Individual alcohol consumption by the population of Russia versus regional living conditions

Background:There are substantial regional differences in drinking alcohol in Russia,both at the population and individual levels.However,the causes of these differences have not been studied yet.Objective:The goal of our study was to examine the effect of regional living conditions on individual alcohol consumption by the population of Russia.Methods:For the analysis,we used data from a cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted in 2013-2014.The final analytical sample included 18,130 people aged 25-64 years.We conducted the interviews face to face,based on which any drinking in the last year,as well as alcohol abuse,were considered as a response.Alcohol abuse was recorded when the respondent consumed 5.75 or more grams of pure ethanol per day(75th percentile of average daily alcohol consumption among alcohol drinkers).The assessment of the regional living conditions was accomplished via integral indexing,which was previously performed based on publicly available data for 2010-2014.Associations were assessed using generalized scoring equations with unchanging standard errors.The associations were expressed by odds ratios(OR)and 95%confidence intervals(C).Results:Deterioration of social conditions and increase in demographic depression in the region of residence increased the odds of any drinking(OR 1.51,95%CI:1.33 to 1.72,P<0.001 and OR 1.22,95%CI:1.05 to 1.41,P=0.oo9,respectively).The odds of alcohol abuse increased with the deterioration of social living conditions and the growth of the industrial development in the region:OR 1.35,95%CI:1.14 to 1.59,P<0.001 and OR 1.16,95%CI:1.05 to 1.28,P=0.002,respectively.Conclusion:Our analysis allowed assessing the impact of the regional living conditions on individual drinking alcohol in the population of Russia.

Age and geochemical evolution of granite magmatism in Olkhon region from Caledonian syncollisional ore-free granite to the rare metal granite and pegmatite of Middle Paleozoic intraplate setting

The detailed description of two granite complexes in the Olkhon subterrane is given.The Early Paleozoic Sharanur complex was formed by granitization of gneisses of the Olkhon series.It includes migmatites,granite-gneisses,granites and pegmatites of normal alkalinity;they belong to the type of syncollisional granites.The Middle Paleozoic Aya granite complex includes mother Aya massif of amazonite-bearing granites and several types of rare-metal pegmatites.They have elevated alkalinity,low of Ba,Sr,and high LILE and HFSE elements contents.The Aya pegmatites lie in northwest cracks of stretching and associated with the rise of the territory under the influence of the North Asian plume.These cracks and pegmatites mark the beginning of a new intraplate geodynamic setting.Two geochemical types are distinguished among the pegmatites of this complex.These are amazonite pegmatites of Li-F type with Ta mineralization and complex type pegmatite with Be-Rb-Nb-Ta and Li-F mineralization(the Ilixin vein).The Tashkiney pegmatite vein is similar to Ilixin,but lies in the gneisses of the Olkhon series.It shows high concentrations of Be,Nb,Ta,as well as W,Sn,but lacks Li and F,due to a greater depth and higher temperature of the melt crystallization of this pegmatite.

Cold-region environments along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline and their management

The cold-region eco-environments along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline (CRCOP) in northern Northeast China are in disequilibrium due to the combined influences of pronounced climate warming and intensive anthropogenic activities.This is evidenced by the sharp areal reduction and northward shifting of the boreal forests,shrinking of wetlands,enhancing of soil erosion,accelerating degradation of permafrost and deteriorating of cold-region eco-environments.The degradation of permafrost plays an important role as an internal drive in the eco-environmental changes.Many components of the cold-region eco-environments,including frozen ground,forests,wetlands and peatlands,forest fires and 'heating island effect' of rapid urbanization,are interdependent,interactive,and integrated in the boreal ecosystems.The construction and long-term operation of the CRCOP system will inevitably disturb the cold-region environments along the pipeline.Therefore,a mandatory and carefully-elaborated environ-mental impact statement is indispensable for the proper mitigation of the ensued adverse impacts.Proper management,effective protection and practical rehabilitation of the damaged cold-region environments are a daunting,costly and long-term commitment.The recommended measures for protection and restoration of permafrost eco-environments along the pipeline route include adequate investigation,assessment and monitoring of permafrost and cold-region environments,compliance of pipeline construction and operation codes for environmental management,proper and timely re-vegetation,returning the cultivated lands to forests and grasslands,and effective mitigation of forest fire hazards.

Factors and Determinants of Interregional Unemployment Rate Differences in Rural Russia

This study involves an econometric assessment of the impact that macroeconomic, institutional, structural, demographic and social variables produce on the rate of and interregional differences in rural unemployment. We classify the regions of Russia by the rate of overall and rural unemployment and characterize the groups of regions we have selected according to key parameters of the labor market and features of regional development. Employing a regression analysis, this paper focuses on the factors of regional unemployment in the subjects of Russian Federation. When making our regression models, stepwise regression methods were used. Evaluating the regression models that include demographic, economic and social factors, we identify the determinants of rural unemployment. The regression analysis was carried out for both the Russian Federation as a whole and each of the typological groups individually. We find that such factors like a big share of young people in the structure of the rural population and a low level of education of rural residents do contribute to the growth of rural unemployment. At the same time, higher employment, diversification of the rural economy through promoting non-agricultural employment, and higher levels of vocational education among rural residents cause the rate of rural unemployment to fall.

Map of Mafic Dyke Swarms and Related Units of Russia and Adjacent Regions

Work is currently underway to produce a map in Arc GISTM 10 of the mafic dyke swarms and related units(volcanics,sills and layered intrusions)of Russia and adjacent regions at a scale of 1:5,000,000.Over the past

Features of the M7.9 Earthquake in the Russia-Mongolia-China Boundary Region

At 19:33 p.m on September 27, 2003, an earthquake with M7.9 occurred in the Russia-Mongolia-China boundary Region. It was strongly felt in the Altay region of Xinjiang. The losses caused by the earthquake was 76 million yuan (RMB). Some information about the earthquake was outlined, including basic parameters, focal mechanism, evaluation of earthquake disaster losses and so on. The satellite remote sensing information worked initial analysis for deformation of ground and failure phenomenon.

Geological structure, composition of ores and age of the Bamsk gold deposit, Amur region, Russia

The Bamsk gold-ore deposit is located in the Amur region, the Far East of Russia. It is confined to the Early Cretaceous volcanic-plutonic uplift of central type, located in the Stanov folded-clumpy Pre-Cambrian system. The deposit is presented by a series of gold-bearing quartz and carbonate-quartz vein-stringer zones. They are confined to the super-intrusive zone of the Nevachansk subvolcanic intrusion of sienite-porphyric composition. The mineralization is being controlled by zone of fractures developed in the autochthone of the Bamsk fault. Quartz, carbonates and sericite prevail in the composition of ores. The quantity of ore minerals doesn’t exceed 1%～5%. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and native gold are widely spread. Sheelite, gold and silver tellurides, sulphobismuthites, acanthite, sphalerite and cinnabar are less developed. Four stages of mineralization have been distinguished. Gold-sulphide-sulphosalt ore with tellurides of gold and silver is productive for gold. The following set of elements is typomorphic for the ores of the deposit: Au, Ag, Cu, Bi, Mo, Pb and Sb(W1, Pb1, Mo)-Cu-(Ag, Bi, Sb, Mn, W2, Pb2)form the vertical series of zoning. Rocks, enclosing the mineralization are exposed to the processes of listvenitization-beresitization. The processes of gumbeization and argillization are less manifested. The age of the gold mineralization, determined by Rb-Sr method on ore-accompanying minerals, is 130.6 Ma.

国际南北运输走廊发展进程与前景分析

俄乌冲突爆发后,西方国家对俄制裁趋于常态化,欧亚运输网络中经俄罗斯进入欧洲的运输路线遭遇阻碍。在此背景下,联通波罗的海、里海、印度洋的南北向国际运输走廊地缘战略意义得到提升。以俄罗斯、伊朗、印度为代表的国家正将国际南北运输走廊建设重新提上议事日程,试图在新的动荡变革时期寻求新的战略通道突破,为贸易发展与能源领域合作创造机遇。当前,国际南北运输走廊沿线国家的主观建设需求显著提升,但沿线国家发展走廊的主观需求与客观建设能力及货运需求不匹配的核心问题短期内难以解决。长远来看,国际南北运输走廊以里海—中亚为轴心,拥有与传统欧亚运输线路对接的重要潜力,有望促进欧亚运输体系的多象限发展,深度激发欧亚大陆的国际物流大通道作用。国际南北运输走廊辐射面广,需要沿线及辐射地区国家齐心协力积极应对复杂局面,共同营造多方共赢的开放发展格局。为发挥更为巨大的联通效应,国际南北运输走廊的未来发展离不开与“一带一路”倡议的务实对接。

新时代中俄推进远东地区农业务实合作研究

中俄关系进入新时代,两国之间的贸易项目越发多样化,其中两国农贸合作引人注目。因为远东地区土地资源丰富,接近中国消费市场,又因俄罗斯政府的进口替代政策及转向东方政策,所以俄罗斯十分重视远东地区的农业开发。俄罗斯加大对远东地区的开发力度,将其视为未来的粮食出口中心。中国因为处于农业结构调整的进程中,也十分重视远东地区的农业开发,并向远东地区注资合作。两国恰好在农业领域需求互补,因此联合开发远东便提上日程。该文旨在悉数俄罗斯农业及远东地区农业的发展状况,分析中俄两国在远东地区的农业合作项目,并提出推动两国在远东地区进一步深化农业合作的建议。

北极地区油气资源分布特征与开发利用分析

北极地区蕴藏着丰富的油气资源,对优化我国能源进口结构及有效分散石油进口风险具有重要意义。基于标普全球和美国地质调查局最新数据,本文开展了环北极主要国家油气勘探开发历程分析和北极地区油气资源时空分布特征分析。分析结果表明:(1)北极地区油气勘探开发工作主要在俄罗斯、美国、加拿大、挪威和丹麦五国开展,分为早期调查(至1963年)、陆上大发现和早期开发(1964-1976年)、海陆并进和快速上产(1977-1992年)、勘探低迷和开发高位徘徊(1993年至今)4个阶段。(2)北极地区已发现油气田519个,累计油气探明和控制可采储量474亿吨油当量,累计产量162亿吨油当量,待发现资源量1159亿吨油当量,呈现出油气构成不均、海陆分布不均、国别分布不均和层位分布不均的特点。基于对环北极国家油气开发利用情况和前景的综合考量,建议我国积极与俄罗斯开展天然气勘探开发合作,在夯实管道天然气开发建设进程的基础上,拓展液化天然气和北极航道基础设施建设合作领域。

欧亚经济联盟经济一体化发展的现状与制约因素

欧亚经济联盟作为一个发展中的新兴区域经济一体化组织,在经济一体化进程中已取得一系列成果,但也面临诸多挑战。究其原因,既有成员国间经济发展水平差距悬殊、贸易结构同质化严重、基础设施匮乏、各国利益诉求不一致的自身条件限制,也因西方国家的遏制与制裁,致使俄罗斯与西方国家关系日益紧张,短期内难以突破外部世界政治形势影响。欧亚经济联盟应抓住当前区域经济一体化飞速发展的机遇,采取多项举措应对不利局面,加强国家之间的经济合作,凸显其一体化合作的强大韧性和经济潜力。

俄乌冲突背景下上合组织区域经济合作——新形势与新思路

上合组织区域经济合作历经20余年发展,在制度保障、贸易与投资、贸易便利化和平台建设等方面取得丰硕成果,成为推动上合组织强化合作的重要动力。2022年初俄乌冲突爆发后,欧亚地区安全面临严峻形势,全球政治经济格局剧烈震荡,上合组织区域经济合作也因此遭遇宏观投资环境恶化、地缘政治风险上升、外部力量干扰加剧等一系列现实挑战。但是,在全球能源贸易格局和欧亚地区形势的变动、调整下,上合组织区域经济合作的优势潜能得以再度显现,区域内市场空间和规模进一步扩大,成员间战略协作不断加强,机制效能逐步释放,迎来了新一轮发展机遇。未来,面对新形势,上合组织必须明确发展定位,激活发展动力,优化发展路径,实现进一步发展。

俄乌冲突以来美国对乌克兰军事援助评析

俄乌冲突爆发一年多以来,美国及其部分盟友对乌克兰实施了军事援助。随着战场形势的变化,援助不断升级,从单兵和小分队使用的反坦克导弹等装备,升级到重型火炮、步兵战车、主战坦克等地面主战装备和防空导弹系统。美国在军事援助中发挥了政治、地理、同盟、技术、后勤保障以及乌克兰战备方面等优势,但也受到战略目标、美军自身战备需求和国防工业产能以及乌克兰消化和吸收能力等因素的制约。军事援助虽然对俄乌冲突的长期化产生了战略影响,也塑造了不同阶段的战场态势,但难以使乌克兰实现“北约化”,也难以使其形成军事优势和掌握战略主动权。美国及其盟友伙伴也从对乌军援中吸取经验和教训以应对亚太地区安全局势的变化,但对乌军援模式难以在亚太地区复制。

中美俄欧在欧亚地区的差异化竞合及其影响

目前中美俄及欧盟之间的竞争与合作在地区和全球两个层次展开,并在不同地区呈现差别。这种差异化竞合对整个国际格局构成联动性影响。从区位、距离和杠杆等三个要素考察,欧亚地区对中美俄欧四方具有差别化价值,俄罗斯最为重视欧亚地区。地区价值的不同,导致四方在战略目标、发展思路、次地区重点、路径方式等方面存在差异。中俄秉持整体性思路,欧盟结合整体与部分,美国则有意推动地区分割。俄罗斯普遍投入,中国更重视中亚,美欧加强在东欧的竞争。在发展地区机制的同时,俄罗斯偏好军事手段,中国借助经济优势,美国专注重点国家,欧盟擅长规范领域。四方的差异化竞合对欧亚地区秩序造成多重影响,持续改变地区权力结构,强化地区制度竞争,加剧地区分化和碎片化,也扩展了外部合作空间。中国仍应以保持地区稳定作为核心目标,使欧亚地区秩序朝着更加有利于中国的方向发展。

俄罗斯地区一体化政策的演进:特征、效果与前景

俄罗斯的地区一体化政策深受西方主义、国家主义、文明主义三种“国家身份”思想的影响。国内国际的互动导致文明主义日益成势,地缘博弈思维日益增强,促使俄罗斯地区一体化政策发生变化。俄罗斯的地区一体化政策有着鲜明特征,表现在“多边主义”包裹下的“双边主义”、“市场化”逻辑让位于“地缘政治”、徘徊于“现代主权国家”和“帝国思维”之间等方面。由于俄罗斯未能构建聚合力较强的地区性组织,同时受区域制度间的相互竞合的影响,加之其“一体化”理念吸引力不足,致使其政策实施效果有限。俄乌冲突的爆发,促使俄罗斯地区一体化政策“向东转”,从而对当前的地区秩序造成影响,同时受限于国内外环境,发展前景不明。文章认为,应立足于全球发展倡议、全球安全倡议的共识,共同营造维护安全、促进发展的地区新秩序。

俄国远东太平洋地区的地理发现与早期经济开发

追逐经济利益,进而谋求建立海洋帝国是沙皇俄国向北太平洋扩张的主要驱动力。17世纪中叶,俄国人开启亚洲太平洋沿岸航海探险的进程。18世纪初,彼得一世为获取太平洋出海口,寻找新土地并开通前往中国和日本等东方国家的海上航道,推行北太平洋扩张政策,促成地理发现和殖民运动。俄国商人团体在北太平洋殖民地经济开发中发挥了重要作用,是俄国不断向东方推进的倡导者和实践者。

帝俄晚期的西伯利亚地方主义:思想演变与政治实践

西伯利亚地方主义是19世纪中叶兴起的俄国社会政治思潮。面对沙皇统治西伯利亚暴露出的种种弊端,以波塔宁和亚德林采夫为首的平民知识分子开启了西伯利亚人的抗争之旅。在漫长的理论与实践探索中,无论是早期的分离主义思想,还是晚期的地方自治运动,西伯利亚地方主义的核心目标都是摆脱欧俄地区的束缚,寻求独立自主的发展道路。西伯利亚地方主义者提倡建立区域自治制度、繁荣地方工商业、废除流放制度和发展现代高等教育等。这些观点具有鲜明的资产阶级自由民主色彩。然而,西伯利亚地区始终是沙皇政府的国内殖民地,地方主义所追求的区域平等并不符合统治阶级的利益。同时,西伯利亚地方知识分子自身的软弱性和妥协性也注定其难以走向成功。西伯利亚地方主义思想作为一种地方意识形态,虽以失败告终,但集中体现了西伯利亚人民的根本利益需求,在俄国的不同历史时期乃至今日,这种意识形态从未消散,且或将长期存在下去。