spring and Autumn Period reached its peak in the Han Dynasty,especially in the Eastern Han Dynasty.People would bury in tombs along with various articles they used before they died.They would also paint the life of the tomb owner on bricks to decorate the tomb by embedding them in the tomb chamber.The images on the portrait bricks unearthed from the tombs of the Han Dynasty are the most intuitive and convincing physical evidence to reflect the development of competitive sports at that time.We conduct a preliminary study on competitive sports in the Han Dynasty by using the portrait bricks of the Han Dynasty unearthed in Sichuan province and the Yellow River basin as examples,aiming to do our bit to build a sporting powerhouse and a healthy China.

The Evolution Characteristics of Spatial Layout of Ancient Chinese Capitals: A Case Study of Sui,Tang and Northern Song Dynasties With Important Changes in the Historical Development of Feudal Society

Imperial city and outer city are the most important differentiation of the spatial structure of ancient Chinese capitals.The relationship between city and Guo changed from the original spatial structure mode of "respecting the west" and "sitting in the west and facing the east" to the spatial structure mode of "sitting in the north and facing the south" and the three outer cities in the east,south and west surrounding the imperial city after the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties,and gradually changed from the original "multi palace" system to the "single palace" system.Finally,a "heavy city" capital spatial structure with the outer city around the imperial city and the imperial city around the palace city,and the central axis of the chessboard format was formed.During the Tang and Song Dynasties,it was a period of great change in the history of feudal society in China.Through the investigation of the evolution characteristics of the spatial form of capital cities in the Tang and Song Dynasties,the track of the transformation of social ideology,political system,economic structure and many other fields in the Tang and Song Dynasties was made clear.

Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

Built between 1368 and 1911, The Imperial Tombs of the Ming （1368- 1644） and Qing （1644-1911） dynaslies includes Xianling Tombs of theMing Dynast）. Eastern and Western Qing Tornbs, Xiaoling Tomb of the Ming Dynasty.

Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang

As the imperial residences of the emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties （1368-1911）, the Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang were the centers of state power in late feudal China.

The“Emperor’s Edict”and the Emperor’s power in the Southern Song Dynasty

“Emperor’s Edict”refers to the writing of emperor himself.In the context of serving as official document,it refers to the special writ issued by emperor for sake of administering national affairs.In the official document system of Song Dynasty,“Emperor’s Edict”had always been an attention of the scholars and officials at that time due to its unusual functions in terms of drafting,promulgation and power.The Southern Song Dynasty was generally conceived by academic circles as a period when the“Administration by Emperor’s Edict”was gradually phased out.We did observe,however,with“Emperor’s Edict”placed in historical panorama of the early years of Southern Song Dynasty,an ever-strengthened power and prowess of“Emperor’s Edict”as backlit by several historical incidents such as Emperor Gaozong’s controlling and manipulating by“Emperor’s Edict”of the national armies.It reflects the political truth of strengthened imperial power in the Southern Song Dynasty.Hence,we can have access to another facet of the politics of the Southern Song Dynasty.

Imperial Ming Dynasty Paper Money Notes

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Downstream Channel Evolution and Its Causes in the Yuan River during the Qing Dynasty

The determination of channel evolutions and the causes is important for reconstructing the evolutionary history of river landforms.This study aimed to elucidate the downstream channel evolution of the Yuan River in Hunan Province,China,during the Qing Dynasty via Landsat 8 satellite image data and relevant literature.The objective was to establish the modes of channel evolution and discuss the significance of historical climate change.The downstream paleochannel of the Yuan River was identified in the Late Ming Dynasty and Early Qing Dynasty(1600–1644 AD),the Kangxi-Qianlong periods of the Qing Dynasty(1661–1796 AD),the Late Qing Dynasty(1840–1912 AD),and the World War II(1939–1945 AD),and three main modes of river evolution were determined.Using remote sensing data and the ancient literature,the evolution characteristics of the paleochannel in the Lower Yuan River were analyzed and its distribution across historical periods was comprehensively revealed.The findings reveal a strong correlation between channel evolution,flood events,and climate change.Numerous flood events that occurred from the Late Qing Dynasty to the World War II caused a high rate of channel evolution,demonstrating the combined effects of climate change and human activities.These findings will help adopt robust and resilient hydrological management methods in the future of a changing climate.

“体用排偶”与明清制义的文体特征

“制义”是明清科举考试中经义文体的正式名称,“八股文”则是对经义文体的俗称。明代官方正式文件从不称其科举文体为“八股文”,明代的经义文集一般不以“八股文”为书名,“八股文”一词不能准确、全面揭示明清经义文的文体性质和特点。《明史·选举志》指出“体用排偶”是明代制义主体部分的文体形态特点。“排偶”包括排比和骈偶,骈偶类包括两扇、四段、六股、八股、十股、十二股、十六股等。在排比类中存在着一种股数为奇数的排比形态,如三股文、五股文、七股文、九股文,可统称为“奇股文”。奇股文的存在应引起我们重视,明清制义文体的本质与特点需要重新认识。决定明、清制义“排偶”部分文体形态的,是题目的句型结构特点和语义结构特点。当然,作者的修辞理念和兴趣也对其“排偶”设置产生影响。明代成化之后,八股形态在“排偶”诸形态中占据主流地位,这既与它契合传统文章学理念有关,也与科举考试的标准化进程是相呼应的。

清代书院课艺:联结书院学与科举学的历史文献

在上千年的中国书院史上,多数书院都重视以考促学。从流传形态来看,清代书院课艺主要分为课艺原件、编入别集中的课艺和以书院名义选编的课艺总集三大类别;就主课艺内容而言,清代书院课艺大体包括制艺试帖、经史词章、时务西学等门类。书院课艺数量与书院数量、考课次数、书院额数和刊刻频率直接相关。尽管历史上汗牛充栋的书院课艺多已散佚,但其现存数量依旧十分巨大,无法准确估算。清代书院课艺具有一定的经学、文学、史学、书院学和科举学价值,深入挖掘其中的有用元素,可以从书院考课内容与科举考试内容、考课衡文标准与科举衡文标准、书院育人目标与科举取士目标、科举人物的思想观念与关系网络、书院生徒平时成绩与科考录取率等方面,考察书院学与科举学的共生和互动关系。

“势中见理”--宋代交椅的风雅变迁

目的站在宋代设计思维方式的研究角度,以理势思想中的“势中见理”关系为研究脉络,对宋代交椅形制的变迁进行了深入分析,旨在揭示宋代社会、文化、艺术的发展轨迹,探索传统思想下的宋代美学设计思维。同时为家具史研究、艺术史研究和文化遗产保护提供有益的参考和借鉴。方法采用历史文献研究、文化分析和比较研究的方法,一方面,梳理了宋代交椅的演变过程及发展趋势,以交椅的式样、造型、风格、构件为切入点,对宋代交椅形制进行了详尽研究;另一方面,从坐姿、礼制、架势、工巧的角度分析了交椅在使用、等级、表现、技法上所呈现的变迁之“势”。结论在文人士大夫自主意识较强的时代氛围下,统治阶级的观念、文人阶层的审美、市民群众的实用、梓人群体的技艺,四者结合构成了宋代交椅“经世致用”“托物言志”“道本器末”“尚巧达善”的审美造物思维方式。

北齐后期发敕、发诏授官及其影响——以《文馆词林·敕上·除授》为中心

《文馆词林》保存的北齐后期皇帝除授官员职务的“敕”分为两类:一为“件授如右”敕,是北齐皇帝对吏部上奏官职拟选名单的批复,它是吏部铨选运作的一个重要环节;二为以皇帝名义发布的除授官员职务敕,它与发诏授官同属官职除授的重要形式,但各有对应的官职除授范围。北齐后期皇帝发诏、发敕授官和“件授如右”敕,不仅与唐代“册授”“制授”“敕授”和“旨授”存在渊源关系,是唐代选授之法的重要来源,而且对唐代制敕授官文书产生了重要影响。

商周时期图腾崇拜文化变迁与鸟禽类意象群的演化

商周时期的诗人们将远古时代神鸟图腾物中的祖先神之象、物候之象、司马之象、礼仪之象、凶猛之象、阳刚之象、慈祥之象、怪鸟之象、益鸟之象等意象原型,逐渐转换成为现实社会生活中的婚恋之象、贤者之象、政治生态环境之象、社会生活现象之象;同时,他们以“鸒”自由求食之象来象征太子宜臼被废嫡而失位,以捕“雉”之象来象征小人得志而君子罹祸。这些鸟禽类意象以图腾崇拜为前提,原始象征意义变得隐蔽,习惯性联想形式成为显性因素,从而显示出由图腾对象到占卜形式,再到民俗物候乃至审美意义动态变化的发展链条。由于鸟禽意象中融入了作者对自然观察的感受,展现了人们的日常生活场景与政治生态环境,使原始兴象所体现的习惯性联想与象征之间具有更多的相似点。诗人们以此来建立意义与兴象之间的多种关联,自然表现出多种象征意蕴,让读者产生一种感官愉悦之美、心灵愉悦之美与时空意识之美。

清代武术发展及其价值功能嬗变

首先,文章阐述了清代社会背景与文化环境,揭示了这一时期武术传承与创新的动态过程。其次,探讨了农民起义、民间秘密结社对武术发展的推动作用,同时强调了新闻出版在促进武术知识广泛传播方面的影响,以及镖师职业化和武术商业化趋势对武术发展的作用。再次,研究了清代武术在实用、教育及医学方面的价值,以及这些价值如何满足当时社会的需求。最后,详细论述了清代社会变革如何导致武术价值功能的转型与重构,特别是在意识形态和技术层面的适应与更新。

阆苑瑶台与广庭大众:北京西郊乐善园百年格局变迁刍议

相对北京旧城和三山五园地区丰富的研究,联结这两个区域的长河流域甚少得到关注。乐善园作为长河沿岸重要皇家园林,从乾隆朝到晚清百年间经历了显著变迁。本文在历史史料与文献梳理的基础上,通过可视化再现等手段,分析乐善园不同时期的营建背景与营建特色,并关注该园格局在造园者心境及复杂历史地理背景双重作用下的变化历程,这种更迭反映了当时的社会背景,亦是京郊诸多同类园林更替的缩影。本文以期见微知著,借以探讨这一历史时期北京城市发展格局的演变,并为乐善园以及北京西郊外同类型园林此后所经历的近代化转型提供历史层面佐证。

清代官学教材探讨

清代中央集权高度集中,官学教育与文教政策、科举制度结为一体,对教材产生制约和影响。清代以《四书》《五经》《数理精蕴》《大清律例》和宋明理学家著作为主的官学教材服务于官学教育实际需要,并同时发挥封建王朝选拔官吏、造就地方贤达绅士以及传播学术文化、教化民众等多种功能。清代官学教材不仅保障官学教育的实施,有助于稳定封建社会秩序,也作为中华文明厚重历史资源的组成部分,对传统思想文化的延续和当今学校教材改革有着深刻的启示。