Effects of timber infill walls on the seismic behavior of traditional Chinese timber frames

This study investigates the enhanced effect of timber infill walls on the seismic behavior of traditional Chinese timber frames.Two 1/2 scaled traditional Chinese timber infill walls(TIWs),two 1/2 scaled timber frames with timber infill walls(TFTIWs)and one 1/2 scaled timber frame(TF)were fabricated and tested under low-cyclic reversed loading.The failure modes,strength,stiffness,and energy consumption capacity of the TIWs and the TFTIWs were obtained,and the effects of the TIWs on the seismic performance of the TFTIWs were investigated.The results showed that the TIWs can increase the stiffness and ultimate bearing capacity of the TF,up to 60%and 80%,respectively.The strength degradation coefficient of the TFTIWs was slightly higher than that of the TF when the inter-story drift ratio exceeded 0.02 rad,and the TIWs helped to mitigate the strength degradation of the TFTIWs.It was also found that the TFTIWs had a higher cumulative energy dissipation when compared with the TF(up to a 60%increase),indicating the TIWs had reasonably good energy dissipation capacity.When the TIWs generated a solid contribution to the carrying capacity and energy dissipation of the TF,the lateral drift thresholds were 1/100 and 1/43 of the column height,respectively.Furthermore,the TIWs and TFTIWs presented a good ductility,and the TIW could effectively reduce the pull-out amount of the tenon from the mortise of the TF;however,the TIWs had little influence on the stiffness degradation level or improvement of the ductility of the TF.

Preservation Strategies of Timber-framed Arch Bridges as Cultural Landscape Heritage

Theoretical study on and safeguarding of cultural landscape heritage has been put on the agenda of heritage protection in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces.The safeguarding of timber-framed arch bridge heritage in the past 5 decades could be classified into 3 stages,and heritage protection in all 3 stages was closely related to original meaning of "landscape",which proved that timber-framed arch bridge heritage had profound inside information,and the safeguarding of timber-framed arch bridge from the perspective of cultural landscape heritage was worth further study.Safeguarding of timber-framed arch bridge cultural landscape heritage focused on integrated conservation,but not protection of individual bridges.Integrated conservation of world heritage is to maintain and restore the integrated environment landscape of the heritage,thus protection of timber-framed arch bridge heritage is not only to explore its architectural craftsmanship,but also to lay a foundation for the dynamic succession of such craftsmanship as intangible cultural heritage.Value of the existing timber-framed arch bridges as historic building heritage was discussed,and it was proposed that ultimate objectives of the safeguarding could be realized step by step from 3 layers.

A Short Vector Solution of the Foucault Pendulum Problem

The paper studies the motion of the Foucault Pendulum in a rotating non-inertial reference frame and provides a closed form vector solution determined by vector and matrix calculus. The solution is determined through vector and matrix calculus in both cases, for both forms of the law of motion (for the Foucault Pendulum Problem and its “Reduced Form”). A complex vector which transforms the motion equation in a first order differential equation with constant coefficients is used. Also, a novel kinematic interpretation of the Foucault Pendulum motion is given.

Some Results on the Differential Geometry of Spacelike Curves in De-Sitter Space

The differential geometry of curves on a hypersphere in the Euclidean space reflects instantaneous properties of spherecal motion. In this work, we give some results for differential geometry of spacelike curves in 3-dimensional de-Sitter space. Also, we study the Frenet reference frame, the Frenet equations, and the geodesic curvature and torsion functions to analyze and characterize the shape of the curves in 3-dimensional de-Sitter space.

基于Autoform的汽车左右侧围内板前段成形的数值模拟

利用Autoform软件对汽车左、右侧围内板前段进行模拟分析,在压边力、拉深筋等因素已确定的条件下,对板料成形过程中的各个工序进行数值模拟,通过对所得到的成形极限图、厚度减薄率等性能参数的分析,判定各成形工序的合理性,最终确定最优的成形工艺。

Seismic damage to structures in the Ms6.5 Ludian earthquake

On 3 August 2014, the Ludian earthquake struck northwest Yunnan Province with a surface wave magnitude of 6.5. This moderate earthquake unexpectedly caused high fatalities and great economic loss. Four strong motion stations were located in the areas with intensity V, VI, VII and IX, near the epicentre. The characteristics of the ground motion are discussed herein, including 1） ground motion was strong at a period of less than 1.4 s, which covered the natural vibration period of a large number of structures; and 2） the release energy was concentrated geographically. Based on materials collected during emergency building inspections, the damage patterns of adobe, masonry, timber frame and reinforced concrete （RC） frame structures in areas with different intensities are summarised. Earthquake damage matrices of local buildings are also given for fragility evaluation and earthquake damage prediction. It is found that the collapse ratios of RC frame and confined masonry structures based on the new design code are significantly lower than non-seismic buildings. However, the RC frame structures still failed to achieve the ＇strong column, weak beam＇ design target. Traditional timber frame structures with a light infill wall showed good aseismic performance.

Motion of Positive Winding of Ring Spinning Frame

The problems of the bobbin capacity and the high speed unwinding yarn taking off the ring or not during the winding of the ring spinning machine were dealt with. The mathematical model of the ring winding machine motion law was analyzed and optimized.Through the analysis and study of the movement rule of bottom bobbins and the ring spinning frame spool forming, the mathematical model of active bottom bobbins forming movement was established. Also,the mathematical model of bobbins formation was simulated and optimized. The concept of "controlled nail"was put forward. On this basis,the mathematical model of the current tube forming motion was optimized. The experimental results demonstrated that the theory of"controlled nail"met the high-speed spinning winding theory. The theory of "controlled nail "not only did the capacity of the bobbin increase,but also the spinning speed and efficiency are both improved,reducing the high-speed winder winding off. This research could provide a theoretical basis for the development of a new ring spinning frame.

柱脚不同连接形式钢框架-摇摆墙结构抗震性能对比分析

增设摇摆墙后框架结构地震下柱脚仍会发生一定程度的塑性损伤,将柱脚设置为铰接或提离后有望减轻上述缺陷。以三层、六层和九层钢框架为基准模型,分别建立柱脚固接、铰接及提离三种框架-摇摆墙结构模型并进行动力弹塑性时程分析,对比各结构最大侧向位移、层间位移角、峰值加速度、层间剪力、墙体剪力和弯矩等;进一步建立耗能连梁固接和铰接的对比模型,研究连梁连接方式对结构抗震性能的影响。结果表明:三层模型中柱脚固接时侧向位移、层间位移角、加速度、层间剪力及摇摆墙墙体剪力的控制效果最优,六层、九层模型中分别对应柱脚提离和柱脚铰接效果最好;摇摆墙墙体剪力图和弯矩图分别呈现“C形”和“反C形”,柱脚固接时墙体弯矩均为最小,与层数无关。柱脚固接耗能连梁两端采用固接最优,柱脚铰接和柱脚提离时耗能连梁两端采用铰接形式效果更优。此分析可为框架-摇摆墙结构进一步推广应用提供参考。

木结构墙体空气声隔声性能

【目的】研究全频段范围内木结构墙体空气声隔声性能,明确限制常规构造木骨架墙体隔声性能的瓶颈,揭示设置隔声垫层、改变骨架类型、设置窗体等设计参数对墙体隔声性能的影响规律,提出高空气声隔声等级的木结构墙体体系,为木结构墙体在装配式建筑中的高效应用提供技术支撑。【方法】通过小尺寸材料层面的阻抗管法试验,比较分析60~6300 Hz频率范围内工业级弹性橡胶板(橡胶板)、聚氨酯橡胶隔音减震板(聚氨酯板)和聚苯乙烯挤塑板(XPS板)等隔声垫层的隔声性能;基于实验室法开展全尺寸墙体在100~5000 Hz频率范围内的隔声试验,通过1/3倍频程频段18个中心频率对应的单值隔声量,得到墙体计权隔声量(R_(w))、频谱修正量和隔声等级,并与装配式建筑中广泛应用的蒸压加气混凝土(ALC)墙体和正交胶合木(CLT)墙体进行比较。【结果】相较同一厚度的聚氨酯板和XPS板,全频段范围内橡胶板的隔声量较高,且其隔声性能随板厚增加而提高,试验范围内,10 mm厚橡胶板隔声效率最高。常规构造木骨架墙体的隔声量整体上随声波频率增加而提高,该墙体体系在125和3150 Hz处分别出现明显的共振隔声低谷和吻合隔声低谷,其R_(w)为43 dB,用作隔墙或围护构件时的空气声隔声等级分别为4和3级;在墙骨架和定向刨花板(OSB)间设置10 mm厚橡胶板后,受制于木龙骨的声桥作用,墙体隔声性能提升有限,R_(w)增至45 dB,隔声等级未发生改变,常规构造和设置橡胶板的木骨架墙体体系均不满足现行国家标准对普通住宅墙体的隔声要求。当墙骨架采用轻钢骨架且轻钢骨架两侧均覆面双层石膏板(GB)时,该墙体体系的R_(w)增至50 dB,用作隔墙或围护构件时的空气声隔声等级分别升至6和5级;在石膏板和轻钢骨架间设置10 mm压缩玻璃棉条后,R_(w)增至51 dB,隔声等级未发生改变,该轻钢骨架墙体体系满足现行国家标准对普通住宅墙体的隔声要求。与200 mm厚单层和复合ALC墙体相比,试验范围内轻钢骨架墙体的厚度和面密度分别降低35%和70%,但空气声隔声性能更高;针对道路交通、企业生产经营和日常生活等噪音对应的频率范围(160~630 Hz),该轻钢骨架墙体体系的隔声性能增加明显。在常规构造木骨架墙体基础上开洞安装R_(w)为33 dB的窗体,墙体在全频段范围内的隔声频谱特性曲线未发生明显变化,其R_(w)达44 dB,用作隔墙或围护构件时的空气声隔声等级分别为5和4级;常规构造木骨架墙体一侧的GB由单层增至双层、木骨架和OSB间设置10 mm厚橡胶板、木骨架和GB间设置金属减震龙骨制成复合墙体,在复合墙体上安装窗体,该墙体的R_(w)增至48 dB,且在低频段下的共振隔声低谷和高频段下的吻合效应低谷消除或明显变浅,用作隔墙或围护构件时的空气声隔声等级分别升至6和5级,满足现行国家标准对普通住宅墙体的隔声要求。【结果】与木骨架墙体相比,CLT墙体的空气声隔声性能较低;共振隔声低谷、吻合隔声低谷和声桥效应是限制常规构造木骨架墙体隔声性能的瓶颈因素,导致该墙体体系不能满足现行国家标准对普通住宅墙体的隔声要求。将木骨架替换为轻钢骨架,并设置隔声垫层、增加墙面板数量,能够有效提高墙体的空气声隔声性能。

Experimental study on seismic characteristics of typical mortisetenon joints of Chinese southern traditional timber frame buildings

The seismic characteristics of four typical mortise-tenon joints of Chinese southern traditional timber frame buildings were researched, including Yanwei mortise-tenon joint （including dropping Yanwei mortise-tenon joint）, Shizigutou mortise-tenon joint, Ban mortise-tenon joint and Mantou mortise-tenon joint. Experiments on thirteen specimens were carried out. Failure modes, hysteresis curves, skeleton curves and rotational stiffness were studied. The results provided a theoretical basis for seismic research, protection and maintenance of Chinese southern traditional timber flame buildings.

木构架古建筑基本周期的分析方法

针对现行规范近似公式存在的不足,结合单层、两层砖围护墙木构架古建筑的构造特征,构建了设有集中质量和连续分布质量的悬臂杆分析模型,以考虑屋顶、楼盖的质量和位置,以及围护墙、木构架的质量和刚度分布规律。依据结构动力学原理,采用等效质量法将分析模型等效为单质点悬臂杆模型,推导了中部集中质量和连续分布质量的等效公式,以及基本自振周期的计算公式。所研制的分析模型较好地反映了古建筑的大屋顶、楼盖及围护墙对结构自振周期的影响,相应的计算公式可以得出结构的横向和纵向基本周期。结合3座典型古建筑的动力特性试验研究,介绍了计算公式的运用方法,并将基本周期的计算值与实测值进行了对比,表明提供的分析方法适用于围护墙在横向、纵向不同布置的木构架古建筑的基本周期分析。

论叙述者的功能与形态:“框架”与“人格化”

叙述的生成和传达是叙述者独有的底线功能。在叙述生成时,各要素的选择与组合依据的是已有的文化程式、规定和媒介属性。这些程式、规定和媒介构成叙述文本的框架,叙述者也随之形成。此阶段的叙述者为“框架叙述者”。在传达叙述时,传达意向使叙述者呈现出不同程度的人格化,人格化因此也作为叙述者在叙述文本中显身的方式,此阶段的叙述者为“人格化叙述者”。“框架—人格”叙述者观全面把握了叙述者的功能和形态。受述者作为叙述者传达的对象而存在。依据叙述者人格化程度可以得出叙述者向受述者传达叙述的两种基本方式。

日本中世唐样佛堂的间架谱系及其与宋技术的关联性

日本唐样建筑以宋元江南建筑为祖型,是以往学界一致认定的通说。然分析发现,唐样建筑技术成分并不单一,间架形制上存在中国北系因素。本文基于东亚技术关联性的视角,比较与分析日本中世唐样佛堂的间架谱系及其技术源流,指出中世唐样建筑是探讨东亚设计技术演变的重要标本和线索。

足尺宋式摇摆木构架恢复性拟静力试验研究

摇摆木构架是中国传统木结构的主要承载体系。对足尺单跨木构架模型施加3级竖向荷载进行拟静力试验,观察试验时木构架的位移和变形特点,得到木构架在低周水平循环加载下的滞回曲线和骨架曲线,探究其在不同竖向荷载和低周水平循环加载下的结构特性。加载过程中,木柱刚体转动行为明显、柱架层变形集中,卸载阶段木构架能自主回到初始位置。试验结果表明:各级滞回环狭长且重叠,结构构件呈现出刚体运动的特征,结构整体具有一定位移恢复能力;残余位移介于0.28~2.53 mm间,两组位移恢复系数均大于87.1%,随控制位移的增加未出现显著降低,木构架的位移恢复能力良好;初始刚度在控制位移超过屈服位移后趋于稳定;柱架层变形是斗拱层变形的2.95~86.47倍,层间位移集中系数介于1.22~2.03间,且随控制位移的增加先增后降。

西南地区穿斗式木结构民居构造特点及震害特征分析——以贵州山区为例

为了深入了解穿斗式木结构的抗震能力,从该结构的建筑构造特点出发对其进行详细介绍。基于对贵州黔西南州、黔南州的乡镇村落的实地调查,对穿斗式木结构的建筑特点和构造特点进行了分类归纳;根据2021年四川泸县6.0级、2022年泸定6.8级地震震中的现场震害调查结果以及自2013以来西南地区6.0级以上典型地震的震害资料,总结了穿斗式木结构房屋的典型震害,包括屋面破坏、围护墙破坏、木构架破坏等,并分析了其震损原因。结果表明:穿斗式木结构独特的榫卯连接形式,使其木构架在地震作用下表现出良好的抗震能力,而填充墙抗震性能相对较差。

世界各国木结构建筑发展现状及经验借鉴

木材是一种天然的建筑材料,具有可持续、可再生和可回收的特点,碳汇效益显著,发展木结构建筑对中国实现“双碳”目标具有重要意义。文中通过总结世界各国木结构建筑发展的现状,分析总结国际先进做法和经验,得出了在中国发展木结构建筑的启示:1)强化顶层设计,为木结构建筑发展提供制度保障;2)形成完整统一的认证体系;3)建立试点示范项目;4)保障国产木材供给;5)加大科研投入,提升技术创新能力;6)因地制宜发展具有中国特色的木结构建筑。

新型装配式耗能节点连接木构架抗震机理试验研究

针对传统木构架房屋易发生节点失效而导致墙倒架塌的震害现象,提出了一种新型装配式耗能节点连接木构架,其工作原理为:设防地震及罕遇地震时节点耗能元件受压屈服并耗散地震能量,极罕遇地震时耗能装置转化为节点斜撑,提升木构架抗侧能力。研究在提出耗能装置设计方法的基础上,通过耗能元件试验及耗能节点木构架拟静力试验,对耗能装置工作性能及木构架抗震工作机理开展研究。研究表明,采用薄钢片制作的耗能元件具有良好的工作性能,耗能装置在木构架侧移变形中表现出良好的耗能能力,在耗能元件失效后形成节点斜撑,木构架在层间位移角θ=1/25时屈服,在层间位移角达到1/8时发生木柱根部劈裂破坏,耗能节点木构架作为二道防线可以实现多地震水准不同抗震机制,用于土木、砖木等结构房屋可有效提高房屋抗倒塌能力。

基于Dynaform的汽车左后侧围外板起皱问题的分析与解决

以某汽车左后侧围外板拉深成形为例,针对制件拉深时出现的严重起皱问题,利用Dynaform非线性有限元软件对制件拉深成形过程进行有限元分析,预测制件起皱趋势。运用UG软件对模具结构、板料尺寸以及拉深筋布置3个方面进行优化,最终制件起皱得到明显改善,最大增厚率由34.3%降至2.5%,符合增厚率<5%的生产要求。

冷弯型钢“框-墙”复合结构墙体上下层间受力性能研究

提出了一种新型的冷弯型钢“框-墙”复合结构墙体,并对2片不同层数的足尺墙体试件进行了拟静力试验。依据破坏形态、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、位移延性系数等性能指标,与单层墙体对比,重点考察双层墙体上下层间的受力性能。此外,基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件对双层墙体的滞回性能进行模拟,并对层间连接部位的层间边框梁屈服强度、层间抗拔螺栓间距和高宽比进行参数分析。结果表明:试验全程双层墙体上下层间螺栓连接无明显滑移与拔起,具有半刚性特征,且根据位移计实测结果,墙体上下层间位移趋近于0;在考虑了上下层间连接部位后,双层墙体的位移延性系数和峰值荷载较单层墙体分别降低了1.84%和8.33%,说明冷弯型钢“框-墙”复合结构墙体上下层间传力、连接性较好;层间边框梁屈服强度和层间抗拔螺栓间距对墙体的抗剪承载力和抗侧刚度影响较小,而高宽比对双层墙体的抗侧刚度和抗剪承载力影响较大;研究成果可为该类墙体应用于多层冷弯型钢房屋住宅提供参考。

腹板开孔耗能支撑框架结构抗震性能研究

钢框架中心支撑结构是一种双重抗侧力结构体系,为避免水平荷载作用下中心支撑斜杆发生失稳,提出一种矩形钢管腹板开孔耗能支撑,其与钢框架采用高强螺栓连接,进而形成耗能支撑框架结构,耗能支撑发生破坏后易于替换。耗能支撑的耗能板件采用对称开孔与S形开孔两种形式,利用ABAQUS有限元软件,分析了耗能腹板厚度、长度、开孔间距等参数对耗能支撑以及支撑框架滞回性能的影响。研究结果表明:两种开孔形式的耗能支撑框架结构的支撑斜杆均未发生失稳,结构滞回曲线饱满,无捏缩现象。耗能支撑主要依靠开孔腹板的孔间板件率先进入塑性状态来耗散大部分能量。与S形开孔形式相比,对称开孔形式的耗能支撑框架结构的承载力与刚度更大,但在加载后期,S形开孔形式耗能支撑框架结构变形大的优势发挥得更明显,耗能效率高。