A Glance on the Mineral Deposits and Stratigraphic Sequential Variations and Structures in Different Sections of Indus Basin (Pakistan): New Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaurs from the Latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation of Pakistan

Indus basin hosts many significant mineral deposits like gypsum and cement raw materials, gemstones, iron, coal, marble, dimension and construction stones, petroleum and water resources, world class pink salt and other many minerals in different regions which need further exploitation and development. The construction of new water dams in different regions are vital (for availability of cheap electricity), because of available barren and fertile lands and wastage of water as flood. Further the installation of more cement industries in different regions of Indus Basin especially in middle Indus (Sulaiman Range where gypsum, clays and limestones can be available via belt) can increase export to receive more foreign exchange and make local cement cheap for the sustainable development of Pakistan. 31 stratigraphic sequential sections at different sections of Indus basins are presented to know the variation and local stratigraphy. Further here three new titanosaur taxa are being described. Saraikimasoom is based on snout;Gspsaurus, (Maojandino), Nicksaurus and Khanazeem are based on cranial, vertebral and appendicular elements;Balochisaurus, Marisaurus, Pakisaurus, and 3 new genera and species Imrankhanhero zilefatmi, Qaikshaheen masoomniazi and Ikqaumishan smqureshi based on vertebral and appendicular elements;and Sulaimanisaurus and Khetranisaurus based on only caudal vertebrae. Although Pakistani Titanosaurians seem to be proliferated found from one horizon of Vitakri Formation just below the K-Pg boundary they have a wide range of diagnostic features and key elements among titanosaurs which can be used for comparison and phylogenetic analyses with broad updated character data set of titanosaurs.

Sedimentary Features and Implications for the Precambrian Non-stromatolitic Carbonate Succession:A Case Study of the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation at the Qiangou Section in Yanqing County of Beijing

In the long Precambrian period, stromatolitic carbonate successions were very common. However, the non-stromatolitic carbonate succession that is marked by subtidal deposits shows a sharp contrast to the stromatolitic carbonate succession. Both the non-stromatolitic and the stromatolitic carbonate successions are important clues for the further understanding of the evolving carbonate world of the Precambrian. The Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation at the Qiangou section in northwestern suburb of Beijing is a set of more than 1000 m-thick carbonate strata that can be divided into four members （or subformations）, in which a non-stromatolitic carbonate succession marked by the scarcity of stromatolites makes up the third member of the formation. This non-stromatolitic carbonate succession can further be subdivided into three third-order sequences that are marked by the regular succession of sedimentary facies. In third-order sequences, a lot of subtidal carbonate meter-scale cycles made up of medium-bedded leiolite limestones and thin-bedded marls constitute their transgressive system tracts （TSTs） and the early high-stand system tracts （EHSTs）, a lot of meter- scale cycles made up by thin-bedded limestones and marls constitute their condensed sections （CSs）, and thick-bedded to massive dolomitic limestones or lime dolomites make up the late high-stand system tracts （LHSTs）. The particularly non-stromatolitic carbonate succession making up the third member of the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation at the Qiangou section might be the representative of the non-stromatolitic carbonate succession of the Precambrian because of its special lithological features and particular sedimentary structures, and its general sedimentary features are helpful and meaningful for the further understanding of the evolution rules of the sophisticate and evolving carbonate world of the Precambrian. The time scale of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation is deduced as that from 1600 Ma to 1400 Ma; thus, the non-stromatolitic sedimentary succession making up the third member of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation may demonstrate a stromatolite decline event occurring at ca. 1450 Ma of the Proterozoic besides other three events that occurred respectively at ca. 2000 Ma, ca. 1000 Ma and ca. 675 Ma. The forming duration of this non-stromatolitic sedimentary succession of the third member of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation can be generally correlated with a similar sedimentary succession in North America, i.e. a non-stromatolitic sedimentary succession of the Helena Formation of the Belt Supergroup, which suggests that the stromatolite decline occurring at ca. 1450 Ma might be a global event. Therefore, the non-stromatolitic sedimentary succession discussed in the paper provides an important example for further understanding of carbonate sedimentology in the Precambrian.

Saddle-Dolomite-Bearing Fracture Fillings and Records of Hot Brine Activity in the Jialingjiang Formation,Libixia Section,Hechuan Area of Chongqing City

Most vein minerals deposited in fractures of the Jialingjiang Formation from Libixia section, Hechan area include a large amount of saddle dolomite and accompanying celestite, calcite and fluorite. This study analyzed the nature, source, evolution of the fluids by plane-light petrography, fluid-inclusion methods, cathodoluminescence images, and stable isotopic compositions. The homogenization temperatures of two-phase aqueous fluid inclusions in dolomite range between 100 and 270℃. Combined with the jlSO data, it is suggested that the fluid responsible for the precipitation of fracture fillings have δ18O values between 10%o and 18‰ （relative to SMOW）. The saddle dolomite and the accompanying minerals were the result of activity of dense brines at elevated temperatures. Moreover, analysis shows that the fluid was derived from a mixture of marine-derived brine and deeper circulating flow. This fluid was enriched in Sr during diagenesis and formed celestite in fracture and for regional mineralization. Dissolution of saddle dolomite was attributed to the cooling of Mg/Ca-decreased fluids, which may relate to a leaching of gypsum to celestite in surrounding carbonates.

Facies Analysis, Sedimentary Environment and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Carboniferous Deposits of Gachal Formation, Eastern Central Iran (Rahdar Section)

Early carboniferous deposits of the Kalmard block, with various characteristics in different outcrops, are recognized by Gachal Formation. Generally speaking, this formation comprises of four different members (A, B, C and D), consisting of carbonate and evaporative rocks. Gachal Formation is composed chiefly of 55 meters sandstone and limestone interbedded with shale. According to the lithological and microscopic studies, Gachal Formation is deposited in beach, semi-restricted and open lagoon, shoal and open marine environments. Vertical changes of microfacies and the curve of its depth changes account for the high thickness of the facies of shoal and bar sub-environments and the low thickness of the facies of lagoon and open marine sub-environment as well. Gachal Formation rocks in Rahdar section are deposited in a low-angle?homoclinal ramp?located in southern Paleothysis Ocean. The carbonate-sandstone sequence in?Gachal Formation in Rahdar section is composed of a depositional sequence separated from each other by type 1 sequence boundaries. Deposits of this formation are separated from lower deposits by type 2 sequence boundary and from?Khan Group by unconformity. The sedimentary sequence identified in this formation points to the age of late Visean, conforming to Kaskaskia IV. The erosional boundary between Gachal and Khan Formations is relatively compatible with drop in sea level at Late Kaskaskia global scale.

Origin of Molar-Tooth Structure Based on Sequence-Stratigraphic Position and Macroscopic Features: Example from Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation at Jixian Section, Tianjin, North China

Both the macroscopic feature and the sequence-stratigraphic position of the molar-tooth structure developed in the third member of the Gaoyuzhuang （高于庄） Formation at the Jixian （蓟县） Section in Tianjin （天津） can provide some useful information about its origin and can reveal some problems to be further researched in the future. The Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation is a set of 1 600 m thick carbonate strata. This formation can be divided into four members. The first member is mainly made up of stromatolitic dolomites; the second is marked by a set of manganese dolomites; the third is mainly composed of lamina limestones with the development of molar-tooth strcutures; the fourth is a set of stromatolitic-lithoherm dolomites. According to lithofacies and its succession, several types of meter-scale cycles can be discerned in the Gaoyuzhuang Formation： the L-M type, the subtidal type and the peritidal type. There is a regularly vertical stacking pattern for meter-scale cycles in the third-order sequence. Therefore, the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation can be divided into 13 third-order sequences （SQ1 to SQ13 ） and can further be grouped into 4 second-order sequences. The third member is marked by lamina limestones and can be grouped into three third-order sequences （SQ9 to SQ11 ）. The molar-tooth structure is developed in the middle part of the third sequence, i.e. SQH , in the third member. Several features of this kind of molar-tooth structure reflect some features of carbonate sedimentation in the Precambrian, such as the particular configuration, abundant organic matter, and easy silication. Stromatolites are chiefly formed in a shallow tidal-flat environment; lamina are mainly formed in the shallow ramp and molar-tooth structures are mainly generated in a relatively more deep-water environment from the middle to the deep ramp. Therefore, similar to stromatolite and lamina, the molartooth structure might also be a kind of bio-sedimentation structure. This suggestion is based on macroscopic observation and the sedimentary-facies analysis of the molar-tooth structures from the sequencestratigraphic position. These features of Precambrian sedimentation also reveal the problem of Precambrian carbonate sedimentation. With more detailed study, a more practical solution for these problems may be obtained in the future.

Developmental characteristics and geological significance of the bentonite in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng – Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in eastern Sichuan Basin, SW China

Based on the Qiliao section of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation – Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Shizhu, Chongqing city, the development characteristics of bentonite in eastern Sichuan Basin was examined systematically, and its geological significance and scientific value were analyzed. The main understandings are as follows:(1) Six bentonite dense layers were found in the Qiliao section, mainly occurring in 6 graptolitic belts of the Katian, Rhuddanian and Aeronian. Most of the bentonite dense layers showed obvious increase in clay, peak response of GR curve, and indistinct relationship between volcanic ash and total organic carbon(TOC).(2) The bentonite dense layers of Longmaxi Formation were widely distributed in eastern Sichuan Basin and its periphery, and generally showed GR peak, which can be an important reference interface for dividing the bottom boundary of the Coronograptus cyphus belt and the top boundary of the Rhuddanian in eastern Sichuan Basin and western Hubei province.(3) Taking the bentonite dense layers as the stratification basis of the Rhuddanian and Aeronian, it was determined that the sediment thickness of the Rhuddanian in the eastern Sichuan depression was generally 10–40 m, but only the upper part of the Coronograptus cyphus belt was deposited in the hinderland of Yichang Uplift, and the sedimentary thickness was only 3–7 m.(4) In the hinderland of the Yichang Uplift, at least five and a half graptolitic belts were missing in Wufeng Formation – Rhuddanian, and the deposition time of Rhuddanian was less than 0.4 Ma.(5) The bentonite dense layers were important sedimentary responses to the strong deflection of the Yangtze basin at the turn of the Ordovician–Silurian, which suggested that four tectonic activity periods existed in the eastern Sichuan depression, including the early stage of the depression, the middle-late stage of the depression, the early stage of the foreland flexure and the development stage of the foreland flexure. The high-quality shale was mainly developed from the early stage to the middle-late stage in the depression.

Reservoir Characterization of Special Dolomite Rock of Fengcheng Formation in Junggar Basin, China

Dolomites and eruptive rocks are well-developed in the Permian Fengcheng Formation in Junggar Basin in China, in which oil and gas are accumulated extensively. Until now, high-yield industrial oil and gas flows have been obtained in the dolomitic tuff of the second unit of the Fengcheng Formation, which demonstrates the huge exploration potential of the thick layer of massive dolomitic tuff. The lithology of the second unit of the Fengcheng Formation in this area has gradually transformed from the dolomite, dolomitic tuff to siltstone from east to west. Moreover, the well testing shows that the reservoir is oil-saturated, and the production rate mainly depends on the reservoir’s physical properties and fracture development. In this study, different types of data including core data, well log and seismic data are used cooperatively to characterize the sedimentary, structure and fracture features of the Fengcheng Formation, and then characterize the promising target zone in the study area. The result indicates that hydrocarbons are most accumulated along the deep fault in the Wu-Xia fault zone, which will be the favorable zone for the next progressive exploration.

Cr-induced fusion reactions to synthesize superheavy elements

We investigated ^(50,52-54)Cr-induced fusion reactions for the synthesis of the superheavy element in the 104≤Z≤122 range.The cross sections produced in this investigation using ^(54)Cr projectiles were compared with those obtained in prior experiments.The estimated cross sections from this analysis are consistent with the findings of prior studies.From the current study,the predicted cross section was found to be 42fb at 236 MeV for ^(53)Cr+^(243)Am,23.2 fb at 236 MeV for ^(54)Cr+^(247)Cm,95.6 fb at 240 MeV for ^(53)Cr+248Bk,and 1.33 fb at 242 MeV for ^(53)Cr+250Cf.Consequently,these projected cross sections with excitation energy and beam energy will be useful in future Cr-induced fusion reaction investigations.

New Data on the Age of the Yukiang (Yujiang) Formation at Liujing, Guangxi, South China

The age of the Yukiang （Yujiang） Formation has been shrouded in controversy for more than 75 years. New investigation at the Liujing section, Hengxian County, Guangxi, has revealed a conodont sequence assignable to two Early Devonian conodont zonations： the Eognathodus kindlei？-Polygnathus pireneae Zone and the Polygnathus nothoperbonus Zone from oldest to youngest. The Gaoling and Mahuangling members of the Nahkaoling （Nagaoling） Formation and the overlying Xiayiling Member and lower part of the Shizhou Member of the Yukiang Formation are proven to belong to the Pragian Eognathodus kindlei？-Polygnathus pireneae Zone. The co-occurrence of Polygnathus pireneae and Pol. sokolovi in the lower part of the Shizhou Member demonstrates that this interval can be approximately correlated with the uppermost part of the Polygnathus pireneae Zone. However, precise level identification of the Pragian-Emsian Boundary （PEB） in the Liujing section remains dfficult due to the scarcity of suitable limestone samples for conodont analysis from the middle and upper parts of the Shizhou Member. The Daliancun and Liujing members of the Yukiang Formation and the lower part of the overlying Moding Formation are assigned to the Polygnathus nothoperbonus Zone with the nominal species of this biozone ranging from the bottom of the Daliancun Member to the lower part of the Moding Formation.

FORMATION OF LARGE-SCALE TECTONIC ELEMENTS FROM THE POSITION OF CENTRIFUGAL-INERTIAL FORCE ACTION

We describe the earlier unknown, when applied to global tectonics, centrifugal inertial mechanism of lithosphere plate moving under the effect of forces appearing as a result of Earth’s planetary rotation. The mechanism stated gives an insight into global tectonics of plates with the indirect participation of emanation streams which, in their turn, are the derivatives of centrifugal and inertial forces of planetary motion. The application of this mechanism provides a logical explanation for the regularities of global tectogenesis including the formation of mountain ridges mainly of submeridional and sublatitudinal strike, and also the drift of continental plates from the east to the west and from the south to the north. The mechanism clarifies the significance of the Arctic and the Antarctic Circles as geodynamic barriers.

Formation cross sections of nuclei with (n,2n) reactions

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Whole-Rock Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Triassic Montney Formation, Northeastern British Columbia, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to analyze chemical elements—major, trace and rare earth elements (REE) concentrations, augmented with quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and thin-section petrography for mineralogical characterization of the Triassic Montney Formation in northeastern British Columbia, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB). Results from this study indicate that integration of chemical elements with mineralogy shows affinity to the host lithologies. Evidently, chemical elements are the building blocks for minerals, thus, their significances in the interpretation of geological systems are unambiguous. Herein, major elements concentration such as Al, Fe, K, Mg, Ca, Mn in the samples analyzed from the Montney Formation are interpreted as: 1) indication of dolomitization and diagenesis;2) trace elements—Rb, Th, U, and Cs are related to the organic matter—kerogen in the clay component of the Montney Formation source rock;and 3) transition metals—Sc, V, Co, Cr, Zn show strong affinity with diagenesis in the study interval.

Whole-Rock Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Triassic Montney Formation, Northeastern British Columbia, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to analyze chemical elements—major, trace and rare earth elements (REE) concentrations, augmented with quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and thin-section petrography for mineralogical characterization of the Triassic Montney Formation in northeastern British Columbia, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB). Results from this study indicate that integration of chemical elements with mineralogy shows affinity to the host lithologies. Evidently, chemical elements are the building blocks for minerals, thus, their significances in the interpretation of geological systems are unambiguous. Herein, major elements concentration such as Al, Fe, K, Mg, Ca, Mn in the samples analyzed from the Montney Formation are interpreted as: 1) indication of dolomitization and diagenesis;2) trace elements—Rb, Th, U, and Cs are related to the organic matter—kerogen in the clay component of the Montney Formation source rock;and 3) transition metals—Sc, V, Co, Cr, Zn show strong affinity with diagenesis in the study interval.

An Outline and New Aspects of the Regional Stratigraphy of Mongolia

This paper concerns deals with the Mongolian regional stratigraphic classification of sedimentary, sedimentary-volcanogenic sediments, and metamorphic complex spread over the territory of Mongolia according to the new International Chronostratigraphic Chart [1]. The regional stratigraphy of Precambrian-Cenozoic rocks of the Mongolian territory was studied by Dorjnamjaa et al. [2]. So, this paper provides for the stratigraphy and correlation of key sections through the Archean-Proterozoic-Mesozoic-Cenozoic of various areas of Mongolia. In this paper, the author introduces the most important results indicating the key reference sections for the first time and put into a broad regional context. The characterization and geologic mapping of lithological units provided an essential basis for the lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy. Especially key biostratigraphic aspects are the phenomenon of faunal succession. The basic lithostratigraphic unit is the formations and groups which have been successful mapped. At present in Mongolia for Precambrian period (systems and series) 30 formations and groups, for Paleozoic—about 250 formations and groups, for Mesozoic—102 formations and groups, for Cenozoic—27 formations, members, and beds are distinguished. The auxiliary stratigraphic units are members, beds which should be mapped depending on great extent of detailed study. In the regional stratigraphical classification, there are two primary kinds of stratotypes [3]: a) unit stratotypes, which serve as the standard of definition for a stratigraphic unit, and b) boundary stratotypes, which serve as the standard of definition for a stratigraphic boundary. These aspects, in particular gradational boundaryas far as possible were examined for example for Archean-Paleoproterozoic (by geochronologic data), Ediacaran-Early Cambrian (by soft-bodied fossils, trace fossils and small shelly fossils), Ordovician-Silurian (by beyrichiidostracodes), Devonian-Carboniferous (by conodonds), Paleocene-Eocene (by mammals), Oligocene-Miocene (by small rodents) systems and series.

Investigation of Main Planktonic Foraminiferal Bio-Events in Surgah Formation at Pol-e-Dokhtar Area, South Western of Iran

Surgah Formation at Male-kuh well section with 82 meters thickness has been studied at Pol-e-Dokhtar area. Surgah Formation at mentioned section was composed of limestone and shaly limestone. The lower and upper contacts of studied formation with Sarvak and Ilam formations are conformed. Based planktonic foraminifera study 37 species belonging to 10 genera in frame of two planktonic foraminiferal biozones were identified respectively as below: 1) Dicarinella concavata Interval Zone;2) Dicarinella asymetrica Total Range Zone. Finally, based on recent investigation have been detected middle Turonian-Late Santonian age for studied section. According to (Robaszynski and Caron 1979), the first occurrence of Dicarinella primitiva has been shown base of the Coniacian stage. The first occurrence of Di. primitiva was placed under the Turonian-Coniacian boundary. Robaszynski and Caron 1995 recorded the first occurrence of Dicarinella primitiva and Dicarinella concavata were simultaneous and assigned to late Turonian which correlated with ammonite’s species Subprionocyclus neptuni. In the correlation between ammonite and Dicarinella primitiva at Tethyan realm first occurrence of Di. primitiva was close to the Middle-Late Turonian sub stage. The base of Coniacian stage was identified based on the FODs of Archaeoglobigerina cretacea and Dicarinella concavata from planktonic foraminifera with FOD of Cremnoceramus walterdorfensis walterdorfensis from inoceramid group, while the base of Santonian stage recorded using LOD of Dicarinella primitiva, Whiteinellids group with FODs of Dicarinella asymetrica and Inoceramus aff. vistulensis (inoceramid species).

Formation and decay of neutron-deficient nuclei Po and Pb

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辫状河三角洲砂体沉积模拟实验研究——以沙湾凹陷三工河组为例

前人通过大量研究认为沙湾凹陷三工河组为辫状河三角洲沉积体系,以缓坡、砂体分布广且延伸距离远为其主要特征而有别于传统的辫状河三角洲沉积体系。为了精细研究沙湾凹陷三工河组的沉积砂体,揭示砂体沉积规律和控制因素,利用沉积模拟实验平台开展沉积模拟实验。模拟结果表明:沙湾凹陷三工河组辫状河三角洲砂体主要存在纵向伸长、纵横向平衡及横向展宽三个阶段,沉积砂体发育存在平衡点;砂体内部垂向联通性及侧向连续性与物源距离关系密切,并将砂体叠置连通性关系划分为9类;在特定时期和条件下会形成无侵蚀面的暂时性新型河道;砂体发育主要受控于地形坡度、水动力条件、物源供给、湖平面变化及构造强度5种因素,各因素之间存在相互制约关系。

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组层序地层再认识及地质意义

【目的】最新三维地震资料显示延长组存在大量强反射同相轴前积现象,与传统“平起平落、等厚分布”的地层方案差异较大,为重新认识延长组地层格架提供了新视角。【方法】通过岩心观察、井震标定及三维地震解释,结合地震反演技术,对鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区的地震相、层序地层及沉积体系等进行系统研究。【结果】延长组地震强反射连续同相轴可指示湖泛面凝缩层沉积。不同方向的地震相特征差异较大,平行物源方向的地震剖面包括中等振幅中等连续性亚平行结构、强振幅强连续性前积结构、弱振幅差连续性乱岗状结构三类,其中前积结构“穿层”最明显;垂直物源方向包括强振幅强连续性平行结构、强—中振幅中连续性丘状结构、弱振幅差连续性乱岗状结构三类地震相。陇东地区延长组湖盆充填演化经历了多期快速湖侵、缓慢湖退的震荡过程,可划分为多期湖侵—湖退体系域(T-R)组成的三级层序单元,呈透镜状依次向湖中心进积叠置,发育“斜坡富泥、两端富砂”的沉积序列。【结论】新的层序格架与传统等厚沉积模式存在三个方面的差异:一是烃源岩标志层没变,单井之间的对应关系变;二是延长组湖盆范围没变,湖盆充填演化过程变;三是砂岩总体分布规律没变,砂层之间的连通性变。

玛西斜坡区风城组高含盐致密储集层流体识别

准噶尔盆地玛西斜坡区二叠系风城组发育碱湖沉积的高含盐致密储集层,其油水关系复杂,流体识别难度大。利用岩性扫描测井资料构建饱含盐水地层热中子宏观俘获截面,并利用测井热中子宏观俘获截面与饱含盐水地层热中子宏观俘获截面的差值构建含油性敏感因子,再利用氯元素相对产额与总孔隙度比值构建含盐度敏感因子,将含油性敏感因子与含盐度敏感因子交会形成流体识别图版。实例应用表明,利用该流体识别图版可以对储集层流体性质进行准确判断,为试油选层提供依据。

弯道路段货车复杂运动惯性荷载特性与机制研究

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