Elaboration of a Promising Design of the HTS Conductor for the Central Solenoid of a Compact Thermonuclear Reactor TRT

The results of the preliminary development of the HTS conductor based on the VS-type design and parallel stacks for the central solenoid of the compact thermonuclear reactor TRT are presented. One of the main problems that need to be solved for the successful implementation of such projects is the creation of high-current high-temperature superconducting (HTS) conductors for Toroidal Field coils (TF) and Central Solenoid (CS) sections. The conductor must have a high engineering current density of at least 90 A/mm2. The induction of the magnetic field in the central solenoid reaches 14 T, which leads to the occurrence of large mechanical stresses due to the influence of Lorentz forces. Like many large magnets, CS has a lot of stored energy. For the safe withdrawal of stored energy from the magnet, it requires the inclusion of elements in the conductor that provide an acceptable level of electrical voltage and heating of the conductor insulation. Thus, a sufficient amount of stabilizing and reinforcing materials should be placed in the conductor. In addition, the “cable-in-conduit” type of conductor must have channels for pumping the refrigerant. Two fundamentally different versions of the conductor based on radially arranged REBCO tapes and on the basis of pre-assembled tape packages are considered. Based on the analysis of the magnetic field distribution in the conductor by finite element method, the design characteristics of the proposed conductors under various operating modes of the electromagnetic system (EMS) of the tokamak TRT was evaluated. The results of the evaluation of the current carrying capacity of the conductor and the estimation of energy losses in a changing magnetic field in comparison with known methods are also presented.

THEORY AND TECHNOLOGY FOR HARD ROOF CONTROL OF LONGWALL FACE IN CHINESE COLLIERIES

This paper introduced systematically the present situation of the research on theory and technology for hard roof control of coal face in Chinese collieries.

Analyzing an UWB Bandpass Filter for High Power Applications Using Rectangular Coaxial Cables with Square Inner Conductors

Using the finite element method (FEM) in two dimensions and the CST MICROWAVE STUDIO? (CST MWS) Transient Solver, the electromagnetic (EM) analysis and the design of a novel compact ultra wideband (UWB) bandpass filter using rectangular coaxial cables with square inner conductors, convenient for high power applications, are presented. The design of the UWB BP filter is based on the use of impedance steps and coupled-line sections. The center frequency around 6.85 GHz was selected, the bandwidth is between 3-10 GHz, the insertion-loss amounts to around 0.35 dB and the return loss is found higher than 10 dB in a large frequency range (4-9.5) GHz. The simulated results of stopband performances are better than 15 dB for a frequency range up to 11 GHz. For the selected center frequency and on a substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.03, the rectangular coaxial cables BPF with square inner conductors is only 6.7 × 8.9 × 33.4 mm in size.

Robust Optimum Design of Thrust Hydrodynamic Bearings for Hard Disk Drives

This paper describes the robust optimum design which combines the geometrical optimization method proposed by Hashimoto and statistical method. Recently, 2.5″ hard disk drives (HDDs) are widely used for mobile devices such as laptops, video cameras and car navigation systems. In mobile applications, high durability towards external vibrations and shocks are essentials to the bearings of HDD spindle motor. In addition, the bearing characteristics are influenced by manufacturing error because of small size of the bearings of HDD. In this paper, the geometrical optimization is carried out to maximize the bearing stiffness using sequential quadratic programming to improve vibration characteristics. Additionally, the bearing stiffness is analyzed considering dimensional tolerance of the bearing using statistical method. The dimensional tolerance is assumed to distribute according to the Gaussian distribution, and then the bearing stiffness is estimated by combining the expectation and standard deviation. As a result, in the robust optimum design, new groove geometry of bearing can be obtained in which the bearing stiffness is four times higher than the stiffness of conventional spiral groove bearing. Moreover, the bearing has lower variability compared with the result of optimum design neglecting dimensional tolerance.

A Design Philosophy From the View of Creation:Design vs.Research

Mankind holds creation as a special human property contributing knowledge and culture.Both design and research belong to creative activities.While research focuses on new findings following the rule of truth,design pays more attention to new designed works following the rule of beauty.Three philosophical principles for design are suggested as ABC principles:A.Design approaches beauty;B.Design balances science and art;C.Design concerns culture.Three types of design are practically discussed,including 2D art or symbol design,3D engineering or product design,and nD program or form design.

HARD2006在公路设计中的应用

海地公路优化设计系统HARD2006是国内首个引入数字化地面模型(简称DTM)技术的公路设计系统,真正实现了三雏设计,具有强大的公路平、纵、横断面设计能力,自动生成公路各种图表。本文介绍了HARD2006主要的功能,并以实例说明其在工程中的应用。

Optimizing the Pulsed Current Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Parameters

The selection of process parameter in the gas tungsten arc （GTA） welding of titanium alloy was presented for obtaining optimum grain size and hardness. Titanium alloy （Ti-6Al-4V） is one of the most important non-ferrous metals which offers great potential application in aerospace, biomedical and chemical industries, because of its low density （4.5 g/cm^3）, excellent corrosion resistance, high strength, attractive fracture behaviour and high melting point （1678℃）. The preferred welding process for titanium alloy is frequent GTA welding due to its comparatively easier applicability and better economy. In the case of single pass （GTA） welding of thinner section of this alloy, the pulsed current has been found beneficial due to its advantages over the conventional continuous current process. Many considerations come into the picture and one needs to carefully balance various pulse current parameters to reach an optimum combination. Four factors, five level, central composite, rotatable design matrix were used to optimize the required number of experimental conditions. Mathematical models were developed to predict the fusion zone grain size using analysis of variance （ANOVA） and regression analysis. The developed models were optimized using the traditional Hooke and Jeeve＇s algorithm. Experimental results were provided to illustrate the proposed approach.

Application of Uniform Experimental Design in Optimizing Excitation Parameters for Magnetic Frequency Mixing Measurements

Excitation parameter preferences are key factors a ecting the performance of magnetic frequency mixing detection.A uniform experimental design method was used to analyze this influence.Using fuzzy theory,a comprehensive model is established for evaluating the e ect of magnetic frequency mixing.A polynomial is selected as the regression function to express explicitly the correlation between the excitation parameters and the frequency-mixing e ect.The excitation parameters were then optimized using genetic algorithm.Magnetic frequency mixing experiments were conducted to measure the surface hardness of some ferromagnetic materials.Frequency mixing is further enhanced under the optimal settings,resulting in an improvement in the measurement sensitivity.The results of this study support the application of the magnetic frequency mixing technique in non-destructive testing.

Experimental Investigation of Laser Surface Hardening of AISI 4340 Steel Using Different Laser Scanning Patterns

Laser surface transformation hardening becomes one of the most modern processes used to improve fatigue and wear properties of steel surfaces. In this process, the material properties and the heating parameters are the factors that present the most significant effects on the hardened surface attributes. The control of these factors using predictive modeling approaches to achieve desired surface properties leads to conclusive results. However, when the dimensions of the surface to be treated are larger than the cross-section of the laser beam, various laser-scanning patterns are involved. This paper presents an experimental investigation of laser surface hardening of AISI 4340 steel using different laser scanning patterns. This investigation is based on a structured experimental design using the Taguchi method and improved statistical analysis tools. Experiments are carried out using a 3 kW Nd: YAG laser source in order to evaluate the effects of the heating parameters and patterns design parameters on the physical and geometrical characteristics of the hardened surface. Laser power, scanning speed and scanning patterns (linear, sinusoidal, triangular and trochoid) are the factors used to evaluate the hardened depth and the hardened width variations and to identify the possible relationship between these factors and the hardened zone attributes. Various statistical tools such as ANOVA, correlations analysis and response surfaces are applied in order to examine the effects of the experimental factors on the hardened surface characteristics. The results reveal that the scanning patterns do not modify the nature of the laser parameters’ effects on the hardened depth and the hardened width. But they can accentuate or reduce these effects depending on the type of the considered pattern. The results show also that the sinusoidal and the triangular patterns are relevant when a maximum hardened width with an acceptable hardened depth is desired.

用AutoCAD软件设计电力电缆瓦形导体模具

介绍用计算机辅助设计AutoCAD软件进行异形导体模具设计。该方法简单、准确、快速,并能应用于多芯异形电缆中导体、绝缘、护层等材料的消耗计算。

硬质景观材料在园林设计中的应用探析

在园林设计中,有许多不同的材料可供选择,为了让游客体验到完全不同的视觉效果,设计师应当精心挑选最佳的材料,以此提高景观的整体品质。以硬质景观材料的挑选标准为基础,深入探讨它们在园林设计中的应用,并给出了相关的解决方案。在本次研究中,深入探讨了硬质景观材料的性能、功能以及其在各种环境中的应用,并将其分为石材、防腐木材和金属材料等,以便更好地满足不同的需求。

一种高硬度复杂薄壁翼片的机械加工工艺设计

一种高硬度复杂薄壁翼片目前没有高速铣削的加工手段可利用,需要普通铣削结合真空炉处理的方式来满足产品技术要求,加工难度大,生产进度紧。通过工艺攻关、工艺优化形成了翼片的机械加工工艺方案,采用普通铣削后进行真空炉淬火的方式保证翼片角度、厚度、孔径和力学性能要求,最后用电火花切割的方式将工件与工艺台分离保证翼轴孔距和外形尺寸。结合真空炉处理和电火花切割的特点,及时处理了加工过程中出现的热处理变形、切割外形导致孔距超差等技术问题,最终保证首批次合格产品按进度交付。所涉及到的翼片工艺方案、工艺台、定位基准选择、控制热处理变形的工装、电火花切割工装等内容属于西安现代控制技术研究所首次应用,具有创新性,对于弹体结构件中技术要求较高的翼片及同类结构的零件有一定的参考价值。

机器学习指导相和硬度可控的AlCoCrCuFeNi系高熵合金设计

采用机器学习辅助高熵合金设计,致力于解决传统试错实验方法时间周期长、成本高的问题。以经典的AlCoCrCuFeNi系高熵合金为研究对象,采用机器学习方法,分别构建高熵合金的相结构预测模型和硬度预测模型。其中支持向量机模型(SVM)在两个任务中均有最好的训练表现,最佳的相分类准确率达0.944,硬度预测模型的均方根误差为56.065HV。进一步串联两种机器学习模型,基于样本数据集上下限的成分空间,对AlCoCrCuFeNi系高熵合金同时进行相和硬度的高效预测和筛选,实现新型合金成分的快速设计。实验验证5种新合金符合相预测结果,测试硬度与预测硬度值的RMSE为12.58HV,表明建立的机器学习模型实现对高熵合金相和硬度的高效预测。

钠离子电池硬碳负极的优化设计研究进展

开发合适的负极材料是促进钠离子电池实现商业化的关键,其中硬碳具有高容量、低成本、环保、低工作电位,被认为是最理想的选择。然而,硬碳负极在实际应用中也面临着初始库伦效率低、长循环稳定性及倍率性能较差等问题。近年来,研究学者在对硬碳负极的优化方面取得了突破性成效,实现了从实验室研制到批量生产的重大转型。总结了钠离子电池硬碳负极性能优化的研究进展,在深入了解前驱体特性的基础上,分析了碳化温度、预氧化工艺、孔隙结构、异质原子掺杂等对硬碳性能的影响,展望了未来的发展方向。

Rapid design and screen high strength U-based high-entropy alloys from first-principles calculations

Reducing the exploration of multi-principal element alloy space is a key challenge to design high-performance U-based high-entropy alloy(UHEA).Here,the best combination of multi-principal element can be efficiently acquired because proposed alloying strategy and screening criteria can substantially reduce the space of alloy and thus accelerate alloy design,rather than enormous random combinations through a trial-and-error approach.To choose the best seed alloy and suitable dopants,the screening criteria include small anisotropy,high specific modulus,high dynamical stability,and high ductility.We therefore find a shortcut to design UHEA from typical binary(UTi and UNb)to ternary(UTiNb),qua-ternary(UTiNbTa),and quinary(UTiNbTaFe).Finally,we find a best bcc senary UHEA(UTiNbTaFeMo),which has highest hardness and yield strength,while maintains good ductility among all the candidates.Compared to overestimation from empirical strength-hardness relationship,improved strength prediction can be achieved using a parameter-free theory considering volume mismatch and temperature effect on yield strength.This finding indicates that larger volume mismatch corresponds to higher yield strength,agreeing with the available measurements.Moreover,the dynamical stability and mechanical properties of candidates are greatly enhanced with increasing the number of multi-principal element,indicating the feasibility and effectiveness of adopted alloying strategy.The increasing of multi-principal element cor-responds to the increasing valence electron concentration(VEC).Alternatively,the mechanical properties significantly improve as increasing VEC,agreeing with measurements for other various bcc HEAs.This work can speed up research and development of advanced UHEA by greatly reducing the space of alloy composition.

Effects of La_(2)O_(3) addition on microstructure development and physical properties of harder ZTA-CeO_(2) composites with sustainable high fracture toughness

The influence of La_(2)O_(3) inclusion(0-3 wt%) on the micro structure,phase formation and mechanical properties of zirconia toughed alumina(ZTA) added with 5.0 wt% CeO_(2) was investigated.ZTA CeO_(2) composites were sintered at 1600℃ for 4 h.The microstructure,phase formation,density,fracture toughness and hardness properties were characterised through FESEM,Microscopy Image Analysis Software and XRD diffractometer,Archimedes principle and Vickers indentation technique,respectively.The XRD,image processing and FESEM reveal the existence of LaAl_(11)O_(18).The addition of La_(2)O_(3) incites the sintering,microstructure refinement,densification of ZTA-CeO_(2) matrix and phase transformation.Hence,the hardness of ZTA-CeO_(2) ceramics is increased rapidly based on refinement of Al_(2)O_(3) grains,densification of ZTA-CeO_(2) composites and porosity reduction.It is observed that the fracture toughness is enhanced through in situ formation of elongated LaAl_(11)O_(18) grains.The addition of 0.7 wt% La_(2)O_(3) culminated in the achievement of the optimum findings for density(4.41 g/cm^(3)),porosity(0.46%),hardness(1792 HV) and fracture toughness(8.8 MPa·m^(1/2)).Nevertheless,excess La_(2)O_(3) is proven to be detrimental as it displays poor mechanical properties due to the poor compactness of numerous LaAl_(11)O_(18) grains,coarsening of Al_(2)O_(3) grains and decline in density.

硬质岩基条件下沉箱码头的抛石棱体优化设计

对于硬质基岩条件下的重力式沉箱码头,通常在沉箱后方设置抛石棱体,用以减小沉箱宽度,从而缩减基槽开挖范围内的炸礁量。依托某海外工程,对棱体高度和工程造价的关系进行分析,探究抛石棱体的优化设计规律。结果表明,当抛石棱体高度约为沉箱高度的60%~80%时,工程造价最低;在硬质岩面低于沉箱高度的1/2时,抛石棱体的最优高度为沉箱高度的60%左右;在硬质岩面高出沉箱高度的1/2时,抛石棱体的最优高度为沉箱高度的80%左右。揭示的规律可供类似项目参考,实际工程中应综合考虑工程地质条件、地材价格、施工能力等多方面因素,分析确定经济合理的棱体高度。

城市规划建设中园林规划设计的应用分析

随着城市化进程加快,城市生态环境问题日益凸显。文章通过分析城市规划建设中园林规划设计的要点和实践应用,详细阐述概念设计、植物配置和硬质景观设计的具体步骤和方法。其中,概念设计综合考虑项目所在地的地理位置、历史文化背景和生态环境等因素,植物配置根据项目所在地的气候条件和土壤类型选择适宜的植物种类;硬质景观设计中,道路和小径规划、座椅和雕塑布置及水体设计均须兼顾功能性和美观性。并将园林规划设计方法应用于某一公园园林规划设计中,以期为同类园林规划设计提供支持。

上软下硬地层中大直径竖井机械化施工方法

针对上软下硬地层中大直径竖井机械化建造困难的问题,以深圳大坪区间2标段2#工作井为背景,提出一种适用于上软下硬地层的大直径竖井机械化施工方法。该方法在软岩段采用CJM沉井掘进机进行施工,在软硬交界段进行工法转换,在硬岩段采用机械破岩方式施工。本文对前述大直径竖井机械化施工方法的施工流程、关键施工技术进行详细研究,并对其预制拼装竖井结构设计理论进行研究,提出一种大直径竖井装配式井筒结构设计方案,最后对大直径竖井机械化施工过程中井筒结构内力和周围地层影响进行研究,结果表明该方法对竖井周围地层影响较小,井筒结构受力最不利位置位于土岩交界面以上附近位置。