The Heritage of Herodotus： Travel and Travel Writing in 19th Century Britain

The proliferation of travel literature brought the wider world to the doors of English homes and generated an interest in exotic cultures, ancient civilizations, and foreign wares. The number of travellers and traveller＇s tales greatly increased after the end of the Napoleonic Wars and one destination that was particulary alluring was the biblical land of ancient Egypt. This paper examines British travelers to Egypt and how their published works both revealed and constructed a particular view of Egypt during the 19th century. Travel and travel literature accompanied and even facilitated the developing disciplines of archaeology and Egyptology, increasing the knowledge of and interest in the world of the Ancient Near East. This corpus of writing, often with its accompanying illustrations, also served to create a fabricated illusion of the biblical world, fashioned from both ancient and contemporary Egypt.

＂A Perfect Heroine in Foreign Travel.＂ Female Mobile Identities and Southern Italy in the 19th Century Non-feminist Periodical Press

This essay focuses on the interaction between the publication of female travel writing about the South of Italy in non-feminist 19th century British periodicals, and the circulation of a transgressive model of femininity centred on the concepts of mobility, vitality and visibility. The choice of Southern Italy, an anti-tourist destination that since the era of the Grand Tour had been considered dangerous for men, let alone for women, magnifies female heroic attitudes and contaminates female conventional domestic purity enhancing the concept of an unfixed female identity. The publication of a travelogue, a mostly non-fictional genre, on an innovative and reactive medium, was a manifest act of transgression with respect to fixed social order, which gave visibility and credibility to a different model of femininity, an anti-Angel icon. A new form of narration displays adventurous women able to cross the private sphere and to write/publish authentic accounts of their transitional experience in a public, male-dominated sphere.

Who says this is a modern disorder? The early history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a complex, heterogeneous and multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Although the first clinical description of a constellation of symptoms highly resembling to what currently could be diagnosed as ADHD is generally attributed to George F Still in 1902, there are scattered but significant published historical medical, scientific and non-scientific reports, much prior to Still's lectures, of what is currently conceptualized as ADHD. The present report aimed at exploring the early history of ADHD, prior to the 20^(th) century in the medical literature and in other historical sources, to provide clinicians, researchers and other professionals with a better understanding of the roots and current conceptualization of this disorder. It is possible to find clues and highly suggestive descriptions of individuals presenting symptoms resembling what is currently defined as ADHD in the literature, in paintings or in the Bible. However, the earliest medical reports of individuals with abnormal degrees of inattention, distractibility and overactivity date from the last quarter of the 18^(th) century, included in two of the first textbooks specifically on the subject of mental diseases, published by the German Melchior Adam Weikard and the Scottish Sir Alexander Crichton. During the 19^(th) century some eminent physicians from Germany, France or Great Britain, such as Charles West, Thomas C Albutt, Thomas S Clouston, William W, Ireland, John Haslam, Heinrich Neumann, or Désiré-Magloire Bourneville, among others provided clinical depictions of patients that most likely presently would be diagnosed as having ADHD. Whilst some of the children described by Still and his predecessors may have suffered from a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, many of these patients showed clear symptoms of ADHD and may present with comorbid disorders, as it is commonly the case in clinical practice.

Britons＇ Translation and Introduction of the Peking Gazette andthe Sino-British Relations （1800s- 1860）

Peking Gazette （京報）, the information of which was derived according to Di Bao （邸報）, or Di Chao （邸抄）, wasa sort of Chinese official papers and a main form to spread court information in Ming and Qing dynasty. Westernersrepresented by Britons who came to China had paid great attention to the Peking Gazette in the 19th Century. Andtheir interests in the Peking Gazette endued these traditional papers a new mission. British missionaries anddiplomats coming to China kept a tradition of translating and introducing the Peking Gazette in the 19th Century.Thomas Francis Wade is the key man in promoting the formation of the tradition. During the period of the SecondOpium War, Wade＇s interests in the Peking Gazette had promoted the role of the Peking Gazette to be transformedfrom the ＂information source＂ to the ＂negotiation method＂, and also greatly influenced the Sino-British powerrelationship in ＂Information Space＂ in the second part of the 19th Century.

Beginnings of Modern Urbanity and Architectural Expression： The Balkan Tale of Northern Greece

The urban consciousness under foreign domination is a complex issue, especially when the reporting period is the 19th century, the century of great social, ethnic, and economic changes in Europe. The issue is further complicated in the case of the Balkans, during the latter period of Ottoman rule. But how did certain cities manage to emerge from rural or suburban enslaved routine and develop a European urbanity？ An urbanity expressed itself as lifestyle （habits, costumes, entertainment）, as art and as formation of the urban environment and architecture. The State pushed for modernization by the Great Powers, ethnic communities with parent countries seeking to differentiate themselves from their “backward” conquerors, economic opportunities through trade and new visual observations by penetration of European countries and companies： all this would create suitable conditions for an unprecedented urbanization. This shift in the quality of life was clearly expressed in the new architecture, which always continued, as ever, to reflect the cultural activity. The transition from vernacular architecture to historicism and eclectism would capture the most characteristic moment of the beginning of urbanization in northern Greece.

Local Identity in Palestine in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries--- Challenging Dominant Methodologies

By using top-down methods, periodizing exclusively along the Arab-Zionist conflict and basing on either Hebrew or Arab primary sources, leading scholars tend to ignore the existence of popular local identity shared by Jews and Arabs in center Palestine during late 19th-early 20th century. To explore this identity this paper suggests using history from below methods i.e. history of average citizens that looks into many individual＇s multi-dimensional life-experiences, particularly in Palestine mix areas, and based it on both Hebrew and Arabic sources. Through history from below this paper shows that joint Jewish-Arab local identity prevailed prior to the establishment of Jewish or Palestinian national movement and afterwards existed along with them till it was defeated by the escalating national conflict.

Local Colorism American Novels of 19th Century

Local Colorism can be seen as a new literature type, which sprung up in 1920s. As a literature trend, local novels open a new road for realistically sentimental novels of view literature. Therefore, this paper is aim to study the Local Colorism American Novels of 19th Century, especially in west and south of American. American southern literature and western literature although established respectively unique sense of place suffer from complex history. And it proves that American literature has been increasingly building it popularity and a new type of literature.

A History of the Urban Underground Tunnel (4000 B.C.E. - 1900 C.E.)

Generally hidden from public view, out of our daily thoughts, and literally under our feet, are myriad urban underground tunnels that make our modern megacities possible. From their ancient beginnings in antiquity, as a means of supplying fresh water and draining waste water from cities, underground tunnels evolved into a means of providing high capacity rail mass transit in our most densely populated urban centers. This paper provides a broad overview of the evolution of urban tunnels across a 6000 year time span and includes the specific engineering formulas/computations for the earliest 19th century subways/infrastructure projects based on the Roman vaulted arch tunnel.

Undying Flowers in the English Literature

During the 18th to 19th century there appeared a group of women novelists.They,through various novels,presented their unique views of the world surrounding them.They had left a brilliant and glittering page in the English literature,and they were worth the name "Undying Flowers in the English Literature".Through analysis and study of women novelists in this period,this article aims at exploring the contributions that these women novelists made to the English literature and ideology.

Subversive Women Artists in The Yellow Wallpaper and The Foreigner

The Yellow Wallpaper,written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman,and The Foreigner,by Sarah Orne Jewett,were two re nowned short stories finished at the end of 19thcentury.In both short stories,the heroines were depicted as sensitive and fragile women artists,marginalized by aesthetic structures"created by and for men."They were anxious for their authorship and doubt ed about whether they could create under the patriarchal aesthetical rules.The uniqueness of women’s creation is valued,and the reason for their anxiety in creating needs digging out.To attain authorship,women artist must resort to sisterhood for mutual un derstanding and guidance.

Women, Business, and Finance in 19th Century Milan

This paper contributes to the growing body of literature on the relations between women and the economy market by adding a backward and Mediterranean country on the chart of female engagement in the world of business.With regard to Anglophone settings,scholars found women managing small and medium business,entering trade,purchasing shares and“consols”,supporting firms,lending money,and investing capitals for profit.As for Italy,women’s involvement in economic activities is almost completely unknown because of the paucity of studies on the theme.The way the country industrialized played a role in that,as it drove scholars’attention mainly if not exclusively to corporate and large enterprises,where men were obviously ad lead.As privileged sources of business and economic historians,such as trade directories,narrative tales,family,and company papers often undervalue if not hiding the female participation in the“public”sphere of the economy,this work draws on fiscal sources,tax rolls,and estate returns in particular.Notwithstanding robust limitations of such documents due to the high rate of evasion and elusion in Italy,their examination unveils the relevance of women’s role not only in family business,but also in“petty”trade and informal finance,all activities that were crucial to the catching up process of a“late joiner”like Italy.

17—19世纪华瓷西传后的设计延续与嬗变——以“垂柳纹”为例

17—18世纪,中国情趣风靡西欧,尤以瓷器为盛,催生了西欧长达一个多世纪的崇华热潮。进入19世纪,“中国热”式微,但中国风设计在瓷器上仍存续,这些设计元素在瓷器纹饰中表现的尤为直观。以19世纪风靡西欧的“垂柳纹”为研究对象,在华瓷西传及华风西渐和西风东渐并存的时代背景下,通过图像形成的动因、中国元素的演化和图像的叙事生成几个方面来探究“垂柳纹”中所映射出的文化互融性,为当下中西文化交流与互鉴提供设计参考。

German Sour Beers of the Late 19th Century

Through research in German-language technical publications, such as brewing textbooks and chemical journals, this paper has assembled considerable information about German sour beer styles. Much of this material has never been available in English before, and the author has personally translated them from Gennan. This paper will discuss information on the brewing techniques employed in producing these mostly extinct beer styles and details such as the original gravity and alcohol content. This latter information mostly comes from 19th century German chemical journals, which often published chemical analyses of German beers. This material demonstrates how many sour styles there once were in Germany and how common they were in some parts of the country.

相似与相异:19世纪初期江南与荷兰经济史比较研究

中国和欧洲都涵盖了广大地域,其中各个地区在各方面差异很大。要进行深入而客观的比较研究,应当选择那些具有较高可比性的地区。从经济史的角度来看,在近代早期中国和欧洲的各个地区中,江南和荷兰是两个可比性最高的地区。采用历史国民账户系统的方法,对19世纪初期这两个地区的经济状况进行比较研究,可以清楚地看到近代早期中国和欧洲这两个最发达的地区在经济发展水平方面具有重要的相似性和相异性。这个结果有力地推翻了以往以“英国模式”为标准来研究中国和欧洲近代经济史所导致的各种偏见,对我们更好地认识近代早期中国和欧洲的历史具有重要的意义。

Historical origins of current IBD concepts

INTRODUCTIONThe“nonspecific” inflammatory bowel diseases ,ulcerative colitis and Crohn,s represent a group of heterogeneous inflammatory and ulcerative disases of the small and large intestines of unknown etiology ,associated with many gastrointestinal and systemic complications .Appearing initially as isolated cases in Great Britain and northern Europe during the 19th and early 20th centuries ,they have steadily increased numerically and geographically and today are recognized worldwide.

Howarcl Koberts＇ Hypatta oJ Alexanclrta： A Form of Neoplatonic Beauty

This essay examines an American 19th-century sculpture, Howard Roberts＇ Hypatia, both historically and aesthetically （see Figures 1 and 2）. Problems of interpretation are found at both levels because of limited documentation. However, a speculative analysis adapting Plotinus＇ notions on the ＂delight of the intellect＂ and of ＂seeing＂ assist in considering beauty in the carved form, even if the subject is grave. What prompted this commission and who commissioned this work are questions to be considered.

American sunday-school libraries in the 19th century

American Sunday-school libraries in the 19 th century,as an activity of Protestant Christian mission,provided Christian and moral education for children.

古代教育人物群体的最初建构——以20世纪上半叶38种教育史著作为中心的考察

清末民国是中国教育史学科的初建时期,将什么样的古代人物写入教科书是学科建设的重要内容。截至1949年,全国共出版通论性质的中国教育史著作38种,共选入古代教育人物187人,按其选入频次可分为低频人物(162人)、中频人物(21人)和高频人物(4人),有86人只被选入1次。从所选入人物及其频次看:这些著作以儒家思想为主线,宋以后则更侧重理学思想;从所选入人物的时代分布看:“厚古薄今”倾向明显;从所选中频人物、高频人物看:所选入人物身份比较混杂,教育家之外,传说人物、政治家、诗人、军事家、天文历算家、经学家等都有;从所选入人物学派背景看:春秋战国时期的人物体现出儒墨道法相争而以儒家为主导、儒道法相抗衡的现象,而两宋时期的人物则体现出学派蜂起而以程朱理学为主导的现实;从所选入人物的重要性看:所选入人物的重要性与被选入频次基本相称,同时也存在应当选入而未选入、所选入人物被高估或被低估等情况。在中国教育史学科体系中建构一个较为科学合理的古代教育人物群体具有重要的学术价值和社会价值。在具体实践中,可将20世纪上半叶我国38种教育史著作中中频人物、高频人物25人视为学科初建时期构建出来的古代教育人物基本群体,其中高频人物4人可以视为核心群体。基本群体基本能够反映中国古代教育的实际状况,但核心群体却不足以反映古代教育的核心价值。因此,如能让非儒家的一些中频人物进入核心群体,让一些低频人物进入基本群体,将会是理想的结果。