Adoption of Improved Rice Varieties in the Global South:A Review

Improved rice varieties(IRVs)play a significant role in establishing food security and improving livelihood in the Global South since its introduction in the 1960s.However,the adoption of new IRVs has remained relatively low.This low adoption poses a challenge to rice-producing and consuming countries as they are increasingly threatened by production shortages,malnutrition,and poor rice quality.Many empirical studies have attempted to identify the determinants influencing the adoption of IRVs by distinguishing the characteristics between adopters and non-adopters.This review showed a consensus on the important determinants influencing the adoption of IRVs in the Global South.Findings synthesized from 99 studies suggested that variables(farm size,education,information access and farm location)examined extensively are not necessarily the most important determinants of adoption when undertaking a weighted analysis.Terrain,source of seed and technology-related attributes(perceived yield,maturity,ease of use,marketability and technical efficiency)are more important determinants of adoption,with determinants changing according to adoption type(probability or intensity of adoption),variety type and region.The recommendations for future adoption studies include:incorporating more technology-specific variables,increasing research for overlooked regions and variety types,shifting away from predominant static analysis by capturing the dynamics of the adoption process,and considering the potential biases in analyses.This review will facilitate the development of targeted interventions and policies that promote IRV adoption in the Global South.

Interannual to Interdecadal Variation of East Asian Summer Monsoon and its Association with the Global Atmospheric Circulation and Sea Surface Temperature

The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) underwent an interdecadal variation with interannual variations during the period from 1958 to 1997, its index tended to decline from a higher stage in the mid-1960,s until it reached a lower stage after 1980/s. Correlation analysis reveals that EASM is closely related with the global atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature (SST). The differences between the weak and strong stage of EASM shows that, the summer monsoon circulation over East Asia and North Africa is sharply weakened, in the meantime, the westerlies in high latitudes and the trade-wind over the tropical ocean are also changed significantly. Over the most regions south of the northern subtropics, both air temperature in the lower troposphere and SST tended to rise compared with the strong stage of EASM. It is also revealed that the ocean-atmosphere interaction over the western Pacific and Indian Ocean plays a key role in interannual to interdecadal variation of EASM, most probably, the subtropical indian Ocean is more important. On the other hand, the ENSO event is less related to EASM at least during the concerned period.

2017 was the Warmest Year on Record for the Global Ocean

2017 was the warmest year on record for the global ocean according to an updated Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences （IAR CAS： http：//english. iap.cas.cn/） ocean analysis.

Modelling the Global Monsoon System by IAP 9L AGCM

The global monsoon system is simulated by IAP 9L AGCM. The result indicates that the model successfully simulates the monsoon system in the lower troposphere including the classic tropical monsoon, the subtropical monsoon and the temperate-frigid monsoon. Besides, the planetary monsoon in the upper troposphere is also realistically reproduced. On the other hand, the stratospheric monsoon is poorly simulated, a further analysis reveals that this is caused by the systematic overestimation of the westerly in the model.

Methodology of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey in China, 2010

INTRODUCTION The Global Adult Tobacco Survey （GATS） is a component of Global Tobacco Surveillance System （GTSS） under auspices of the Bloomberg philanthropy and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. GATS is a household survey with a standard protocol and its goals are to measure tobacco use, to assess changes due to policy and to facilitate cross country comparison. China is the largest consumer and producer of tobacco in the world. China was selected as one of 14 countries of high burden of tobacco use, large population, and mostly low income, to conduct the GATS.

An Aridity Trend in China and Its Abrupt Feature in Association with the Global Warming

A distinct aridity trend in China in last 100 years is presented by applying a linear fitting to both the climate records and the hydrological records, which is supported by evidence of environmental changes and seems to be associated with a global warming trend during this period.The Mann Kendall Rank statistic test reveals a very interesting feature that the climate of China entered into a dry regime abruptly in about 1920's, which synchronized with the rapid warming of the global temperature at almost the same time.According to an analysis of the meridional profile of observed global zonal mean precipitation anomalies during the peak period of global wanning (1930-1940), the drought occurred in whole middle latitude zone (25°N-55°N) of the Northern Hemisphere, where the most part of China is located in. Although this pattern is in good agreement with the latitude distribution of the difference of zonal mean rates of precipitation between 4 × CO2 and 1 × CO2 simulated by climate model (Manabe and Wetherald, 1983), more studies are required to understand the linkage between the aridity trend in China and the greenhouse effect.The EOF analysis of the Northern Hemisphere sea level pressure for the season of June to August shows an abrupt change of the time coefficient of its first eigenvector from positive to negative in mid-1920's, indicating an enhancement of the subtropical high over Southeast Asia and the western Pacific after that time. This is an atmospheric circulation pattern that is favorable to the development of dry climate in China.

Response to Comment on "The role of wildlife (wild birds) in the global transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes"

DEAR EDITOR,Since our first identification of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in 2015 （Liu et al., 2016）, it has been described in human clinics, domestic animals, foods, and the environment worldwide （Schwarz ＆ Johnson, 2016）. Although it is still rare, the emergence of mcr-I in wild animals is of great concern. We summarized two previous reports on mcr-1 in wild birds from Lithuania and Argentina to describe its emergence and characteristics in wildlife and highlight the potentially important role of wild animals, particularly birds, in its global transmission （Wang et al., 2017）. The first detection of mcr-1 in wildlife in Asia was identified in an extended-spectrum β- lactamase-producing Escherichia coil strain isolated from Eurasian coot （Fulica atra）,

The Global Attractors and Their Hausdorff and Fractal Dimensions Estimation for the Higher-Order Nonlinear Kirchhoff-Type Equation with Strong Linear Damping

In this paper, we study the longtime behavior of solution to the initial boundary value problem for a class of strongly damped Higher-order Kirchhoff type equations: . At first, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution by priori estimation and the Galerkin method. Then, we obtain to the existence of the global attractor. At last, we consider that the estimation of the upper bounds of Hausdorff and fractal dimensions for the global attractors are obtained.

The Global Attractors for the Higher-Order Kirchhoff-Type Equation with Nonlinear Strongly Damped Term

We investigate the global well-posedness and the global attractors of the solutions for the Higher-order Kirchhoff-type wave equation with nonlinear strongly damping: . For strong nonlinear damping σ and ?, we make assumptions (H1) - (H4). Under of the proper assume, the main results are existence and uniqueness of the solution in proved by Galerkin method, and deal with the global attractors.

高通:走FDD/TDD融合发展之路--高通公司《LTE TDD,The Global Solution for Unpaired Spectrum》报告节选

2011年2月,高通公司发布《LTETDD,非对称频谱全球解决方案》报告,详述了LTE生态下TDD阵营的发展现状和未来走势,并阐明了高通布局TD-LTE的立场和进展。TD-LTE生态呈扩张之势Wireless In telligence的分析报告指出。

Chinese Trade Unions Strive to Protect Workers' Rights and Interests in Dealing with the Global Financial Crisis

Protecting the rights and interests of workers and staff members constitutes an important aspect of China＇s human rights protection. At the time when the country is dealing with impacts of the global financial crisis, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions has been working fruitfully and effectively to accelerate economic and social development and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of workers, therefore making contributions to the protection of the rights and interests of Chinese workers. Now I would like to make a brief introduction on this subject.

Comment on ＂The role of wildlife (wild birds)in the global transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes＂

DEAR EDITOR, We read with interest the article by Wang and colleagues regarding the role of wildlife in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance （AMR） （Wang et al., 2017）. Although we appreciate the efforts in reviewing this important topic, we would like to comment on some statements that we believe are not up-to- date or properly cited.

Geochemical Characterization of Intermediate to Silicic Rocks in the Global Ophiolite Record

Ophiolites consist predominantly of mafic-ultramafic rocks but also contain in subordinate amounts intermediate to silicic intrusive–extrusive rocks in them.These rocks,although not in large volumes in comparison to mafic–ultramafic units,reveal significant clues about melt evolution,magmatic accretion processes,and partial melting of pre-existing oceanic crust during ophiolite evolution.They also yield ample accessory minerals,such as zircon and monazite,which are widely used to date the timing of oceanic crust generation.We present a global synthesis of the occurrence of such leucocratic,intrusive and volcanic rocks from 150 Phanerozoic to Archean ophiolites,and evaluate models for their genesis during the development of oceanic crust in different tectonic environments.In the ophiolite complexes we have investigated,intrusive and extrusive rocks show a wide range in composition.Intermediate rocks（with Si O2 between 52and 63 wt.%）include andesite and diorite,whereas the silicic rocks（with Si O2 more than 63 wt.%）include dacite,trondhjemite,tonalite and granite.For subduction-relatedandsubduction-unrelated MORB-type ophiolites in the Phanerozoic orogenic belts,the most commonly reported intermediate to silicic intrusive rocks,independent of their original tectonic setting,are trondhjemite,plagiogranite and tonalite,and less commonly quartz-diorite and diorite.These rock types have been documented from 80 percent of the 104ophiolites included in this study.Intermediate to silicic lavas and/or pyroclastic rocks（basaltic andesite,andesite,dacite and rhyolite）are less abundant,and have been reported from only 35 percent of the 104 ophiolites.Trachyte occurs in some of the Rift/Continental Margintype,subduction-unrelated ophiolitesEvolvedrocksinsubduction-unrelated,Rift/Continental Margin ophiolites are predominantly basaltic andesite and andesite,whereas MOR type（mid-ocean ridge）ophiolites exhibit nearly equal proportions of basaltic andesite/andesite and rhyodacite and Plume/MOR type ophiolites are characterized by rhyolites.Intermediate to silicic volcanic uints in the Backarc sub-group of subduction-related ophiolites are characterized by similar amounts of basaltic andesite/andesite and rhyodacite,whereas in the Backarc to Forearc,Forearc,and Volcanic Arc sub-groups they are mainly basaltic andesite/andesite.Intermediate to silicic rocks in Rift/Continental Margin and Plume/MOR type ophiolites are generally LREE-enriched,whereas those in the MOR type vary from LREE-depleted to LREE-enriched.The Backarc and Backarc to Forearc types are similar to the MOR type;silicic rocks of the Forearc and Volcanic Arc types are generally LREE-enriched.The main process in the formation of the majority of the intermediate to silicic rocks in both subduction-unrelated and subduction-related ophiolites is partial melting of basaltic and/or gabbroic rocks beneath the spreading centers,whereas a minor volume in subduction-related ophiolites are adakites that were produced from partial melting of a subducting slab.Silcic to intermediate rocks in Plume/MOR type ophiolites are generated by fractional crystallization of basaltic melt.The incompatible,non-conservative elements,such as Ba and Th,are weakly to strongly enriched in subduction-related ophiolites as a result of shallow to deep enrichment associated with subduction zone processes.The field occurrence and the geochemical character of leucocratic rocks in ophiolites show considerable variations,providing additional constraints on the petrogenesis of ophiolites in different tectonic settings.Fractional crystallization appears to have been an important process in the formation of the intermediate to silicic rocks in Rift/CM and P/MOR ophiolites in the subduction-unrelated class,as well as VA ophiolites in the subduction-related class.In these types of ophiolites magma chambers might have operated as closed-systems for a sufficient amount of time for fractionation and compositional zoning of the magma to take place（Fig.1C1）.Fractional crystallization was of subordinate importance during the igneous construction of the MOR,BA,FA,and BA-FA ophiolites.Instead,partial melting of hydrothermally altered crust was the most common process resulting in the majority of the intermediate to felsic rocks of the Rift/CM（estimated to 60%）,MOR（estimated to 95%）,and the BA,FA and BA-FA（estimated to 75%）ophiolites,as well as a high proportion of the VA ophiolites（;0%）(Fig.1C2).Slab-generated melts that result in the production of intermediate to silicic rocks of adakitic character represent a relatively small fraction（;5%in Phanerozoic ophiolites）of subduction-related ophiolites（Fig.1C3）.Some adakites are very low in incompatible elements（e.g.,La）,suggesting that these melts were generated from highly depleted MORB.Precambrian ophiolites contain a higher percentage of adakites（ca.35%）,indicating that physical conditions were more favorable for slab melting during the Precambrian than in the Phanerozoic.This phenomenon may have resulted from higher geothermal gradient along relatively shallow-dippingsubductionzonesduringthe Precambrian.

Preyminary Investigations on the Global Summer Monsoonal Drought Mechanics and the Latitudinal Teleconnections

The question of possible teleconnections between the middle latitude general circulation and the Indian south-west monsoon was investigated in this paper. Within the framework of a simple model it was shown that there can exist such an interaction via the ultra-long Rossby waves.

Handling the Global Financial Crisis:China's Policy Response and Its Assessment

Though a star economy during the past few decades,China has proven not to be crisis-proof and is suffering in the American-made global financial crisis.In response,the Chinese government has adjusted its macroeconomic policy swiftly and implemented a counter-cycle policy,including a proactive fiscal policy,a moderately easy monetary policy and an active international cooperation policy.The Chinese government's policy is a comprehensive one,effectively combining investment,domestic consumption and foreign trade,short-term and long-term needs,economic growth and social development,and self-development and international cooperation.The Chinese government's policy has produced generally good results so far and will be continued.

Transition of HIV prevention in three Southeast Asian countries:challenges and responses to the withdrawal of the Global Fund funding

The Global Fund has long been the largest international assistance in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)responses for three Southeast Asian countries,including Myanmar,Laos,and Vietnam.However,it recently decided to reduce or withdraw its funding from countries not yet going through donor phase out,aiming to make these countries respond with their own resources.In examining whether these three countries are well-prepared to donor transition,we uncover potential challenges that will appear in their healthcare systems and especially in the prevention and control for vulnerable populations.By reviewing China's succesful experience in donor transition,we propose recommendations for these pre transition countries,in terms of program operation,budget allocation,and social stigmatization.

A Numerical Study of the Mechanism for the Effect of Northern Winter Arctic Ice Cover on the Global Short-Range Climate Evolution

By using a nine-layer global spectral model involving fuller parameterization of physical processes, with a rhomboidal truncation at wavenumber 15, experiments are performed in terms of two numerical schemes, one with long-term mean coverage of Arctic ice (Exp.1), the other without the ice (Exp.2). Results indicate that the Arctic region is a heat source in Exp.2 relative to the case in Exp.1. Under the influence of the polar heat source simulated, there still exist stationary wavetrains that produce WA-EUP and weak PNA patterns in Northern winter. That either the Arctic or the tropical heat source can cause identical climatic effects is due to the fact that the anomaly of the Arctic ice cover will directly induce a south-propagating wavetrain, and bring about the redistribution of the tropical heat source / sink. The redistribution is responsible for new wavetrains that will exert impact on the global climate. The simulation results bear out further that the polar region in Exp.2 as a heat source, can produce, by local forcing, a pair of positive and negative difference centers, which circle the Arctic moving eastwards. Observed in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics is a 40-50 day oscillation in relation to the moving pair, both having the same period.

ZTE Tops the Global CDMA Market with a 30% Market Share

IDC＇s 2010 Global CDMA Market and Prospects research note said that by Q1 2010, ZTE had shipped an accumulated total of over 250,000 base stations, allowing the Chinese company to claim the No. 1 spot in the CDMA market with a global share of 30.3%.

Explicit Identity:Church Music in the Global Age

The article addresses various musical manifestations associated with Christianity and church music in the Global Age.The review summarizes three different case studies conducted by the author in Israel and Western Canada over the past two decades.These studies,viewed in the article through various lenses and considered as three different sociocultural narratives,tell the reader about how music,consciously or unconsciously,defines the contours of the cultural and religious identity of the groups whose members are natives or resettled residents of the Holy Land,Old and New Worlds,and China.An updated analysis of ethnographic data points to local cultures as the true indicators of global change.The dialogue between religions by means of musical composition is given as an example of the philosophical and conceptual milestone of the Global Age.A review of the problems accompanying the work of a modern ethnographer completes the range of topics.

The Global Significance of the Belt and Road Initiative

Over the past three years,the great appeal and bright future of the Belt and Road Initiative has presented sharp contrast with the trends emerged in some regions,such as widespread populism,rising protectionism,the awakening thought of antiglobalization and hindered frustrated