Subcellular Distribution and Chemical Forms of Cadmium in the Medicine Food Homology Plant Platycodon grandiflorum(Jacq.)A.DC.

Although Platycodon grandiflorum(Jacq.)A.DC.is a renowned medicine food homology plant,reports of excessive cadmium(Cd)levels are common,which affects its safety for clinical use and food consumption.To enable its Cd levels to be regulated or reduced,it is necessary to first elucidate the mechanism of Cd uptake and accumulation in the plant,in addition to its detoxification mechanisms.This present study used inductively couple plasma-mass-spectrometry to analyze the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in different tissues of P.grandiflorum.The experimental results showed that Cd was mainly accumulated in the roots[predominantly in the cell wall(50.96%-61.42%)],and it was found primarily in hypomobile and hypotoxic forms.The proportion of Cd in the soluble fraction increased after Cd exposure,and the proportion of insoluble phosphate Cd and oxalate Cd increased in roots and leaves,with a higher increase in oxalate Cd.Therefore,it is likely that root retention mechanisms,cell wall deposition,vacuole sequestration,and the formation of low mobility and low toxicity forms are tolerance strategies for Cd detoxification used by P.grandiflorum.The results of this study provide a theoretical grounding for the study of Cd accumulation and detoxification mechanisms in P.grandiflorum,and they can be used as a reference for developing Cd limits and standards for other medicine food homology plants.

Mechanism of Herbal Medicine and Food Dandelion Effects May be Related to RNA or DNA Regulation: A Review

Background: A dandelion is a common plant with a global growth distribution that has been used as a medicinal and food with no adverse effects. Purpose: In this article, the products and effects of dandelions are reviewed to help further in-depth studies and develop more products derived from dandelions in the future. Method: The literature about dandelion in various databases such as Pubmed is searched. Results: Dandelions have many effects, such as virus inhibition, anti-tumor activity, nutritional value, anti-aging, potential as a vaccine and alleviation of heat stress. The mechanism underlying these effects is analyzed and it was found that dandelions were regulated by RNA or DNA. Conclusion: As a medicinal and food, dandelions are safe and have many effects. Many products derived from dandelions have been developed. The metabolic regulation is related with ribonucleic acid or possibly deoxynucleic acid. Further in-depth studies should be conducted on the regulation of dandelions through RNA or DNA. There will likely be more products derived from dandelions in the future.

Clinical Application of Radix Notoginseng and Its Homology of Medicine and Food

Clinical application of Radix Notoginseng in the last ten years is summarized,such as Radix Notoginseng powder,compatibility of Radix Notoginseng with other traditional Chinese medicines,and related preparations of Radix Notoginseng,as well as application of Radix Notoginseng in homology of medicine and food,such as preventing and controlling gynecological diseases,rheumatoid arthritis,hypertension,gastric cancer,arthritis,and anemia.

Application of the thought of "simultaneous treatment of medicine and food" in the treatment of intractable functional constipation

Intractable functional constipation is a type of constipation which is difficult to cure,which is usually characterized by persistent constipation,dependence on laxative and/or ineffective treatment of laxative.In recent years,with the change of diet structure,accelerated pace of life and the influence of socio-psychological factors,the incidence rate has increased year by year,seriously affecting the quality of life of patients.Professor Yao Shukun has remarkable clinical effect and experience in the treatment of intractable functional constipation.Professor Yao believes that,combined with the changes of people's diet structure,life style and physique,the main TCM syndrome type of clinical stubborn functional constipation is dampness-heat and blood stasis,and the main treatment should be clearing heat and resolving dampness,regulating qi and removing blood stasis;and we should pay attention to the application of the idea of"Simultaneous Treatment of Medicine and Food"in the process of diagnosis and treatment,and educate patients to change their diet structure in order to fundamentally dispel the etiology.

The Protective Effect of Jiujiuguiyi, a Medicine and Food Homologous Formula, on Acute Alcohol Poisoning Mice

Background: Nowadays, acute alcoholic intoxication has become the third public problem in China, and the anti-inebriation products mainly aimed at increasing the activity of enzyme involved in the alcohol metabolism, which is a single mechanism that can accelerate alcohol metabolism. Thus, a new formula, Jiujiuguiyi (JJGY) which could protect liver, relieve the abnormal excitability of the center and improve muscle retardation at the same time is designed by us. Methods: The model of acute alcoholic intoxication was established by intragastric administration with 0.12 ml/10g 50% alcohol in mice. JJGY was orally administrated (gavage) once a day for 20 consecutive days before the establishment of acute alcoholic model. Mice were randomly divided into 8 groups with 8 each: blank control group (CON), model group (M), Haiwangjinzun positive control group (HWJZ), experimental groups (AL, AH, BL, BH, AB). Giant, crawling time on the rota-rod, the activities of aspartate amino trans- ferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in both liver and serum, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) in liver as well as the HE staining of liver slices, the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum were determined after acute alcoholic intoxication. Results: Compared with model group, JJGY significantly decreased the AST and ALT activity in liver and serum and MDA activity in serum. Meanwhile, it enhanced the ADH and ALDH level in liver as well as the hepatic and serous SOD activity, indicating more efficient metabolism of alcohol and less hepatic injury. HE staining results also proved that JJGY could reduce alcoholic liver cell injury, and the effect was more obvious in the group medicated before alcohol administration. Moreover, JJGY significantly prolonged the crawling time on the rota-rod and improved the gait of mice and the effect was proved to be better than the widely used health product Haiwangjinzun. Conclusions: This study suggests that JJGY is able to protect liver, relieve the abnormal excitability of the center and improve muscle retardation after acute alcoholic intoxication. Its liver protection effect is likely related to its modulation on the alcohol metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes.

Determination of vanadium in food and traditional Chinese medicine by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy

Various experimental conditions were described for the vanadium determinationby graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). The experiments showed that whenatomization took place under the conditions where the combination of a pyrolytic coating graphitetube and fast raising temperature were used and the temperature was stable, the signal peak shapescould be improved, the sensitivity was enhanced, and the memory effect was removed. The vanadium infood and traditional Chinese medicinal herbs can be accurately determined using the standard curvemethod.

Samples of the Collection of Old Medicine Raw Materials of the Department of Pharmacognosy of St.Petersburg Chemical Pharmaceutical University,Which Can Be Used in Food

In the world there are many collections of the pharmaceutical trend.In America,the exhibits of this profile are in the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History in Washington,in Europe these are collections of pharmacy museums in Heidelberg(Germany),Krakow and Warsaw(Poland),Basel(Switzerland),Riga(Latvia),and others.Some of them have many thousands of exhibits.There are also separate collections of pharmaceutical items for educational institutions,for example,a collection of old medicinal raw materials in Vigan’s Cabinet,Queen College,Cambridge(Great Britain).All these meetings,however,have long been known and described in detail.Most of them do not have a strict orientation and are presented,along with old medicinal raw materials,as well as tools and appliances,dishes,books,herbaria and various auxiliary items.All the more interesting is the collection indicated in the title of the article,which arose literally from non-existence.She was transferred to the educational institution at its creation,and this year she,like him,turns a hundred years old.It has a strict focus and is represented almost exclusively by medicinal raw materials.Studying the samples of this old collection,as a whole of medical profile,makes it possible to understand that many plants,which initially had only food use,gradually became pharmaceutical objects.Probably,it was the long practice of food use,with the fixing of associated pharmacological effects in the memory,that became the reason for choosing certain types of raw materials as medicinal.Ordinary foods,protein and starchy,began to be perceived as strengthening,mucous—as enveloping and anti-ulcer,some fruits and herbs—as antiscorbutic,sharp—as appetizing and improving the work of the stomach,and so on.

Introducing Chinese food therapy： a review of origin, developing course and modern application

Objective： This review introduced the origin, developing course and modern application of Chinese food therapy （CFT） in traditional Chinese medicine to enrich our understanding of relevant concepts and ways. Methods： PubMed, EMBASE, CBM, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang Databases were searched for papers on a range of terms relating to CFT. 41 references were finally selected for this review. Results： The development of CFT is comprised of five important periods in Chinese history. They axe as following： the infancy period represented by the idea of homogeny of medicine and food; theoretical development period represented by Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor, Shennong 1＇ Classic of Materia Medica and Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases; specialized volumes on CFT represented by Dietotherapy Worth a Thousand Gold; representative monographs on CFT represented by Dietetic Materia Medica and Principles of Correct Diet and the perfect period represented by integration of ancient food therapy practice and modern nutriology. Conclusion： CFT harbors a long and profound history, making great contribution to people＇s health maintenance and illness prevention. With the further development of integrative medicine, CFT may play a more important role in clinics and family health care based on integration of syndrome differentiation and disease differentiation.

Methods of preparation of egg and therapeutic uses:a review perspective of Persian Medicine

Background:The nutrients in eggs play an important role in the health of different body organs like the brain,cardiometabolic system,musculoskeletal system,skin and eyes and so the eggs can be considered as functional foods.In order to maintain the highest nutrient content of an egg,it is recommended to cook it properly,but no specific clinical research has been carried out yet on the role that the cooking of an egg plays in its food and health properties.For this reason,this study has collected and discussed the topics related to a variety of methods of cooking eggs,based on the texts of Persian Medicine,and conducted a comparison with modern sources of nutrition.Methods:The present study is a review in which sources of Persian Medicine(PM)were searched in software JamiTib(Version 1.5)and Persian electronic banks,sites of PubMed,Google Scholar,ScienceDirect,and Embase and websites of health reference of American food and water.Finally,the results obtained were classified and a content analysis was carried out.Results:In the PM books,in addition to referring to the different properties of eggs,different effects of different egg preparation have been investigated.The wise men of the school of medicine have proposed at least five methods of egg preparation,including very soft boiled,soft-boiled,hardboiled,fried,and omelet.In the texts,the healing properties of each case and the quality of digestion in the body were separately investigated.Among the five main methods of preparation eggs,the therapeutic and digestive effects of soft-boiled eggs are emphasized to a greater extent,because easy digestion leads to more beneficial effects of the yolk of the eggs.Conclusion:Though the wise men of Persian Medicine have proposed a variety of methods to cook eggs,ease of digestion is one of the most important factors in their decision-making while proposing the type of cooking method for therapeutic prescriptions.In contrast,in modern nutrition research,regardless of the method of cooking eggs,the effect of its use on diseases like heart disease or diabetes has been studied.Owing to the fact that many cases of eggs,as mentioned,have been confirmed in PM texts during modern scientific surveys,it appears that clinical studies on the relevant issues of eggs in this context are useful in better understanding therapeutic effects.

Application of Classical Prescriptions of Rhizome Chinese Herbal Medicines for Medicine and Food Homology and Development Status of Its Modern Food

The efficacy,application and compatibility of five kinds of Chinese Herbal Medicines medicine(including yam,licorice,Platyc-odonisi Radix,Polygonati Rhizoma,and Pueraria Lobata)for medicine and food homology in the past five years were systematically searched and summarized,and the current situation of their food development was reviewed to provide theoretical basis for the research and development of this kind of CHMs for health care.

Analysis on patents of health care products with substances of medicine food homology in China

Objective:The concept of substances of medicine food homology(SMFH)has garnered significant attention in recent years.This study conducts a systematic analysis of patent literature related to SMFH,and elucidates the development trends,technical hotspots,and the overall patent protection landscape of SMFH in China over the past two decades.Methods:The patent search focused on the SMFH varieties as the objects of inquiry,with retrieval conducted in patent databases.Subsequently,the acquired data underwent processing,analysis,and visualization.Results:While the technical threshold for pharmaceutical applications surpasses that of the food service sector,the former may assume a prominent role in the future.Research and development(R&D)activities in the southeast of China demonstrate robust activity than other regions.Colleges and scientific research institutions exhibit substantial advantages in patent applications compared with individuals and hold greater potential for future development.Conclusion:The findings of this patent analysis indicate that China’s SMFH industry are presently undergoing a transition from an extensive model to a high-quality model.The quality and technical standards of SMFH products are consistently improving.Consequently,there is a need for more stringent patent application requirements to align with the evolving development needs.

Research progress of ginger in the treatment of gastrointestinal tumors

Cancer seriously endangers human health.Gastrointestinal cancer is the most common and major malignant tumor,and its morbidity and mortality are gradually increasing.Although there are effective treatments such as radio-therapy and chemotherapy for gastrointestinal tumors,they are often accom-panied by serious side effects.According to the traditional Chinese medicine and food homology theory,many materials are both food and medicine.Moreover,food is just as capable of preventing and treating diseases as medicine.Medicine and food homologous herbs not only have excellent pharmacological effects and activities but also have few side effects.As a typical medicinal herb with both medicinal and edible uses,some components of ginger have been shown to have good efficacy and safety against cancer.A mass of evidence has also shown that ginger has anti-tumor effects on digestive tract cancers(such as gastric cancer,colorectal cancer,liver cancer,laryngeal cancer,and pancreatic cancer)through a variety of pathways.The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of action of the main components of ginger and their potential clinical applications in treating gastrointestinal tumors.

Role of flaxseed(Linum usitatissimum L.)in disease prevention and treatment

Seeds of flax or linseed(Linum usitatissimum L.)are important nutraceutical foods with antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,estrogenic,laxative,and antibacterial properties.Flaxseed oil and seeds are the richest vegetarian source of omega-3 fatty acids.Consumption of flaxseeds helps in prevention and control of cardiovascular disease,neurodegenerative disorders,obesity,diabetes mellitus,polycystic ovary syndrome,gout,liver and kidney dysfunction,oxidative stress-related diseases,post-menopausal symptoms,osteoporosis,irritable bowel syndrome,dry eye disease,cystic fibrosis,diarrhea,and cancer,particularly of the mammary and prostate gland cancer.Of late,flaxseed is gaining more importance not only because of its industrial values but also due to its nutraceutical and pharmaceutical properties.The literature review was performed using PubMed,Scopus,PubMed Central,Google Scholar,and Web of Science from 1995 onwards.Data was also obtained from websites/books/book chapters.

Exploring a natural MDR reversal agent: potential of medicinal food supplement Nerium oleander leaf distillate

Objective:To investigate the molecular effects ofNerium oleanderleaf distillate on paclitaxel and vincristine resistant(MCF-7/Pac and MCF-7/Vinc)cells and sensitive(MCF-7/S)cell lines.Methods:Nerium oleander(N.oleander)leaf extract was obtained by hydrodistillation method.The toxicological effects ofN.oleanderdistillate,previously suggested as medicinal food supplement,on drug resistant cells were evaluated by XTT tests.MDR modulation potential of the plant material was evaluated by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy.Paclitaxel and vincristine were applied to the sublines in combination with N.oleanderdistillate.Results:Fractional inhibitory indices show thatN.oleanderdistillate did not increase the antiproliferative effects of anticancer drugs.N.oleandertreatment in to MCF-7/Pac and MCF-7/Vinc did not inhibit P-gp activity and MDR1 gene expression level.Conclusions:As a result it may be suggested that althoughN.oleanderdistillate has some medicinal effects as food supplement it may not be suitable as an MDR modulator for drug resistant breast cancer cells.

Local Knowledge on Plants and Domestic Remedies in the Mountain Villages of Peshkopia(Eastern Albania)

Ethnobotanical studies in the Balkans are crucial for fostering sustainable rural development in the region and also for investigating the dynamics of change of Traditional Ecological Knowledge(TEK),which has broad-sweeping implications for future biodiversity conservation efforts.A survey of local botanical and medical knowledge and practices was conducted in four mountainous villages of the Peshkopia region in northeast Albania,near the Macedonian border.Snowball sampling techniques were employed to recruit 32 informants for participation in semi-structured interviews regarding the use of the local flora for food,medicinal,veterinary and ritual purposes.The uses of 84 botanical taxa were recorded as well as a number of other folk remedies for the treatment of both humans and livestock.Comparison of the collected data with another ethnobotanical field study recently conducted among Albanians living on the Macedonian side of Mount Korab shows a remarkable divergence in medicinal plant uses,thus confirming the crucial role played by the history of the last century in transforming TEK.Most noteworthy,as a legacy of the Communist period,a relevant number of wild medicinal taxa are still gathered only for trade rather than personal/familial use.This may lead to unsustainable exploitation of certain taxa(i.e.Orchis and Gentiana spp.) and presents some important conservation challenges.Appropriate development and environmental educational frameworks should aim to reconnect local people to the perception of limitation and renewability of botanical resources.

Discussion on application of food-medicine homologous traditional Chinese medicine in prevention prescriptions for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

From sorting out and statistical analysis of 172 prevention prescriptions for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) put forward by government departments, medical institutions and TCM clinical experts in various provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, the results showed that food-medicine homologous traditional Chinese medicine (abbreviated as"food-medicine materials") such as honeysuckle, licorice, agastache, tangerine peel, fresh reed rhizome, perilla and platycodon are used most frequently. Combined with TCM theory and modern pharmacology analysis, not only deeper understandin/g of the application value of food-medicine materials, but also reference value of their daily use and development of related products reference in the future is expected to be acquired.

Anti-inflammatory evaluation and acute toxicity of three food supplements that contain Moussonia deppeana

Objective:To identify the anti-inflammatory activity through two murine models and in the median Lethal Dose(LD_(50)) of three dietary supplements that contain Moussonia deppeana.Methods:The anti-inflammatory activity of three dietary supplements(Cicatrisan/Gastricus^(R),Gastinol^(R),and Gastrovita^(R)) EtOH extracts was evaluated by TPA and by carrageenan murine models;also,median Lethal Dose(LD_(50)) was determined.Verbascoside was quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.β-sitosterol,stigmasterol and the mixture of ursolic and oleanolic acids were identified in all supplements by TLC;however,none of these dietary supplements contain verbascoside.Results:For the TPA model,Cicatrisan/Gastricus^(R)generated a notable effect with 38.24%inhibition.While in the carrageenan model,it also exhibited noteworthy anti-inflammatory activity of ear edema with 66.39%of paw edema inhibition at 150 mg/kg,followed by Gastinol^(R) and Gastrovita^(R) with 50%at 300 mg/kg.Finally,LD_(50) was >2 g/kg for all supplements,when was administered intragastrically and Body Weight(BW) gain in mice was not altered after 14 days.Conclusions:Of the three food supplements containing M.deppeana,only the EtOH extract from the Cicatrisan/Gastricus^(R)formulation(tablets) showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in both experimental models and the LD_(50) was > 2 g/kg.

Mixed vitamin C and zinc diet supplements co-administered with artemether drug improved haematological profile and survival of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei

Iron and zinc deficiencies is common in malaria endemic areas and contributes to morbidity.Vitamin C and zinc combined supplements have been hypothesized as a remedy.This study evaluated the effect of different combinations of vitamin C and zinc on haematological parameters and mortality of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice(Mus musculus).A three-week trial was carried out to assess haematological changes and mortality of mice after 3-day artemether treatment co-administered with vitamin C-zinc supplements.Grouping was based on combinations of vitamin C and zinc.Weight,packed cell volume(PCV),white blood cell count(WBC),red blood cell count(RBC),haemoglobin concentration(HB),and mortality were assayed weekly.The supplement improved PCV,HB,mean cell volume(MCV)and mean cell haemoglobin(MCH).Mice mortality was higher in the absence of the supplement,though the difference was not significant(x^2=5.214,P=0.5167).Parasitaemia was not reduced by the supplement.A 30:70 vitamin C-zinc supplement performed better than other combinations used.Therefore,vitamin C-zinc supplement play roles in the management of malaria,since they improved PCV and HB,and lowered mortality rate,complementing the therapeutic effect of artemether.

Antioxidant,Antibacterial and Antitumor Activity of Ethanolic Extract of the Psidium guajava Leaves

Psidium guajava L. has extensive use in folk medicine. The aim of this study was to quantify the levels of phenolic, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, leathality assay and antibacterial and antitumoral activities of the extract of P. guajava. In the dry guava extract there were high levels of phenolics (766.08 ± 14.52 mg/g), flavonoids (118.90 ± 5.47 mg/g) and antioxidant activity (87.65%). The LD50 was 185.15 μg/ml. The MIC value was 250 μg/ml for Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis. IC50 of the extract tested in the HeLa, RKO and Wi cell lines was 15.6 ± 0.8 μg/ml, 21.2 ± 1.1 μg/ml and 68.9 ± 1.5 μg/ml, respectively. The results of all analyses allow us to conclude that the dry extract of guava leaves has promising activity to be applied topically in the oral cavity or in the development of antitumor formulation or even be used as a functional food.

The research progress of Chinese medicinal food therapy on infertility

Infertility is one of the common gynecological diseases,and the incidence has been on the rise in recent years,and according to WHO,infertility will become the third most serious disease after tumor and cardiovascular disease in the 21st century.Food therapy and medicine in China has a long history,Sun Simiao Valuable Prescriptions for emergencies:"If you can use food to calm the disease,release the emotions and dispel the disease,can be said to be good workers",which is also an important embodiment of the Chinese medicine"cure the disease"idea.With the improvement of the living standard of Chinese residents in recent years,food therapy and medicinal food have become popular as a new treatment method because of its efficacy and ease of acceptance.The author summarizes and summarizes the research results of Chinese medicine and medicinal food in the treatment of infertility in recent years in order to provide reference for clinical treatment of infertility.