Bio-Efficacy of Plant-Derived Pesticides against Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and Their Interactive Effects on Maize Agronomic Performance under Field Conditions

Maize is widely cultivated in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and provides farmers with nutrition and income. However, the fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda) (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) invasion is a threat to its production and supply. Hence, this field experiment was conducted to assess the bio-efficacy of plant-derived pesticides (PDPs) against FAW and their interactive effects on maize agronomic performance under field conditions. The treatments studied were turmeric rhizome extract (TRE), neem leaf ash solution (NLAS), neem bark extract (NBE), and untreated plots (control) and were replicated 5 times using the randomized complete block design. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were separated by Fisher’s protected least significant difference test. The result showed that the application of PDPs significantly reduced FAW infestation during the period of peak infestation. At 33 DAS, NBE significantly had the lowest number of FAW larvae (0.6) [F (4, 15) = 5.11, p = 0.02] and FAW attack intensity (29.8%) [F (4, 15) = 8.69, p F (4, 15) = 3.58, p = 0.04] and had the highest number of harvested ears (5.0) [F (4, 15) = 3.72, p = 0.04] and fresh ear weights (447 g) [F (4, 15) = 4.65, p = 0.02] compared to NLAS. The TRE and NLAS had performed poorly relative to the control. Hence, NBE can be used to control FAW infestation at a period of high attack intensity (33 DAS). Moreover, this study will provide basic information for future studies on biopesticidal plant extracts as a control of FAW infestation under field conditions in PNG.

Morphological Features of Plants and Yield of Sunflower Hybrids Cultivated in the Northern Part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

In Ukraine, a sunflower is the main oil crop from which more than 90% of vegetable fats are produced. An increase in production is due to the expansion of cultivation area, which necessitates research on sunflower hybrids adaptability in the northern regions of Ukraine, where in recent decades, there has been a significant change of weather conditions and which may be favorable for its cultivation. The research was carried out in the Northern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on light loam chernozems. Reaction to growing conditions of four hybrids was studied by establishing the stability and plasticity of hybrids in terms of yield formation due to changes in morphological characteristics of plants. Yield potential realization is high enough, which is provided by sufficient amounts of positive, active, effective temperatures and precipitation. Calculation of the coefficients of plasticity and stability allows identifying stable sunflower hybrids, hybrids with a high level of plasticity, and recommending them to production. The yield of early-maturing hybrid Ukrainskyi F1 increases rectilinearly with plant density increasing (r = 0.977 - 0.998), while hybrids P63LL06 (r = 0.651 - 0.882);NK Ferti (r = 0.589 - 0.846), and NK Brio (r = 0.689 - 0.804) form a higher yield at standing densities up to 60 thousand plants per hectare, and with further thickening, the yield decreases. With the thickening of sowings, the height of all hybrids plants increases (r = 0.97 - 0.99), and there is a decrease in the number of seeds per anthode, and the weight of 1000 seeds. Sunflower hybrids can be divided into the groups according to the peculiarities of yield formation due to morphological features: 1) yield increases only due to sowings’ thickening— Ukrainskyi F1;2) combined efficiency-increasing sowings’ density to 60 thousand plants/ha and generative organs formation—NCKBrio;3) hybrids of intermediate type—NK Ferti and P63LL06.

氯酯磺草胺与甲咪唑烟酸复配防除香附子效果及对紫花苜蓿安全性

为明确氯酯磺草胺与甲咪唑烟酸应用于紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)田的可行性,在温室和田间测定了氯酯磺草胺和甲咪唑烟酸复配对香附子(Cyperus rotundus)的防效和紫花苜蓿的安全性。温室试验表明,氯酯磺草胺和甲咪唑烟酸复配对香附子具有很好的防除效果,两者按有效成分用量比1:2~1:4配比对香附子株高和鲜重的共毒系数分别介于131.54~150.46和152.84~180.25,呈明显增效作用,其中1:3的比例配伍的增效最为明显,对紫花苜蓿和香附子之间的株高和鲜重选择性指数分别为1.86和1.56。两地田间试验表明,氯酯磺草胺和甲咪唑烟酸(17.50+52.50)~(25.00+75.00) g·hm^(-2)复配处理对郑州和兰考两地的香附子株防效分别为78.5%~88.5%和82.1%~90.8%、鲜重防效分别为83.4%~92.7%和84.7%~93.6%,增产率分别为28.8%~35.1%和30.5%~38.3%,显著高于氯酯磺草胺和甲咪唑烟酸单用,且避免了单用氯酯磺草胺和甲咪唑烟酸的药害问题,提高了对紫花苜蓿的安全性,表明甲咪唑烟酸和氯酯磺草胺复配可有效防控香附子,对紫花苜蓿的安全性较好,具有良好推广应用前景。

黑龙江省大豆田苘麻田间发生动态

随着大豆种植面积逐年增加,黑龙江省大豆田苘麻的危害也显著加重。掌握苘麻在大豆田中的发生规律,抓住防除苘麻的关键时期,可以更好地制定科学有效的综合防除策略。本研究通过田间调查及数据统计分析初步分析了苘麻的田间发生动态。结果表明,拔除处理的苘麻种群数量达79.0株/m^(2),显著高于不拔除处理的苘麻累计出苗数18株/m^(2),且不拔除处理苘麻累计出苗数比其最高值33.8株/m^(2)减少了46.75%。5月下旬到9月初苘麻的株高及鲜重变化曲线呈S形,即表现“慢快慢”的基本规律。大豆播种后10~20 d为苘麻出苗高峰期,6月中旬到7月中旬为苘麻快速生长期,7月下旬苘麻进入开花结实期,8月中旬苘麻种子逐渐成熟,9月初苘麻种子大部分成熟。单株苘麻的生物量和结籽量随着出苗时间的推迟而降低。5月下旬到7月上旬出苗的苘麻均能开花结实完成整个生长繁殖过程,且出苗越早的苘麻开花期越长,苘麻蒴果的平均直径更大,单蒴果平均种子数更多,结实能力更强。7月中旬以后出苗的苘麻不能开花无生殖生长。

5种除草剂对宁夏入侵生物刺苍耳的防控效果初探

本研究旨在筛选出适合在宁夏地区防控刺苍耳的除草剂,通过田间试验测定了2-甲基-4-氯二甲胺盐、氯氟吡氧乙酸、苯嘧·草甘膦、硝磺草酮、苯唑草酮5种除草剂对刺苍耳的株防效和鲜重防效。通过单因素方差分析及差异显著性检验,统计株防效。研究结果显示,在5种除草剂中,60%2-甲基-4-氯二甲胺盐AS 750 mL/hm^(2)、200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC 900 mL/hm^(2)、40%苯嘧·草甘膦OD 1500 mL/hm^(2)对刺苍耳防效显著,21 d防效分别为96.62%、98.31%、100%;鲜重防效结果显示,200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC 900 mL/hm^(2)、40%苯嘧·草甘膦OD 1500 mL/hm^(2)防控效果最好,21 d防效分别为93.94%、100%。综合以上防效结合作物种类,在荒地、林地、沟渠等防除刺苍耳,可选择灭生性除草剂苯嘧·草甘膦,在小麦、玉米等禾本科作物田防除刺苍耳,可优先选用氯氟吡氧乙酸类除草剂。本研究解过为筛选出高效防除药剂,及刺苍耳的防除提供了理论依据与数据支持。

不同土壤封闭除草剂对南方大豆玉米带状复合种植地的防草效果

为解决南方大豆玉米带状间作复合种植杂草难以防治的问题,选用土壤封闭除草剂单剂、复配剂及土壤封闭除草剂单剂+草甘膦异丙胺盐等共8种,开展了复合种植生育中期及后期土壤封闭除草剂对杂草的株防效和鲜重防效研究。结果表明:土壤封闭除草剂复配剂平均效果好于单剂;鲜重防效高于株防效;随着生育进程的推进,株防效和鲜重防效随之降低,株防效降低幅度大于鲜重防效;药后97 d,土壤封闭除草剂鲜重防效依次为精异丙甲草胺+草甘膦异丙胺盐>噻磺·乙草胺>异丙甲草胺>精异丙甲草胺>二甲戊灵>扑·乙>乙草胺,防效分别为84.8%、83.04%、81.52%、80.11%、78.36%、77.35%、67.54%,均可作为湖南及南方大豆玉米带状间作复合种植土壤封闭除草剂使用;唑嘧磺草胺在南方作为土壤封闭除草剂仍需进一步研究。

草甘膦、草铵膦喷施对槟榔根系形态及生理的影响

除草剂防除杂草的同时会对非靶标作物造成一定危害,频繁使用除草剂的海南槟榔园叶片黄化症状更明显,我们推测除草剂可能导致槟榔根系退化,从而引起叶片黄化。为验证这一推断,以幼龄期与成龄期槟榔为试验材料,施用不同浓度草甘膦和草铵膦后,测定分析槟榔根系生长发育形态指标、根系活力、气生根组织结构、不同类型根系占比等。结果表明,幼龄期槟榔根系以直径0~1.5 mm根系为主,数量占总根的88%以上,表面积占总根的63%以上。与人工除草、对照(不除草)相比,喷施草甘膦和草铵膦显著降低槟榔幼苗根系鲜干质量、白色吸收根比例、吸收根活力。对于成龄期槟榔气生根,喷施草甘膦和草铵膦均引起气生根药剂残留,且农残量随施用浓度增加而增加,并阻碍槟榔气生根发育;草甘膦处理后14 d气生根死亡数达到最大,草铵膦处理后28 d达到最大。草铵膦损害气生根组织结构,使新根内皮层排列稀疏,表皮组织厚度增加,木栓化程度加深,导致根表皮细胞大量死亡,抑制气生根伸长与增粗。说明喷施草甘膦和草铵膦会导致槟榔根系木栓化,加速根系死亡,从而抑制其根系生长与发育,引起槟榔园叶片黄化。

不同除草剂和药械防除小麦田杂草的田间药效

为了掌握不同药剂、不同药械对小麦田杂草的防除效果及安全性,试验选用不同药剂、不同施药器械防除小麦田杂草。结果表明:用植保无人机喷施4%啶磺草胺可分散油悬浮剂375 mL/hm^(2)+聚醚改性的七甲基三硅氧烷可溶性液剂277.5 mL/hm^(2)处理对小麦田杂草的防除效果最好,药后15、30、45 d对小麦田总草的株防效分别为61.84%、88.07%和83.40%,药后45 d对总草的鲜重防效达到90.72%;在药剂种类及剂量相同的条件下,植保无人机飞防处理对小麦田杂草的防效明显高于人工喷雾处理。

Synergistic Effect of Adjuvant Green Orange Peel Oil on Different Herbicides

[Objective] The paper was to explore the synergistic effect of a novel adjuvant green orange peel oil on different herbicides in direct sowing paddy field. [Method] The synergistic test of green orange peel oil on 10% cyanoflurate SC and 10% metamifop EC was conducted in 2019.[Result] The control effect of green orange peel oil 150 mL/hm^(2)+ 10% cyanoflurate SC 1 275 mL/hm^(2) on Echinochloa crusgalli and Leptochloa chinensis were significantly superior to that of 10% cyanoflurate SC 1 500 mL/hm^(2). The control effects of green orange peel oil 150 m L/hm^(2)+10%cyanoflurate SC 1 200 m L/hm^(2) on E. crusgalli and L. chinensis was equivalent to that of 10% cyanoflurate SC 1 500 mL/hm^(2). The control effect of green orange peel oil 150 mL/hm^(2)+ 10% metamifop EC 1 275 mL/hm^(2) on E. crusgalli and L. chinensis was equivalent to that of 10% metamifop EC 1 500 m L/hm^(2). [Conclusion] The green orange peel oil had certain synergistic effect on cyanoflurate and metamifop.

Influence of Soil Fertility on Angelica Quality and Yield

We studied the relationship between soil fertility indicator and angelica yield and quality by the methods of correlation analysis and path analysis. The results showed that, in Yunnan Province, the content of ferulic acid (major indicator of angelica quality) is 1.5-2.5 mg/g and single plant fresh weight (major indicator of yield) is 60-250 g. The content of angelica ferulic acid and angelica single plant fresh weight are positively correlated with the content of total N, quick-acting K, organic matter, whereas negatively correlated with the content of quick-acting P. It is shown that the most direct factor that influence the content of the angelica ferulic acid is the quick-acting K, and the least direct factor is organic matter; the most direct factor that influences the single plant fresh weight of angelica is the total N, while the least direct factor is the quick-acting P. In conclusion, the soil fertility indicators that have great influence on quality and yield of angelica are the quick-acting K, total N, quick-acting P and organic matter.

20%苯嘧磺草胺悬浮剂对高粱田一年生阔叶杂草的防效研究

高粱田的阔叶杂草对除草剂的抗性日趋严重,而能够用于高粱田的除草剂品种有限,导致阔叶杂草的防除比较困难,高粱的产量也受到了巨大影响。因此,生产中迫切需要筛选出对抗性阔叶杂草防效较好的除草剂。试验探讨了不同剂量20%苯嘧磺草胺悬浮剂对高粱田阔叶杂草苯氏蓼、反枝苋和藜的防效。结果表明,中高剂量(60、90 g a.i./hm^(2))20%苯嘧磺草胺悬浮剂对高粱田阔叶杂草防除效果较好,对阔叶杂草的鲜重防效最高可达97.75%,持效期可达30 d左右,并且对高粱安全,不影响产量,具有减施增效的特点。该试验结果能够为高粱田阔叶杂草的合理防除提供理论依据。

30%氨氯·二氯·氯氨吡啶酸可溶液剂的除草活性评价

为筛选防除青海省农田恶性杂草的高效除草剂,采用茎叶喷雾法室内测定了30%氨氯·二氯·氯氨吡啶酸可溶液剂(SL)对密花香薷、藜、苣荬菜、地肤、野芥菜的除草活性。结果表明:30%氨氯·二氯·氯氨吡啶酸SL施药后7 d对供试的5种杂草株高均有不同程度的抑制,施药后14 d对杂草的抑制作用比施药后7 d明显增强。施药后21 d 30%氨氯·二氯·氯氨吡啶酸SL 45.0、67.5、90.0、112.5、135.0 g a.i/hm2处理对密花香薷的鲜重防效分别为71.85%、75.87%、82.80%、89.81%、90.42%;对藜的鲜重防效分别为87.25%、100.00%、100.00%、100.00%、100.00%;对苣荬菜的鲜重防效分别为71.95%、72.14%、80.39%、85.84%、89.26%;对地肤的鲜重防效分别为68.48%、75.30%、78.33%、80.00%、85.76%;对野芥菜的鲜重防效分别为48.76%、66.56%、72.47%、78.22%、84.71%。30%氨氯·二氯·氯氨吡啶酸SL对密花香薷、藜、苣荬菜、地肤、野芥菜的ED90分别为130.27、33.36、161.38、241.20、185.49 g a.i/hm2。说明30%氨氯·二氯·氯氨吡啶酸SL能够扩大杀草谱,有效防除青海省农田中的阔叶杂草,本研究结果可为青海省农田阔叶杂草防除提供参考数据。

25%咪唑烟酸水剂防除滩涂互花米草应用技术

为明确25%咪唑烟酸水剂对滩涂互花米草的防除效果,采用茎叶喷雾进行田间药效试验,比较咪唑烟酸、高效氟吡甲禾灵对滩涂互花米草的防除效果。结果显示,25%咪唑烟酸水剂3750、5625ga.i./hm^(2)处理药后30d对滩涂互花米草的株防效分别为91.31%、93.79%,显著高于108g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵乳油145.8ga.i./hm^(2)株防效(89.84%);25%咪唑烟酸水剂5625ga.i./hm^(2)药后60d对滩涂互花米草的株防效和鲜重防效均显著高于108g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵乳油145.8ga.i./hm^(2),且不易返青。说明25%咪唑烟酸水剂3750、5625ga.i./hm^(2)处理能够有效防除滩涂互花米草,持效期更长。

大麻槿田使用苗后除草剂安全性评估及防效调查

为筛选出大麻槿田安全高效的除草剂,调查480 g/L灭草松水剂(AS)、10%乙羧氟草醚乳油(EC)、25%氟磺胺草醚AS、8.8%精喹禾灵EC、12.5%烯禾啶EC和120 g/L烯草酮EC等6种苗后茎叶除草剂对大麻槿畸形苗率的影响,并通过皮干重、株高、茎粗和鲜重评价其对大麻槿的安全性,研究这6种除草剂对大麻槿田杂草的株防效和鲜重防效。结果表明:6种茎叶处理除草剂中480 g/L灭草松AS和120 g/L烯草酮EC安全性较好,其处理过的大麻槿皮干重略低于清水对照。480 g/L灭草松AS 1.5 kg/hm^(2)处理的大麻槿畸形苗率为1.33%,药后40 d对阔叶杂草的鲜重防效为81.21%,株防效为80.53%;120 g/L烯草酮EC 0.525 kg/hm^(2)处理的大麻槿畸形苗率为0,药后40 d对禾草的鲜重防效80.68%,株防效80.94%;10%乙羧氟草醚EC和25%氟磺胺草醚AS对大麻槿安全性较差,大麻槿皮干重较低,畸形苗率显著高于480 g/L灭草松AS;施用8.8%精喹禾灵EC和12.5%烯禾啶EC 40 d对禾草的鲜重防效和株防效显著低于120 g/L烯草酮EC。大麻槿生长后,防除阔叶杂草宜选用480 g/L灭草松AS,防除禾草宜选用120 g/L烯草酮EC。

干旱胁迫对亚有限大豆植株鲜重建成与分配的影响

通过控水盆栽试验,分别在大豆始花期、始粒期和全生育期进行干旱胁迫,分析干旱胁迫对亚有限大豆品种光合产物分配的影响。结果表明:在不同干旱处理下,叶柄鲜重、叶片鲜重、茎秆鲜重、荚皮鲜重、籽粒鲜重、根鲜重、根瘤鲜重和单株根瘤数均随着干旱胁迫强度加大而下降。在全生育期和始花期干旱胁迫下,地上鲜重占总鲜重的比例随干旱程度的增加而降低,地下鲜重占总鲜重的比例随干旱程度的增加而提高;在始粒期干旱胁迫下,地上鲜重占总鲜重的比例随干旱程度的增加而提高,地下鲜重占总鲜重的比例随干旱程度的增加而降低。随着干旱胁迫程度的提高,叶柄鲜重、叶片鲜重、茎秆鲜重占地上鲜重的比例均提高,根鲜重占地下鲜重的比例提高,而荚皮鲜重和籽粒鲜重占地上鲜重的比例均下降,根瘤鲜重占地下鲜重的比例下降。全生育期和始花期干旱胁迫促进光合产物向地下部分配,而始粒期干旱胁迫促进光合产物向地上部分配。在地上部分,干旱胁迫促进光合产物向叶柄、叶片、茎秆分配,而向荚皮和籽粒分配减少;在地下部分,干旱胁迫促进光合产物向根分配,而向根瘤分配量减少。

不同土壤肥力对当归品质和产量的影响

【目的】探索土壤肥力指标与当归品质和产量间的相互关系,为当归规范化种植提供理论依据。【方法】通过相关分析、通径分析对土壤肥力主要因子与当归品质和产量主要指标间相互关系进行分析。【结果】云南地区当归品质主要指标阿魏酸含量为1.56～2.42mg/g,产量主要指标单株鲜重为38.95～257.26g。当归阿魏酸含量、单株鲜重与土壤全N、速效K、有机质含量均呈正相关,与土壤速效P含量呈负相关。土壤肥力因子中对当归阿魏酸含量直接影响最大的是速效K,最小的是有机质;对当归单株鲜重影响最大的是全N,最小的是速效P。【结论】土壤肥力指标对当归品质及产量影响较大是速效K、全N,其次是速效P、有机质。

播期对油研九号产量、单株鲜重、角果鲜重的影响

为了搞清油研九号在移栽条件的适宜播期 ,进行了油研九号不同播期的试验研究。结果表明 ,不同播期的产量间存在极显著的差异 ,获得高产的播期为 9月 4～ 11日 ;不同播期整个生长进程中的平均单株鲜重间存在极显著差异 ,并与播期间呈一元二次抛物线关系 ,平均单株鲜重和最大单株鲜重均与产量呈极显著的正相关 ;不同播期生长进程中的单株平均角果鲜重间无显著差异 ,但与播期间呈一元二次抛物线关系 ,不同播期不同时期的单株角果鲜重与生育进程间均呈开口向下的抛物线关系。

留茬高度对骆驼刺生长发育和产草量的影响

通过分析留茬高度对单株和不同分布密度的骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)灌丛地上部生长动态的影响,初步探讨了骆驼刺在极端环境条件下的合理刈割方式。结果表明:齐地面刈割后株高、冠幅及地上部鲜重在不同月份均高于留茬-5cm,尤其在地表基本裸露的5月。此外,齐地面刈割使骆驼刺新生枝条的萌动生长时间提前,对其再生性能有明显促进作用。留茬高度对骆驼刺产草量的影响因灌丛分布密度而异,密度在0.44～46和0.36～0.38株.m-2时以齐地面以下5cm刈割时产草量较高,在0.41～0.42和0.33～0.34株.m-2时以齐地面刈割时较高。此外,骆驼刺的生长季(5-9月)和起沙风的频发期相耦合,因此兼顾骆驼刺的经济效益和生态效益,推荐在9月份以后对骆驼刺进行齐地面刈割。

播期对冬油菜鲜、干重净增量及产量性状的影响

【目的】探索冬油菜在西北旱寒区的最佳播期，完善高产配套技术。【方法】采用随机区组设计研究不同播期对冬油菜越冬率、鲜干重净增量、产量性状的影响。【结果】随播种期的推迟，冬油菜越冬率、单株鲜重净增量、单株干重净增量、根冠比均逐渐降低；株高、茎粗、全株有效角果数和主序有效角果数都相应减少；不同播期处理间株高、一次分枝、二次分枝、主序有效长度、主序有效角果数、千粒重均达到极显著水平，茎粗、角果长均达到显著水平；单株产量和单株总有效角果数存在一定关系，不同播种期间产量存在差异。【结论】在乌鲁木齐及其周边地区冬油菜适宜播期在9月5-15日。

影响牧草含水量测定以及牧草干鲜比的主要因素

研究了不同方法对不同植物含水量测定值的影响。结果表明:不同植物种类间的风干重与烘干重之比存在一定差异,不同牧草的干鲜比有一定差异。在不同类型草地上测得的结果表明,不同类型草地上牧草的干鲜比存在着明显差异,年度间牧草的干鲜比值比较恒定,一年内各月份间的牧草干鲜比数值有一定变化,牧草干鲜比随生长季节的延续逐渐增高。植物种类、草地类型和生长季节是影响牧草水分含量最主要的因子。基于本研究获取的参数,推荐了生产实践中比较准确的干鲜比折算比例以及不同情况下的牧草干鲜比的经验性公式。