Ar-Ar Dating on the Metallogenesis of the Dongchuang Gold Deposit in the Xiaoqinling Area

The Dongchuang gold deposit in the Xiaoqinling area is an orogenic-type lodegold deposit. It is one of the few superlarge (>100 t Au) deposits in China. Although it has beenargued that it was formed in the Mesozoic, related isotopic age data have not been reported inprevious studies. Based on detailed geological study, the authors have carried out isotopic datingon various metallogenic generations. The ore-forming process of the Dongchuang gold deposit consistsof four stages: coarse-grained pyrite-bearing quartz veins (stage I), fine-grained pyrite-quartzveinlets (stage II), multi-sulfides (stage III) and carbonate-quartz veinlets (stage IV). Ar-Ardating on mineral separates of stages I, II and III yields plateau ages of 142.9 +- 2.9 Ma, 132.2 +-2.6 Ma and 128.3 +- 6.2 Ma, respectively. Sericite separates from stage II assemblage also yield anAr-Ar isochron age of 132.6 +- 2.7 Ma, similar to the Ar-Ar plateau age. These results suggest thatthe Dongchuang gold deposit was mainly formed during 143-128 Ma, coinciding with the authors'geological observations and previous hypothesis. This ore formation is coeval with theregional-tectonic transition from collisional compression to extension, strongly showing that thedecompression-geothermal increase regime during compression-to-extension transition is the mostconducive geodynamic environment to orogenic-type gold mineralization.

Fluid Inclusions of Orogenic Gold Deposits in the Zhongchuan Area,Western Qinling and Their Geological Significance

Orogenically-derived gold deposits of the Zhongchuan area in the western Qinling are distributed in the exo-contact thermal metamorphic zone. The country rocks hosting the deposits are predominantly of Devonian age with low-grade metamorphism and strong deformation with the ore deposits directly controlled by multi-level tectonic systems. Three types of inclusions from these deposits have been recognized: CO2-H2O, CO2-rich, and aqueous. The ore-forming fluids were mainly CO2-NaCl-H2O type characterized by rich CO2, low salinity, high temperature and immiscibility. Incorporated with earlier isotopic data, the regional geological setting and features of diagenesis and metallogeny, it can be concluded that the ore-forming fluids were derived from deep magma and mixed with meteoric and metamorphic water. The deposits formed during an intra-continent collisional orogeny, and some of the materials derived from the deep might have been involved in the ore-forming process.

Metallogenic Age of Dapinggou Gold Deposit in Northern Altun Area, Northwestern China

Studying the metallogenic age of Dapinggou gold deposit may provide important material not only for the study of metallization and the further prospecting of gold deposits but also for research into tectonic evolution in the Altun area. In this study, we used Rb-Sr isotopic dating method of fluid inclusion in the Au-bearing quartz, combining field investigation, REE, sulfur isotopes, lead isotopes, strontium isotopes and hydrogen-oxygen isotope, to determine the metallogenic age of the Dapinggou gold deposit. The only newly-discovered medium-sized gold deposit in the northern Altun area, Dapinggou gold deposit, is controlled by a ductile shear zone. It is characterized by mainly altered mylonite-types with a little K-feldspar quartz vein-types. Data from REE, sulfur isotopes, lead isotopes and strontium isotopes show that the source materials of the deposit were derived mainly from the metamorphic rocks. The data from the inclusion and hydrogen-oxygen isotope indicate that the ore-forming fluid came mainly from dynamic metamorphic water and partly from remelting magmatic water, with a little influence from meteoric water. The density of the ore-forming fluid is 0. 791 - 0. 971g/cm^3 and it contains 2.36 %-5.5 % salinity, The gold deposit was formed at 1.61-2.68 km below the surface at a temperature of 198--290 ℃ and a pressure of （420-700） × 10^5 Pa. The isotopic age from the Rb-Sr isochron of fluid inclusion in quartz is 487 Ma, which indicates that the mineralization occurred in the early Caledonian epoch. The study on the metallogenic age of Dapinggou gold deposit may provide important material not only for the study of metallization and the further prospecting of gold deposits but also for research into tectonic evolution in the Altun area.

The Palaeomagnetic Study of the MineralizationAge of Gold Deposits in the Xiong' ershan Area,Henan Province

Based on palaeomagnetic studies of the Precambrian gold deposits in the Xiong'ershan area, Henan Province, the authors infer that the ore-forming processes of the Beiling alteration-type gold ore deposit and the Dianfang breccia-type gold ore deposit started in the Proterozoic, and was superimposed by later mineralization, whereas the mineralization age of the Jiguanshan quartz- vein type gold ore deposit is Yanshanian.

Geochemical Tracing of Ore-forming Material Sources of Carlin-type Gold Deposits in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi Triangle Area --A Case Study of the Application of the Combined Silicon Isotopes Geochemistry and Siliceous Cathodoluminescence Analysis

Abstract This paper deals with characteristics of silicon isotope compositions and siliceous cathodoluminescence of host rocks, ores and hydrothermal silicified quartz of the Carlin-type ore deposits in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi triangle area. The study shows that primary silicified quartz is nonluminescent but quartz in host rocks and secondary silicified quartz are luminescent by the action of cathode rays. Correspondingly, silicon isotope compositions of host rocks, ores and hydro6thermal quartz veins are clearly distinguished. In strata from the Middle Triassic to the “Dachang” host bed, δ30Si of the host rocks ranges from 0.0% ?0.3%, while that of primary ore-forming silicified fluids from ?0.1% to ?0.4%; in the Upper Permian and Lower Carboniferous strata and Indosinian diabase host beds, δ30Si of the host rocks is from ?0.1% to ?0.2% and that of the primary silicified quartz veins from 0.3 % ?0.5 %. This pattern demonstrates the following geochemical mineralization process, primary ore-forming siliceous fluids migrated upwards quickly along the main passages of deep-seated faults from mantle to crust and entered secondary faults where gold deposits were eventually formed as a result of permeation and replacement of the siliceous ore-forming fluids into different ore-bearing strata. This gives important evidence for the fact that ore-forming fluids of this type of gold deposits were mainly derived from upper mantle differentiation and shows good prospects for deep gold deposits and geochemical background for large and superlarge gold deposits.

Migration and speciation transformation mechanisms of mercury in undercurrent zones of the Tongguan gold mining area, Shaanxi Loess Plateau and impact on the environment

In order to study the migration and transformation mechanism of Hg content and occurrence form in subsurface flow zone of gold mining area in Loess Plateau and its influence on water environment,the field in-situ infiltration test and laboratory test were carried out in three typical sections of river-side loess,alluvial and proluvial strata in Tongguan gold mining area of Shaanxi Province,and the following results were obtained:(1)The source of Hg in subsurface flow zone is mainly caused by mineral processing activities;(2)the subsurface flow zone in the study area is in alkaline environment,and the residual state,iron and manganese oxidation state,strong organic state and humic acid state of mercury in loess are equally divided in dry and oxidizing environment;mercury in river alluvial or diluvial strata is mainly concentrated in silt,tailings and clayey silt soil layer,and mercury has certain stability,and the form of mercury in loess is easier to transform than the other two media;(3)under the flooding condition,most of mercury is trapped in the silt layer in the undercurrent zone where the sand and silt layers alternate with each other and the river water and groundwater are disjointed,and the migration capacity of mercury is far less than that of loess layer and alluvial layer with close hydraulic connection;(4)infiltration at the flood level accelerates the migration of pollutants to the ground;(5)the soil in the undercurrent zone is overloaded and has seriously exceeded the standard.Although the groundwater monitoring results are safe this time,relevant enterprises or departments should continue to pay attention to improving the gold extraction process,especially vigorously rectify the small workshops for illegal gold extraction and the substandard discharge of the three wastes,and intensify efforts to solve the geological environmental problems of mines left over from history.At present,the occurrence form of mercury in the undercurrent zone is relatively stable,but the water and soil layers have been polluted.The risk of disjointed groundwater pollution can not be ignored while giving priority to the treatment of loess and river alluvial landform areas with close hydraulic links.The research results will provide a scientific basis for water conservancy departments to groundwater prevention and control in water-deficient areas of the Loess Plateau.

Lead Isotope Studies of Massive Surphur-Iron-Gold Deposits in the Tongling Area, Anhui Province

Pb isotope ratios and their variation have been measured and explained on ores of massive S-Fe-Au depos-its hosted in the Middle-Upper Carboniferous, on feldspars from diorite bodies closely related tomineralization and on whole rocks from ore-hosting strata (carbonate rocks) in the Tongling area, Anhui Prov-ince. Through a comparison of Pb isotope features of these geological bodies, it has been suggested that oresubstances of the deposits were derived from ore-hosting strata. In the meanwhile, the measurement of ore Pbisotopes of different mineralization types of the same deposit indicates that different mineralization types havedistinct Pb isotope characteristics, showing the potentiality of the Pb isotopic method used in mineral explora-tion.

Formation of the Micro-Disseminated Strata-bound Gold Deposits, With Special Reference to Structural Evolution, Miliang Area, Zhen'an County,Shaanxi Province, China

Based on detailed geologic study, the important role of structuring in the formation of gold deposits in the area is discussed with special reference to structural evolution. Syngenetic faulting contemporaneous with tectonic-volcanic events is thought to be responsible for providing the ore-forming material at depth. The lithofacies formed by highly alternating deposition of terrestrial and carbonate detritus is chemically characterized by the assemblage of Au-Sb-As,constituting a favorable source bed for the activation and enrichment of gold. This gold source bed has undergone four major stages of structural deformation, accompanied by multi-staged alteration and mineralization.

Distribution of Methyl Mercury in Rana chensinensis and Environmental Media in Gold-mining Areas of Upper Reaches of Songhua River,China

The distribution characteristics of methyl mercury in Rana chensinensis and water,sediment and soil in gold-mining areas of the upper reaches of the Songhua River,China were studied by field sampling and laboratory testing.The results show that the methyl mercury contents in water,sediment and soil in gold-mining areas are much higher than those in the control site,indicating that gold-mining activities intensify the methyl mercury pollution in the study area.Methyl mercury contents are in a descending order of sediment > soil > water in the environment,and in a descending order of brain > viscera > muscle > skin in Rana chensinensis.There are significant correlation between methyl mercury contents in Rana chensinensis and those in water and sediment.In particular,the methyl mercury content in the skin of Rana chensinensis is positively correlated with those in water and sediment in spring.Therefore,skin is one of main intake pathways for methyl mercury due to its high permeability.

Gold Deposition by Boiling or Cooling Without Boiling: Genesis ofthe Sangchon Gold Deposits,Hadong Area, South Korea

In order to understand the mechanism(s) of gold precipitation in the anorthosite-hosted Sangchon gold deposits in the Hadong area, Korea, chemical speciation and reaction path calculations were accomplished by geochemical modeling. The modeling consisted of three-step procedures: reaction with anorthosite, then the simple cooling of the reacted fluid, and finally the boiling of metalliferous fluid. The principal vein minerals of the Sangchon deposits consist of quartz, sericite, kaolinite, pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and acanthite. The sulfide mineralization is typically zoned from pyrite (preferentially at vein margins) to galena and sphalerite (toward vein center). Electrum is intimately associated with pyrite ± chalcopyrite and sphalerite. By comparing the results of modeling with the observed mineral assemblages and paragenesis, the most appropriate evolution path of ore fluids was suggested as follow: reaction of a single fluid with anorthosite at 300℃, then the isobaric cooling of the fluid at temperatures from 250° to 100℃, and then the boiling and cooling of the fluid due to the decrease of pressure and temperature. Calculations also show that all of the observed alteration minerals formed due to fluid-anorthosite interaction at early period, whereas most of sulfides and electrum were precipitated mainly due to cooling. The abundance of gold in veins depends critically on the ratio of total base metals plus iron to sulfide in the aqueous phase, because gold is transported as Au(HS) 2 -whose solubility is very sensitive to the sulfide activity. Our results of geochemical modeling generally fit to the observed mineral assemblages and mineral composition, indicating the usefulness of numerical simulation for elucidating the genesis of gold deposits.

Interpretation of remote sensing of geological structures and prediction of gold mineralization in Mohe area and its adjacent region

The authors took the ETM+ multi-spectra data as the data information and correlation coefficient for each band and carried out their information volume statistics.According to certain criteria,the authors also determined the optimum band-combined image.The image clarity is improved by various enhancements and fusions method.Based on remote sensing geological interpretation in detail,the relationship between remote sensing geological characters and gold mine were analyzed systemically.Using all kinds of remote sensing structure information,combining other research data,the authors determined mainly ore-controlling ore structure.Several prospective areas of gold ores were determined and furthermore significant finding mine target areas was confirmed.

Comparison of U-spatial Statistics Method with Classical Statistics Results in the Determination of Geochemical Anomalies of Epithermal Gold in Khoshnameh Area, Hashtjin, Iran

In this study,methods based on the distribution model(with and without personal opinion)were used for the separation of anomalous zones,which include two different methods of U-spatial statistics and mean plus values of standard deviation(X+nS).The primary purpose is to compare the results of these methods with each other.To increase the accuracy of comparison,regional geochemical data were used where occurrences and mineralization zones of epithermal gold have been introduced.The study area is part of the Hashtjin geological map,which is structurally part of the folded and thrust belt and part of the Alborz Tertiary magmatic complex.Samples were taken from secondary lithogeochemical environments.Au element data concerning epithermal gold reserves were used to investigate the efficacy of these two methods.In the U-spatial statistics method,and criteria were used to determine the threshold,and in the method,the element enrichment index of the region rock units was obtained with grouping these units.The anomalous areas were identified by,and criteria.Comparison of methods was made considering the position of discovered occurrences and the occurrences obtained from these methods,the flexibility of the methods in separating the anomalous zones,and the two-dimensional spatial correlation of the three elements As,Pb,and Ag with Au element.The ability of two methods to identify potential areas is acceptable.Among these methods,it seems the method with criteria has a high degree of flexibility in separating anomalous regions in the case of epithermal type gold deposits.

胶东金矿与中生代区域性花岗岩关系及成矿预测和找矿方向

胶东地区是世界著名的金矿资源基地,截至2023年6月已累计探明金矿资源量已达5757余吨。与金矿成矿密切的中生代花岗岩分布广泛,岩石类型多样,也是山东省最发育、最典型的地区。本文对胶东地区金矿与中生代区域性花岗岩空间展布、形成时代和形成环境等关系进行了分析研究。区域性广泛分布的中生代花岗岩为晚侏罗世玲珑期(166~146 Ma)、早白垩世早期郭家岭期(135~123 Ma)、早白垩世晚期伟德山期(123~110 Ma)和崂山期(118~108 Ma),研究认为区域性岩浆事件一般持续10 Ma左右,而重熔型花岗岩一般持续20 Ma,反映了由基底岩石熔融到侵入结晶的2个阶段,它有一个由基底固体岩石熔融的过程,大致也需要10 Ma,既固体岩石熔融10 Ma,熔浆活动上侵结晶10 Ma。玲珑期重熔型花岗岩是扬子板块和华北板块碰撞的期后产物,郭家岭期岩浆事件代表了中国东部中生代构造体制转换的开始,伟德山期岩浆事件代表了构造体制转换的高峰期,崂山期岩浆事件代表了构造体制转换的结束期。86.8%的金矿赋存在玲珑期花岗岩中,6.9%的金矿赋存于郭家岭期花岗岩中,玲珑期花岗岩和郭家岭期花岗岩Au元素背景值明显高于伟德山期花岗岩和崂山期花岗岩。矿石硫与玲珑期花岗岩、郭家岭期花岗岩范围相近,特别是与玲珑期花岗岩大范围重叠,具有岩浆热液硫同位素变化小的特点,说明矿石硫主要源为玲珑期花岗岩、郭家岭期花岗岩。矿石铅主要为再活化的下地壳铅,即前寒武纪结晶基底铅,有幔源铅加入。金矿成矿年龄有162~146 Ma、133~120 Ma、120~115 Ma、112~105 Ma共4个区间范围,与胶东地区四期区域性花岗岩形成时间对应,成矿年龄一般晚于成岩年龄3~5 Ma。根据胶东金矿及多金属矿与岩浆热液事件对应关系,划分为玲珑金成矿期、郭家岭金成矿期、伟德山金及多金属成矿期和崂山多金属成矿期。胶东地区金矿主要是新太古代变质地层和古元古代底部片岩层位经过重熔作用金元素活化、迁移、富集和郭家岭期岩浆作用成矿。基于以上成矿作用认识,根据地球化学块体理论,对胶东金矿潜力进行了估算,胶东地区3000 m以浅金矿潜力约为1.8万t,同时对胶西北深部金矿进行了系统预测,预测3000 m以浅金资源量3997 t,5000 m以浅7497 t。通过地质综合研究,栖霞地区中新太古代变质岩下部有隐伏玲珑期花岗岩,根据金矿主要赋存在玲珑期花岗岩中的空间展布,S、Pb等同位素以及玲珑期花岗岩是金矿成矿直接围岩或母岩的认识,该地区变质岩中发育众多的石英脉型中小型金矿和矿(化)点,可能是浅部或顶部矿体的表现,认为该地区具有良好的成矿背景和潜力,是胶东地区今后金矿找矿的重要地区和方向。并建议在该地区部署地震和大功率激电剖面及地质科研钻探,查清一系列NE向断裂和地质结构,为金矿找矿提供科学依据。

胶东大尹格庄金矿碳酸盐矿物的特征、物源及其在金成矿过程中的作用

胶东金矿的成因研究一直是矿床学研究的热点,其中金的物质来源与活化、沉淀机制是最受关注的问题之一。大尹格庄金矿位于胶西北地区的招平断裂带中段,是区内典型的超大型破碎蚀变岩型金矿,以存在大量碳酸盐脉而有别于区内其他金矿床,这些热液成因的碳酸盐脉对该矿区Au成矿具有重要作用,因而是破解胶东巨量Au物质来源和成矿机制的良好对象。本研究通过细致的岩相学观察,发现大尹格庄金矿中的碳酸盐矿物主要包括菱铁矿和方解石,以脉状、浸染状存在于黄铁绢英岩型矿石中,其中部分菱铁矿与黄铁矿等金属硫化物共生,其他菱铁矿则与石英共生,方解石则呈浸染状和脉状两种形式产出,菱铁矿和方解石均为热液型碳酸盐矿物。扫描电子显微镜研究表明,在菱铁矿和方解石中均发现有金矿物的存在。Au含量分析结果表明,菱铁矿和方解石是大尹格庄金矿的重要载金矿物,形成于成矿作用的主要阶段。碳酸盐矿物原位微区稀土元素数据也显示出热液型碳酸盐矿物的特征;同位素地球化学数据显示大尹格庄金矿中碳酸盐矿物与胶东地区前寒武纪变质基底中的大理岩明显不同。C-O同位素分析显示,大尹格庄金矿中菱铁矿的δ^(13)CPDB为-5.12‰~-4.82‰,δ^(18)OSMOW为12.13‰~12.80‰,具有明显的幔源特征;而方解石δ^(13)CPDB为-0.64‰,δ^(18)OSMOW为6.21‰,显示出幔源流体在上升过程中受到了一定程度的围岩的影响。金矿中菱铁矿显示轻稀土相对亏损,重稀土相对富集,有轻微的负Eu异常,(87Sr/86Sr)i为0.709842~0.710087,εNd(t)为-18.5~-17.1;方解石的(87Sr/86Sr)i为0.710861,εNd(t)为-12.7,指示形成碳酸盐矿物的CO_(2)流体可能来自于幔源的基性岩浆。结合胶东以及整个华北克拉通中生代地质演化,本文认为胶东巨量金可能来自于富集的岩石圈地幔,成矿物质随这些幔源基性岩浆的活动沿断层等壳内软弱面向上运移,而CO_(2)流体在这个过程中起到了促进作用,并随含金流体最终运移至地壳浅部发生金成矿作用。

宁夏海原西华山地区金矿床地质地球化学特征及成因分析

宁夏海原西华山金矿区位于秦岭—祁连—昆仑造山带之祁连构造成矿带,在该矿区已发现马场和柳沟2个金矿床。区内含矿地层为长城系海原群变质地层,矿脉受断裂带控制,矿石类型主要为蚀变煌斑岩型、石英脉型和蚀变岩型。为了查明西华山金矿区矿床成因类型和成矿过程,对马场和柳沟2个金矿床开展了野外地质调查、流体包裹体显微测温和H-O-S同位素地球化学研究工作。研究表明:马场和柳沟金矿床石英流体包裹体均一温度范围分别为140.1~382.6℃和203.2~353.9℃,集中在250~260℃和270~280℃;盐度[w(NaCleq)]分别为2.57%~10.72%和5.28%~12.08%,集中在6%~7%和7%~8%;成矿期成矿流体δD值分别为-86.5‰~-87.2‰和-90.2‰~-91.6‰,δ^(18)O值分别为7.4‰~8.7‰和8.7‰~10.0‰;2个矿区矿石黄铁矿中δ^(34)S分布范围为-1.00‰~0.27‰。综合研究认为,区内金矿成矿流体属于中低温、中低盐度的流体,主要来源于岩浆水;硫也主要源于岩浆,有少量可能源于围岩地层;区内金矿床属于与晚古生代中酸性岩浆活动有关的中低温低盐度岩浆热液型金矿。

长期重金属污染对线虫群落结构和碳流的影响

为探明长期复合重金属污染对线虫群落和碳流动的影响,该文分析了矿区4个区域(NC、C1、C2、C3)土壤理化性质和重金属污染对土壤线虫及其食物网碳流动的影响。结果表明:NC和C1分别属于轻微和中等生态风险,C2和C3属于极强生态风险,As、Pb、Cd风险最严重;共有29个属被鉴定出来,优势属(>10%)为真滑刃属和头叶属;随重金属潜在生态风险增强,线虫数量明显减少且结构指数(SI)和富集指数(EI)显著降低,冗余分析和相关性分析表明重金属潜在生态风险(RI)对线虫群落有显著影响,且与c-p1、c-p5、真菌食性和捕食杂食性线虫丰度呈显著负相关,与植物食性线虫丰度呈显著正相关;路径分析表明,重金属污染明显影响了线虫食物网碳的流通途径,并降低了碳流动均匀性。

西秦岭夏河-合作地区断裂构造分形结构特征及成矿预测

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安徽和县香泉已发现有中型规模的独立铊矿床。香泉-拦龙山一带地表具有较为明显的低温元素组合异常,同时还具备卡林型金矿形成所需要的不同构造单元的结合部位和构造过渡带位置、逆冲断层、地热及隐伏岩体等条件。本文在对以往区域地质工作成果资料分析的基础上,结合本人在香泉铊矿勘查工作中的认识,从区域地质背景、远景区地层条件、金矿源层、构造条件、岩浆岩条件、成矿流体驱动力源等方面,初步分析认为香泉-拦龙山一带具备金矿的找矿远景。

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