The First Sino-Japanese War Indemnity Revisited

The question of the amount of the First Sino-Japanese War indemnity involves three main elements： Japan＇s military expenditure on the war, China＇s actual payment, and the actual amount Japan received. On all of these issues, there have always been considerable differences between Chinese and Japanese scholars. In this study, we analyze relevant archives and documents and the main scholarly work in both China and Japan and provide a detailed discussion of several scholarly points of views and their basis, and examine the pre- and postwar exchange rates between the yen, the Chinese treasury standard （Kuping） silver tael, and the pound sterling, taking account of the fluctuating value of the yen before and after the war. On this basis, we calculate that Japan＇s actual military spending on the war was no more than 125 million yen, while the actual payments by the Qing government, converted to pounds sterling and then to yen, totaled 358.36 million yen. Japan extorted 233.36 million yen from China, or three times Japan＇s total annual revenue at the time.

France and the First Sino-Japanese War,1894-1895

Around the time of the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War, France reiterated that it had no direct interest in the Korean issue, and professed to be an onlooker. But from the very beginning, in fact, France viewed the war as an opportunity to consolidate its alliance with Russia and further encroach on China＇s southwest frontiers; it was therefore happy to see war break out between China and Japan, and took Russia＇s position on stopping Britain from playing a dominant role in mediation between them. As the outcome of the war became clear, exposing Japan＇s ambition to invade China, France turned from its wait-and-see attitude to intervention, taking an active part in the peacemaking activities of Russia, Britain and France and the triple intervention of Russia, France and Germany. In so doing, it attempted to safeguard general European interests and consolidate its alliance with Russia, as well as preventing Japan from replacing Europe as the dominant force in China. At the same time, it demanded a quidpro quo from the victim. During negotiation over the return of the Liaodong Peninsula, France put aside its conflicts mediate in disputes between Germany and with its old enemy Germany and endeavored to Russia so as to maintain concerted action under thetriple intervention. It proposed to sacrifice the interests of China to satisfy the wishes of Japan and Russia for a swift resolution of the issue of the Liaodong Peninsula.

Memory Recently Retold： The Chinese Historical Writing of the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II

Memories regarding the history of the Second Sino-Japanese War （1931-1945） and World War il （1939-1945） have always been refreshed in the minds of contemporaries through the retelling of ＂historical war stories＂ in various forms including books, posters, films and other media presentations. However, these retellings are often criticised by some academics as distortion of historical facts. This is because many of the present generation of readers and audiences were not even born at the time the events happened. Thus, ＂historical facts＂ of this era are, in reality, very vague in people＇s minds and their ＂facts＂ are often simply a construction of frequently retold ＂historical war stories＂ mixed with imagination. This article will argue that even immediately after the end of both wars in 1945, fresh history memory was already distorted, with China being the main victim. Following the end of World War II, there was an extensive publication of books and periodicals about the war. However, through varied interpretations of primary sources and use of visual materials in different ways, various positions were created to suit specific needs for justification of China＇s desire to be part of the camp of world powers after 1945. Similar diverse positions were also used to make political arguments criticising both the Axis and Allied Powers for working toward different political ends.

Sino-Japanese Relations:Understanding and Promoting

The unfolding debate in China over relations with Japan has held the limelight with the participation of academics and netizens—a welcome phenomenon highlighting strong public interest in the issue. What merits our concern, however, is the flood of emotional outbursts mixed up with penetrating, expert comments.

Mutual Trust—Key to Sino-Japanese Amity

Drift marked China-Japan ties in most part of the 1990s, accompanied with wild swings. The last decade of the 20th century witnessed the commemoration of the 20th anniversary(1972-1992)of diplomatic normalization, the 50th anniversary(1945-1995)of the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the furor over the "No War decision" in Japan, and the shock waves from the reorientation of Japan-U. S. relationship in 1996 and the revision of the

Japan's Military Transformation and Sino-Japanese Military Relations

Military reform, which is led by the U. S. and sweeping its way to the rest of the world, has now become one of the hottest topics in inter- national military arena. Japan makes no exception. The reconstruction of its military forces, which is still in progress, is concentrated on the following two aspects. One is the enlargement of the functions of the Self-Defense Forces (SDF). Participation in overseas operations is in-

Sino-Japanese Shipbuilding Cooperation

JaPan, wellknown for its international shipbuilding industry has begun to order Chinese built ships. In December 1993, the China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation signed an order for five new ships for Japanese owners including 15,000-dwt two bulk carriers. At the same time, China took the lead in research for a high-tech

Japan’s Political Development in the Later Period of the Abe Administration and the Sino-Japanese Relationship

With Shinzo Abe's re-election as the president of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), the LDP regime appears to have entered on a stable trend of long-term governance. This also marks a later phase of the Abe administration has solidified its later phase, following Abe's second rise to power. The supremacy of the LDP and the administration of the basket of economic policies termed Abenomics have produced initial effects, and the overall climate of political opinion in Japan remains largely conservative, all factors favorable the continuance of Abe's regime. A major task in the future to cement AbeJ s political legacy would be amendment of Japan’ s pacifist constitution. Abe’ s political and security policies are likely not to change, namely, the promotion of multilateral cooperation in the US-Japan alliance, a moderate adjustment of Japan's China policy, and a return to utilitarian diplomacy to maximize Japan’s national interests. Thanks to the return of the Sino-Japanese relationship to the right track, the healthy development of bilateral relations depends on the consolidation of the political foundation, deepening mutually beneficial cooperation, and constructively managing and controlling disagreement.

The Influence of Sino-Japanese Poetry on the British-American Imagist Movement

This paper, adopting the French Influential Approach, investigates the influence of the English version of Sino-Japanese poetry on the British-American Imagist Movement and finds that the influence existed in several aspects such as subject, style, syntax, meter, and aesthetics, which highlight the impact of translation on intercultural communication.

Sino-Japanese Cooperation in the Belt and Road Initiative:Motivation Analysis and Future Prospect

The global power shift,economic uncertainty and significant domestic pressures have reshaped Japan’s stance from non-cooperative toward positive on China’s Belt and Road Initiative.While structural forces propelling Japan’s policy evolution remain in place,potential gain from strengthening cooperation with China are apparent.It is foreseeable that the BRI will bring wider and more practical Sino-Japanese cooperation,despite a complicated geopolitical setting that will necessitate more counter measures from Japan to "rebalance" its new stance on the Belt and Road Initiative.

Strengthening Sino-Japanese People-to-People Exchanges and Promoting the Growth of Bilateral Relations

In 2018,the developm ent of Sino-Japanese relations returned to the right track.The high-level exchanges between China and Japan have achieved mutual exchanges,and social exchanges have also shown a good development trend.

SINO-JAPANESE RELATIONS IN THE LIGHT OF MAO'S ESSAY“ON CONTRADICTION”

September 1997 marks the 25th anniversary of the normalization of diplomaticties between China and Japan. By coincidence, the 60th anniversary of thepublication of the well-known philosophical essay“On Contradiction”by the lateChairman Mao Zedong also falls in August the same year. In commemoration ofthese two significant events, with Mao’s masterpiece as his guide, the

Suggestions to Promote Sino-Japanese Relations

It is obvious that Sino-Japanese relations are importantly both to China and to Japan. Nevertheless, the reality of "hot economic relations vs. cold political relations" between the two countries puzzles people who show deep concern for Sino-Japanese relations: Are the inherent features of Sino-Japanese relations the cause of the phenomenon? Is the gap between aspiration and action the cause of it? Or both are the causes? The answer is there, but exploration needs to be made. In October 2003, the Export Forum of Contemporary Internation- al Relations held a discussion on "the Future of Sino-Japanese Relations. " On June 5, 2004, the forum further sponsored a symposium, inviting four members of the 21st Century Committee for Sino-Japanese Friendship to have a discussion on "Suggestions to Promote Sino-Japanese Relations" in Wanshou Housing Estate. Based on the current situation of Sino- Japanese relations and on "pulse-feeling" and "group consultation," the four members of the 21st Century Committee for Sino-Japanese Friendship in Beijing tried to write out a "prescription" for the development of Sino-Japanese relations. Though the speeches of the four members vary in length and even differ in views, we sincerely hope the discussion could attract your high attention to Sino-Japanese relations so as to make joint effort to bring Sino-Japanese relations to step onto the right track for healthy development.

Seminar on “Sino-Japanese Business Cooperation on Environmental Protection” held in Tokyo

The Seminar on"Sino-Japanese Business Cooperation on Environmental Protection",coorganized by CAFIU and the Kazankai Foundation of Japan,was held in Tokyo on 29,October.Over 50Chinese and Japanese scholars and experts participated in the Seminar.The Kazankai Foundation was established in March,1948 on the basis of the East Asia Common

Forecasting Sino-Japanese Relations in the 21st Century

The year 1998 marks the 20th anniversary of the signing of the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Peace and Friendship. Twenty years ago, for the sake of establish-ing a relationship of friendship for the future generations, a treaty of peace wassigned between the two countries with different social systems and vastly

A Successful Scientific Cooperation——Smooth Completion of a Sino-Japanese Joint Research Project of Well-off Household Residences.

On February 24, 1993, when the appraisal meeting of the Sino-Japanese Joint Research Project of Well-off Household Residences was held in Beijing, Person-in-charge from the China Building Technology Development and Research Centre and the Japan International Cooperation Undertakings Group signed the project appraisal report. It marked the successful completion of this three-year joint research project.

Sino-Japanese Cooperation Project in Tarim Basin Successfully Wound up

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