Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a complex, heterogeneous and multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Although th...Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a complex, heterogeneous and multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Although the first clinical description of a constellation of symptoms highly resembling to what currently could be diagnosed as ADHD is generally attributed to George F Still in 1902, there are scattered but significant published historical medical, scientific and non-scientific reports, much prior to Still's lectures, of what is currently conceptualized as ADHD. The present report aimed at exploring the early history of ADHD, prior to the 20^(th) century in the medical literature and in other historical sources, to provide clinicians, researchers and other professionals with a better understanding of the roots and current conceptualization of this disorder. It is possible to find clues and highly suggestive descriptions of individuals presenting symptoms resembling what is currently defined as ADHD in the literature, in paintings or in the Bible. However, the earliest medical reports of individuals with abnormal degrees of inattention, distractibility and overactivity date from the last quarter of the 18^(th) century, included in two of the first textbooks specifically on the subject of mental diseases, published by the German Melchior Adam Weikard and the Scottish Sir Alexander Crichton. During the 19^(th) century some eminent physicians from Germany, France or Great Britain, such as Charles West, Thomas C Albutt, Thomas S Clouston, William W, Ireland, John Haslam, Heinrich Neumann, or Désiré-Magloire Bourneville, among others provided clinical depictions of patients that most likely presently would be diagnosed as having ADHD. Whilst some of the children described by Still and his predecessors may have suffered from a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, many of these patients showed clear symptoms of ADHD and may present with comorbid disorders, as it is commonly the case in clinical practice.展开更多
Peking Gazette （京報）, the information of which was derived according to Di Bao （邸報）, or Di Chao （邸抄）, wasa sort of Chinese official papers and a main form to spread court information in Ming and Qing dynast...Peking Gazette （京報）, the information of which was derived according to Di Bao （邸報）, or Di Chao （邸抄）, wasa sort of Chinese official papers and a main form to spread court information in Ming and Qing dynasty. Westernersrepresented by Britons who came to China had paid great attention to the Peking Gazette in the 19th Century. Andtheir interests in the Peking Gazette endued these traditional papers a new mission. British missionaries anddiplomats coming to China kept a tradition of translating and introducing the Peking Gazette in the 19th Century.Thomas Francis Wade is the key man in promoting the formation of the tradition. During the period of the SecondOpium War, Wade＇s interests in the Peking Gazette had promoted the role of the Peking Gazette to be transformedfrom the ＂information source＂ to the ＂negotiation method＂, and also greatly influenced the Sino-British powerrelationship in ＂Information Space＂ in the second part of the 19th Century.展开更多
Generally hidden from public view, out of our daily thoughts, and literally under our feet, are myriad urban underground tunnels that make our modern megacities possible. From their ancient beginnings in antiquity, as...Generally hidden from public view, out of our daily thoughts, and literally under our feet, are myriad urban underground tunnels that make our modern megacities possible. From their ancient beginnings in antiquity, as a means of supplying fresh water and draining waste water from cities, underground tunnels evolved into a means of providing high capacity rail mass transit in our most densely populated urban centers. This paper provides a broad overview of the evolution of urban tunnels across a 6000 year time span and includes the specific engineering formulas/computations for the earliest 19th century subways/infrastructure projects based on the Roman vaulted arch tunnel.展开更多
During the 18th to 19th century there appeared a group of women novelists.They,through various novels,presented their unique views of the world surrounding them.They had left a brilliant and glittering page in the Eng...During the 18th to 19th century there appeared a group of women novelists.They,through various novels,presented their unique views of the world surrounding them.They had left a brilliant and glittering page in the English literature,and they were worth the name "Undying Flowers in the English Literature".Through analysis and study of women novelists in this period,this article aims at exploring the contributions that these women novelists made to the English literature and ideology.展开更多
The Yellow Wallpaper,written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman,and The Foreigner,by Sarah Orne Jewett,were two re nowned short stories finished at the end of 19thcentury.In both short stories,the heroines were depicted as s...The Yellow Wallpaper,written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman,and The Foreigner,by Sarah Orne Jewett,were two re nowned short stories finished at the end of 19thcentury.In both short stories,the heroines were depicted as sensitive and fragile women artists,marginalized by aesthetic structures"created by and for men."They were anxious for their authorship and doubt ed about whether they could create under the patriarchal aesthetical rules.The uniqueness of women’s creation is valued,and the reason for their anxiety in creating needs digging out.To attain authorship,women artist must resort to sisterhood for mutual un derstanding and guidance.展开更多
This paper contributes to the growing body of literature on the relations between women and the economy market by adding a backward and Mediterranean country on the chart of female engagement in the world of business....This paper contributes to the growing body of literature on the relations between women and the economy market by adding a backward and Mediterranean country on the chart of female engagement in the world of business.With regard to Anglophone settings,scholars found women managing small and medium business,entering trade,purchasing shares and“consols”,supporting firms,lending money,and investing capitals for profit.As for Italy,women’s involvement in economic activities is almost completely unknown because of the paucity of studies on the theme.The way the country industrialized played a role in that,as it drove scholars’attention mainly if not exclusively to corporate and large enterprises,where men were obviously ad lead.As privileged sources of business and economic historians,such as trade directories,narrative tales,family,and company papers often undervalue if not hiding the female participation in the“public”sphere of the economy,this work draws on fiscal sources,tax rolls,and estate returns in particular.Notwithstanding robust limitations of such documents due to the high rate of evasion and elusion in Italy,their examination unveils the relevance of women’s role not only in family business,but also in“petty”trade and informal finance,all activities that were crucial to the catching up process of a“late joiner”like Italy.展开更多
Through research in German-language technical publications, such as brewing textbooks and chemical journals, this paper has assembled considerable information about German sour beer styles. Much of this material has n...Through research in German-language technical publications, such as brewing textbooks and chemical journals, this paper has assembled considerable information about German sour beer styles. Much of this material has never been available in English before, and the author has personally translated them from Gennan. This paper will discuss information on the brewing techniques employed in producing these mostly extinct beer styles and details such as the original gravity and alcohol content. This latter information mostly comes from 19th century German chemical journals, which often published chemical analyses of German beers. This material demonstrates how many sour styles there once were in Germany and how common they were in some parts of the country.展开更多
American Sunday-school libraries in the 19 th century,as an activity of Protestant Christian mission,provided Christian and moral education for children.
文摘Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a complex, heterogeneous and multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Although the first clinical description of a constellation of symptoms highly resembling to what currently could be diagnosed as ADHD is generally attributed to George F Still in 1902, there are scattered but significant published historical medical, scientific and non-scientific reports, much prior to Still's lectures, of what is currently conceptualized as ADHD. The present report aimed at exploring the early history of ADHD, prior to the 20^(th) century in the medical literature and in other historical sources, to provide clinicians, researchers and other professionals with a better understanding of the roots and current conceptualization of this disorder. It is possible to find clues and highly suggestive descriptions of individuals presenting symptoms resembling what is currently defined as ADHD in the literature, in paintings or in the Bible. However, the earliest medical reports of individuals with abnormal degrees of inattention, distractibility and overactivity date from the last quarter of the 18^(th) century, included in two of the first textbooks specifically on the subject of mental diseases, published by the German Melchior Adam Weikard and the Scottish Sir Alexander Crichton. During the 19^(th) century some eminent physicians from Germany, France or Great Britain, such as Charles West, Thomas C Albutt, Thomas S Clouston, William W, Ireland, John Haslam, Heinrich Neumann, or Désiré-Magloire Bourneville, among others provided clinical depictions of patients that most likely presently would be diagnosed as having ADHD. Whilst some of the children described by Still and his predecessors may have suffered from a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, many of these patients showed clear symptoms of ADHD and may present with comorbid disorders, as it is commonly the case in clinical practice.
文摘Peking Gazette （京報）, the information of which was derived according to Di Bao （邸報）, or Di Chao （邸抄）, wasa sort of Chinese official papers and a main form to spread court information in Ming and Qing dynasty. Westernersrepresented by Britons who came to China had paid great attention to the Peking Gazette in the 19th Century. Andtheir interests in the Peking Gazette endued these traditional papers a new mission. British missionaries anddiplomats coming to China kept a tradition of translating and introducing the Peking Gazette in the 19th Century.Thomas Francis Wade is the key man in promoting the formation of the tradition. During the period of the SecondOpium War, Wade＇s interests in the Peking Gazette had promoted the role of the Peking Gazette to be transformedfrom the ＂information source＂ to the ＂negotiation method＂, and also greatly influenced the Sino-British powerrelationship in ＂Information Space＂ in the second part of the 19th Century.
文摘Generally hidden from public view, out of our daily thoughts, and literally under our feet, are myriad urban underground tunnels that make our modern megacities possible. From their ancient beginnings in antiquity, as a means of supplying fresh water and draining waste water from cities, underground tunnels evolved into a means of providing high capacity rail mass transit in our most densely populated urban centers. This paper provides a broad overview of the evolution of urban tunnels across a 6000 year time span and includes the specific engineering formulas/computations for the earliest 19th century subways/infrastructure projects based on the Roman vaulted arch tunnel.
文摘During the 18th to 19th century there appeared a group of women novelists.They,through various novels,presented their unique views of the world surrounding them.They had left a brilliant and glittering page in the English literature,and they were worth the name "Undying Flowers in the English Literature".Through analysis and study of women novelists in this period,this article aims at exploring the contributions that these women novelists made to the English literature and ideology.
文摘The Yellow Wallpaper,written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman,and The Foreigner,by Sarah Orne Jewett,were two re nowned short stories finished at the end of 19thcentury.In both short stories,the heroines were depicted as sensitive and fragile women artists,marginalized by aesthetic structures"created by and for men."They were anxious for their authorship and doubt ed about whether they could create under the patriarchal aesthetical rules.The uniqueness of women’s creation is valued,and the reason for their anxiety in creating needs digging out.To attain authorship,women artist must resort to sisterhood for mutual un derstanding and guidance.
文摘This paper contributes to the growing body of literature on the relations between women and the economy market by adding a backward and Mediterranean country on the chart of female engagement in the world of business.With regard to Anglophone settings,scholars found women managing small and medium business,entering trade,purchasing shares and“consols”,supporting firms,lending money,and investing capitals for profit.As for Italy,women’s involvement in economic activities is almost completely unknown because of the paucity of studies on the theme.The way the country industrialized played a role in that,as it drove scholars’attention mainly if not exclusively to corporate and large enterprises,where men were obviously ad lead.As privileged sources of business and economic historians,such as trade directories,narrative tales,family,and company papers often undervalue if not hiding the female participation in the“public”sphere of the economy,this work draws on fiscal sources,tax rolls,and estate returns in particular.Notwithstanding robust limitations of such documents due to the high rate of evasion and elusion in Italy,their examination unveils the relevance of women’s role not only in family business,but also in“petty”trade and informal finance,all activities that were crucial to the catching up process of a“late joiner”like Italy.
文摘Through research in German-language technical publications, such as brewing textbooks and chemical journals, this paper has assembled considerable information about German sour beer styles. Much of this material has never been available in English before, and the author has personally translated them from Gennan. This paper will discuss information on the brewing techniques employed in producing these mostly extinct beer styles and details such as the original gravity and alcohol content. This latter information mostly comes from 19th century German chemical journals, which often published chemical analyses of German beers. This material demonstrates how many sour styles there once were in Germany and how common they were in some parts of the country.
文摘American Sunday-school libraries in the 19 th century,as an activity of Protestant Christian mission,provided Christian and moral education for children.
