Electric field and force characteristic of dust aerosol particles on the surface of high-voltage transmission line

High-voltage transmission lines play a crucial role in facilitating the utilization of renewable energy in regions prone to desertification. The accumulation of atmospheric particles on the surface of these lines can significantly impact corona discharge and wind-induced conductor displacement. Accurately quantifying the force exerted by particles adhering to conductor surfaces is essential for evaluating fouling conditions and making informed decisions. Therefore, this study investigates the changes in electric field intensity along branched conductors caused by various fouling layers and their resulting influence on the adhesion of dust particles. The findings indicate that as individual particle size increases, the field strength at the top of the particle gradually decreases and eventually stabilizes at approximately 49.22 k V/cm, which corresponds to a field strength approximately 1.96 times higher than that of an unpolluted transmission line. Furthermore,when particle spacing exceeds 15 times the particle size, the field strength around the transmission line gradually decreases and approaches the level observed on non-adhering surface. The electric field remains relatively stable. In a triangular arrangement of three particles, the maximum field strength at the tip of the fouling layer is approximately 1.44 times higher than that of double particles and 1.5 times higher compared to single particles. These results suggest that particles adhering to the transmission line have a greater affinity for adsorbing charged particles. Additionally, relevant numerical calculations demonstrate that in dry environments, the primary adhesion forces between particles and transmission lines follow an order of electrostatic force and van der Waals force. Specifically, at the minimum field strength, these forces are approximately74.73 times and 19.43 times stronger than the gravitational force acting on the particles.

Structure-preserving algorithms for guiding center dynamics based on the slow manifold of classical Pauli particle

The classical Pauli particle(CPP) serves as a slow manifold, substituting the conventional guiding center dynamics. Based on the CPP, we utilize the averaged vector field(AVF) method in the computations of drift orbits. Demonstrating significantly higher efficiency, this advanced method is capable of accomplishing the simulation in less than one-third of the time of directly computing the guiding center motion. In contrast to the CPP-based Boris algorithm, this approach inherits the advantages of the AVF method, yielding stable trajectories even achieved with a tenfold time step and reducing the energy error by two orders of magnitude. By comparing these two CPP algorithms with the traditional RK4 method, the numerical results indicate a remarkable performance in terms of both the computational efficiency and error elimination. Moreover, we verify the properties of slow manifold integrators and successfully observe the bounce on both sides of the limiting slow manifold with deliberately chosen perturbed initial conditions. To evaluate the practical value of the methods, we conduct simulations in non-axisymmetric perturbation magnetic fields as part of the experiments,demonstrating that our CPP-based AVF method can handle simulations under complex magnetic field configurations with high accuracy, which the CPP-based Boris algorithm lacks. Through numerical experiments, we demonstrate that the CPP can replace guiding center dynamics in using energy-preserving algorithms for computations, providing a new, efficient, as well as stable approach for applying structure-preserving algorithms in plasma simulations.

Estimation of tunnel axial orientation in the interlayered rock mass using a comprehensive algorithm

The axial selection of tunnels constructed in the interlayered soft-hard rock mass affects the stability and safety during construction.Previous optimization is primarily based on experience or comparison and selection of alternative values under specific geological conditions.In this work,an intelligent optimization framework has been proposed by combining numerical analysis,machine learning(ML)and optimization algorithm.An automatic and intelligent numerical analysis process was proposed and coded to reduce redundant manual intervention.The conventional optimization algorithm was developed from two aspects and applied to the hyperparameters estimation of the support vector machine(SVM)model and the axial orientation optimization of the tunnel.Finally,the comprehensive framework was applied to a numerical case study,and the results were compared with those of other studies.The results of this study indicate that the determination coefficients between the predicted and the numerical stability evaluation indices(STIs)on the training and testing datasets are 0.998 and 0.997,respectively.For a given geological condition,the STI that changes with the axial orientation shows the trend of first decreasing and then increasing,and the optimal tunnel axial orientation is estimated to be 87.This method provides an alternative and quick approach to the overall design of the tunnels.

Dark Matter Particles May Never Be Directly Detected by Instruments—A Dark Matter Mechanism That Does Not Exceed the Standard Model Framework

A dark matter mechanism within the framework of the standard model (SM) of particle physics is proposed in this article that the essence of dark matter may be the excited virtual particle field by the gravitational field of ordinary matter, which contains virtual photons, virtual positive and negative electron pairs, virtual gluons, virtual positive and negative quark pairs, virtual neutrinos etc. In this mechanism, there are two basic assumptions: 1) the stronger the gravitational field of ordinary matter, the greater the excited energy (mass) density of virtual particle field;2) The excited virtual particle field is generally very weak in self-interaction. The virtual particle field excited by gravity can exhibit the properties of dark matter and may become a dark matter candidate. Based on this new dark matter mechanism, the hydrodynamic equations and cosmic perturbation equations describing cosmic matter are improved, and this may be meaningful for solving the challenges faced by the standard cosmological model (Lambda-CDM or LCDM) and developing and perfecting LCDM model.

The Origin of Electric Charge in Quantum Gravity

A model fermion has been produced in a theory of quantum gravity that establishes the existence of a mass gap and half-integral spin. The third requirement for the fermion is electric charge. We herein develop a dualism-based analysis that explains the origin of charge at the fermion scale in a primordial field theory of quantum gravity.

“Eternal Motion” as a “Form of Movement of a Special Nature” and the Main Condition for the Creation of the Universe

The article hypothesizes that DE and DM (UCM) are a “Form of Motion of a Special Nature”, where “Form of Motion” means “Eternal Motion” as the power of dynamics of different levels and varying degrees of self-sufficiency, and by “Special Nature”, gravitational and two other properties of matter, “tied” to the “Eternal Movement” and completely dependent on it. Carriers of key properties of a “Special Nature” have been established: “0”-DE particles and “3”-DM particles (UDM). The unity of their inherent “motionally-gravitational” properties and the peculiarity of the relationship between “motion” and “gravity” are revealed: the higher the intensity of “Eternal Motion”, the stronger the gravitational properties of matter are manifested (and vice versa). The relationship of “time” with the “vibration frequency” and the “mass” of photons with the “degree of bonding and deformation properties of the field” is shown. The maximum level of gravity has been determined, which allows Nature to successfully create the Universe: such a landmark is the proximity to the property of the Primary Source—the “pure graviton” of the OSP space, the most powerful “motionally-gravitational” particle of the Universe. The reasons for the emergence of such an identity of the gravitational properties of particles with the indicators of a “pure graviton” are established: for “0”-DE particles, this is the acquisition of the function of “freedom of movement”;for “3”-DM particles (UDM), the creation of a special structure—a “double field” (“Main” and “Small”). The presence in the “double field” of specific “tools” for the creation of the worlds of the Universe—gravitational “waves” gives rise to impulses (shocks) of varying intensity and shape. A list of functions performed by “waves” in the “Main” and “Small” fields has been compiled. The specific conditions for the formation of “UDM Streams”, their transformation into a “Vortex” and, under the influence of a powerful Initial Impulse (push), sending them to the “place” of the creation of galaxies, are shown. It is suggested that there is a “Cycle of Matter in Nature” in the closed structure of our Universe due to the “work” of “waves” and the functioning of special “factories” in the form of exotic space objects—Black holes.

Mathematical Wave Functions and 3D Finite Element Modelling of the Electron and Positron

The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.

The Essence of Microscopic Particles and Quantum Theory

In the paper, we have given the quantum equation of the gravitational field intensity Eg (r, t) and electric field intensity E (r, t) for the material particles, since the gravitational field intensity Eg (r, t) and electric field intensity E (r, t) is in direct proportion to the distribution function ψ (r, t) of particle spatial position (wave function), these quantum equations are natural converted into the Schrodinger equation. In addition, we have proposed the new model about the photon and matter particles. For all particles, they are not point particles, but they have a very small volume. The photon has a vibration electric field in its very small volume. The neutral material particle, such as neutron, it has a vibration gravitational field in its very small volume. For the charge material particles, such as electron and proton, they have both vibration gravitational field and vibration electric field in their very small volume. With the model, we can explain the diffraction and interference of single slit and multiple-slit for the single photon and material particles, the volatility of all particles come from the superposition of their respective vibration field. After the vibration field of particle superposition, it shows up as a particle property. On this basis, We have obtained some new results, and realized the unification of both wave and particle and field and matter.

High-gradient magnetic field-controlled migration of solutes and particles and their effects on solidification microstructure：A review

We present a review of the principal developments in the evolution and synergism of solute and particle migration in a liquid melt in high-gradient magnetic fields and we also describe their effects on the solidification microstructure of alloys.Diverse areas relevant to various aspects of theory and applications of high-gradient magnetic field-controlled migration of solutes and particles are surveyed. They include introduction, high-gradient magnetic field effects, migration behavior of solute and particles in high-gradient magnetic fields, microstructure evolution induced by high-gradient magnetic fieldcontrolled migrations of solute and particles, and properties of materials modified by high-gradient magnetic field-tailored microstructure. Selected examples of binary and multiphase alloy systems are presented and examined, with the main focus on the correlation between the high-gradient magnetic field-modified migration and the related solidification microstructure evolution. Particular attention is given to the mechanisms responsible for the microstructure evolution induced by highgradient magnetic fields.

Characteristics of Coherence and Information for the Davydov Soliton Field

In this work, a generalized Davydov soliton field (DSF) has been investigated. The characteristics of correlation and information for the filed are emphasized and studied. It is a sort of correlation among so called generalized solitons so that the field may appear to some macroscopic quantum properties such as the superconductivity at room temperature. Secondly, the character of information for the field can be described by a nonlinear Liouville equation in the quantum information representation. This provides a basis to express information quality of DSF, which means that DSF can influence or drive object by using (soliton type of) quantum information density. All these two aspects provide a foundation which possibly explains many potential biological functions of human body such as some complex bio-electromagnetic phenomena and their interactions with objects.

Information Science Roles in the Emerging Field of Data Science

There has long been discussion about the distinctions of library science,information science,and informatics,and how these areas differ and overlap with computer science.Today the term data science is emerging that generates excitement and questions about how it relates to and differs from these other areas of study.

Determining the characteristics of the initial fixed-focus of laser beam riding guidance information field

Determining characteristics of the initial fixed-focus are a key technique for the design of laser beam riding guidance missile. Through analyzing the effects of the initial cone information field in guidance and control system of missile, those effects are considered as an approximate lead com- pensation network. The position and time of guidance spot initial fixed-focus can be designed. This method is applied to determine the characteristics of the initial fixed-focus of laser information field for a laser beam guidance gun-launched missile. The results of design and simulation show that the initial cone information field apparently speeds up convergence on the initial trajectory, and provides a guarantee for the implementation of minimum range index of a missile system.

Study of the Evolutionary Characteristics of Precursor Information Fields in North China Region and Their Relation to Earthquakes

On the basis of previous study results about the seismic anomaly precursor information quantity, universal and synthetic mathematical expressions that describe the precursor information quantity of various seismic anomalies are further given. Starting from large amounts of data of earthquake cases, the problem of the sustained effective time of seismic anomaly was studied again and the mathematical relationship between the sustained effective time of seismic anomaly and continuing effective time of seismic anomaly was further established. About one million pieces of precursor observation data belonging to 371 items of hydrochemistry, deformation, geomagnetism, stress, water level, geoelectricity, etc. In North China region in the period of 1980～ 1997 were collected and sorted out, and the seismic anomaly precursor information quantity of these items was calculated item by item. The evolutionary characteristics of seismic anomaly precursor information field in North China region in about 20 years and their relation to earthquakes were studied; an index system for medium- and short-term predictions of earthquakes with Ms ≥ 5.0 in North China region was established. After having checked by the R-value scoring method, the index system for synthetic earthquake prediction was proved to be of certain efficacy in medium- and short-term earthquake prediction.

Modeling of Adhesive Particles Using a Combination of the Two-Body Interaction and Phase-Field Methods

Discrete materials such as powders and granular materials have been widely used due to their specific characteristics. The precise evaluation is accordingly becoming important, and various numerical schemes have been developed. However, the interactions among the constituent particles are still difficult to model precisely. Especially, contact conditions, which vary with material properties and circumstances, are difficult to formulate. In this study, a computational model for simulating adhesive particles on contact in a many-particle system is proposed. The interaction between the particles was represented by a two-body repulsive force that depends on the distance between particles and an additional adhesive force at the contact point. A phase-field variable was introduced to express the surface of each particle, and the adhesive force was formulated using the phase-field distribution. As a result, the adhesion of particles was properly expressed. For a mono-particle system, neighboring particles adhered and uniformly aggregated, while for a dual-particle system, several characteristic patterns were obtained depending on the initial arrangement of the particles. Repulsive contact was also considered as a specific case, and the corresponding results were obtained.

Visual Exploration Research in the Field of Library and Information Based on Co-occurrence Analysis

Towards current modern society,our country’s library and information science is not only rapid development,but it also has won the favor of many researchers in more than a decade of development.Due to new technology elements and methods are widely used in the discipline of library and information science,cause society our country’s library and information science has entered a new stage with the development of information industry.This paper is based on the research theory of co-occurrence analysis,clustering co-occurrence analysis of references,social network co-occurrence analysis from researchers and research institutions of the field of library and information science,to have more precise and in depth research on the research focus of the library and information science,the authors themselves and the research institutions circumstances over the past few years.At the same time,the theory is used to analyze the effects and analysis of accurate data,to ensure that researchers can analyze the theory of library and information science for a long time.

Research on the Dynamic Evolution of Deformation Field and the Acquisition of Seismogenic Information Before Lijiang Earthquake With Ms7.0

By using the integral dynamic adjustment of the "segmentation rate," this paper processes the leveling repetition measurement data of the Dianxi(western Yunnan)area since the 1980s,makes the fitting of the velocity surface for vertical deformation with multi-surface function,and splits information of the vertical deformation field.The dynamic evolution of the deformation field and vertical deformation information norm-shear deformation,extension deformation,volumetric deformation,and quasi acceleration,which are the distribution characteristics of variation,are studied by using the information split before the Lijiang earthquake with MS7.0(February 3,1996)in the north of the Dianxi(western Yunnan)leveling network.The results indicate that in Dianxi(western Yunnan)area,the acute vertical differential movement of the large-scale deformation velocity high gradient belt and high information norm distribution in the Lijiang,Yongsheng,and its adjacent areas in the middle stage of the 1980s is the reflection

Effect of Ultrafine Particles on Flow Field and Transport Properties near the Interface Around a Moving Bubble

Laser Doppler Anemometer has been used to measure the flow field characteristics near the interface around a moving bubble in the presence of ultrafine particles. In order to model a moving bubble, the bubble was fixed into the counter flow liquid by a metal mesh. Experimental materials are air and water, and the particles are complex oxidate powder. Experiments were carried out under the operating conditions: the liquid flow velocity u 0 is 12.6 cm/s, the equivalent diameter d e is 0.6 cm, the mass concentration of particle is 0.2 0 0 ,the average particle diameter is about 10 nm and the density is 2 g/cm 3. The velocity profiles of both frontal and tail vortex areas were measured respectively. The experimental results show that the velocity fields are obviously changed in the existence of particles. In the frontal area of the bubble, both tangential and normal velocities decrease due to the presence of particles, but in tail vortex area, the tangential velocities increase remarkably, and normal velocities rise gradually from the center towards the fringe in the opposite tendency to that of no particles. The influences of flow field change in the presence of particles on gas liquid mass transfer are analyzed and discussed.

Influence of the position relationship between gas–liquid interface and laser focus on plasma evolution characteristics in jet LIBS technology

In order to understand the characteristics of breakdown process,plasma evolution and spectral emission in liquid jets laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy methods under the influence of the position variation between laser focus and gas–liquid interface,this work takes the plasma generated by laser-induced liquid jets as the object of study and discusses the changes in the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics and spectral radiation of the plasma when the position parameters between the laser focal point and the gas–liquid interface are different.The initial breakdown position is always between the front interface and the focus when the laser focus moves along the vertical direction of the interface,forming a phenomenon like’interface effect’.The relationship between laser pulse energy and breakdown probability exhibits a law similar to a‘hysteresis curve’in the study of breakdown threshold.In this work,plasma with smaller size,rounder shape,stronger radiation,higher temperature,and higher density can be produced when the focus position is in the liquid column 0.2 mm away from the front interface.Simultaneously,the spectral signal intensity and signal-to-back ratio of the characteristic peaks of target elements in water reach maximum values,and the spectral signal becomes more stable(relative standard deviation value reaches 2%).The Ca element’s ion radiation at 393.366 nm and atomic radiation at 422.673 nm are studied using narrow-band filtering imaging and time-space resolution spectroscopy.The findings demonstrate that the laws of ion and atomic radiation are not perfectly consistent in space and time.

Computational Physics of Mathematica and Geometric Calculus

The latter half of the twentieth century yielded two tools of unprecedented power, both of which took decades to mature to their current states. The purpose of this research is to apply these to a theory of gravity and develop the consequences of the model based on these tools. This paper presents such results without mathematical details, which are presented elsewhere. The tools are: Geometric Calculus, developed by David Hestenes, circa 1965 and Mathematica, released in 1988 by Steven Wolfram. Both tools have steep learning curves, requiring several years to acquire expertise in their use. This paper explains in what sense they are optimal.

A New Interpretation of the Higgs Vacuum Potential Energy Based on a Planckion Composite Model for the Higgs

We present a new interpretation of the Higgs field as a composite particle made up of a positive, with, a negative mass Planck particle. According to the Winterberg hypothesis, space, i.e., the vacuum, consists of both positive and negative physical massive particles, which he called planckions, interacting through strong superfluid forces. In our composite model for the Higgs boson, there is an intrinsic length scale associated with the vacuum, different from the one introduced by Winterberg, where, when the vacuum is in a perfectly balanced state, the number density of positive Planck particles equals the number density of negative Planck particles. Due to the mass compensating effect, the vacuum thus appears massless, chargeless, without pressure, energy density, or entropy. However, a situation can arise where there is an effective mass density imbalance due to the two species of Planck particle not matching in terms of populations, within their respective excited energy states. This does not require the physical addition or removal of either positive or negative Planck particles, within a given region of space, as originally thought. Ordinary matter, dark matter, and dark energy can thus be given a new interpretation as residual vacuum energies within the context of a greater vacuum, where the populations of the positive and negative energy states exactly balance. In the present epoch, it is estimated that the dark energy number density imbalance amounts to, , per cubic meter, when cosmic distance scales in excess of, 100 Mpc, are considered. Compared to a strictly balanced vacuum, where we estimate that the positive, and the negative Planck number density, is of the order, 7.85E54 particles per cubic meter, the above is a very small perturbation. This slight imbalance, we argue, would dramatically alleviate, if not altogether eliminate, the long standing cosmological constant problem.