China’s Recent Progresses in Polar Climate Change and Its Interactions with the Global Climate System

During the recent four decades since 1980,a series of modern climate satellites were launched,allowing for the measurement and record-keeping of multiple climate parameters,especially over the polar regions where traditional observations are difficult to obtain.China has been actively engaging in polar expeditions.Many observations were conducted during this period,accompanied by improved Earth climate models,leading to a series of insightful understandings concerning Arctic and Antarctic climate changes.Here,we review the recent progress China has made concerning Arctic and Antarctic climate change research over the past decade.The Arctic temperature increase is much higher than the global-mean warming rate,associated with a rapid decline in sea ice,a phenomenon called the Arctic Amplification.The Antarctic climate changes showed a zonally asymmetric pattern over the past four decades,with most of the fastest changes occurring over West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula.The Arctic and Antarctic climate changes were driven by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and ozone loss,while tropical-polar teleconnections play important roles in driving the regional climate changes and extreme events over the polar regions.Polar climate changes may also feedback to the entire Earth climate system.The adjustment of the circulation in both the troposphere and the stratosphere contributed to the interactions between the polar climate changes and lower latitudes.Climate change has also driven rapid Arctic and Southern ocean acidification.Chinese researchers have made a series of advances in understanding these processes,as reviewed in this paper.

WORKING TOWARD BENIGN INTERACTION BETWEEN CHINA AND THE REST OF THE WORLD

Since the 18th CPC National Congress,China has stood at a new historical point of departure,undergoing historical changes on top of the important achievements in development since the founding of the People’s Republic and particularly since the adoption of the reform and open-up policy.Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new

Study on interaction between the coastal water, shelf water and Kuroshio water in the Huanghai Sea and East China Sea

The main processes of interaction between the coastal water, shelf water and Kuroshio water in the Huanghai Sea (HS) and East China Sea (ECS) are analyzed based on the observation and study results in recent years. These processes include the intrusion of the Kuroshio water into the shelf area of the ECS, the entrainment of the shelf water into the Kuroshio, the seasonal process in the southern shelf area of the ECS controlled alternatively by the Taiwan Strait water and the Kuroshio water intruding into the shelf area, the interaction between the Kuroshio branch water, shelf mixed water and modified coastal water in the northeastern ECS, the water-exchange between the HS and ECS and the spread of the Changjiang diluted water.

Observation of interactions between internal tides and near-inertial waves after typhoon passage in the northern South China Sea

During the observational period of our study, Typhoon Hagupit passed over the mooring site and induced strong near-inertial waves （NIWs）, which provided an opportunity to investigate the interactions between internal tides （ITs） and NIWs. Based on the mooring data, we compared the current spectra during the typhoon period and non-typhoon period in the northern South China Sea, and found that the high- frequency waves （fD1 and fD2） were evident during the former. Moreover, the observations of the current revealed that fD1 and fD2 occurred near the depth of strong vertical shear in the NlWs. In order to confirm the generation mechanism of fD1 and fD2, we compared the positions of strong vertical shear in the NIWs and strong vertical velocity in the ITs. It was established that the vertical shear of the horizontal current of the NIWs and the vertical current of the ITs contributed to the generation of fDt and fD2.

The Islamic Studies in China:Research in the Field of History

A history of the Islamic studies in China,not only includes studies on world Islam,it also includes research on Islam and Muslims in China.Before the Reform and Opening Up,China did not achieve much in this field,since then,the research field of Islam and Muslim in China has been expanding and the results have been published,forming a new trend.In this field,scholars such as Jin Yijiu,Li Xinghua,Qin Huibin,Zhou Guoli,Sha Qiuzhen,Zhou Xiefan,Wu Yungui,and Yang Huaizhong have made the most outstanding achievements.Especially in the collation of reference books and historical materials,in the past 20 years,The Encyclopedia of the history of Islam,The Chinese Encyclopedia of Islam have emerged,and the Chinese and World Encyclopedia of Islamic Law and other important historical books have been published.This paper focuses on the field of historical research and divided into academic research history at home and abroad,which is discussed from several fields such as general history,special history,national history,and regional history.

PROGRESS IN “APPLIED RESEARCH ON DROUGHT & DESERTIFICATION”——A fruitful cooperative program between China and the World Laboratory

World Laboratory (WL) is an international organ financed by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its operation is exclusively for the Third World countries, where basic research projects are carried out and research results are applied to the benefit of the local areas and the world as a whole. The Project of"Applied Research on Drought &

Interaction between Hosts and Guests of Rural Tourism in Northeast China Based on Symbolic Interaction Theory

With constant economic development and continuous improvement of living standards in Northeast China,rural tourism,as a new type of tourism,is increasingly favored. From the perspective of symbolic interaction theory,taking the current situation of rural tourism in Northeast China as an example,this paper explained the semiotic significance between hosts and guests in rural tourism. It established the evaluation indicators for authentic symbolic perception of rural tourism. Also,combined with the theories of sociology and anthropology,it studied the interaction between hosts and tourists of rural tourism in Northeast China.

Numerical study on interaction between eddies and the Kuroshio Current east of Taiwan,China

We investigated the interaction between mesoscale eddies and the Kuroshio Current east of Taiwan,China,using a fine-resolution regional general circulation model.Mesoscale eddies are injected into a region east of Taiwan,China,according to the quasi-geostrophic theory of stratified fluids.Modeled eddies propagated westward at the velocity of the first baroclinic mode Rossby wave.When eddies collide with the Kuroshio Current east of Taiwan,China,the spatial structure and volume transport of the Kuroshio Current shows a significant variation.The upper 600 m of the anticyclonic eddy cannot cross the Kuroshio Current to reach the region west of the Kuroshio Current;rather,these waters flow northward along the eastern side of the Kuroshio Current.The upper water carried by the anticyclonic eddies cannot reach the shelf of the East China Sea(ECS).In contrast,the waters in the upper layer of the cyclonic eddy reach the western side of the Kuroshio Current and then flow northward.The dynamic mechanism analysis shows that the interaction between the Kuroshio Current and the cyclonic(anticyclonic)eddy decrease(increase)the horizontal potential vorticity(PV)gradient,or PV barrier,whereby the cyclonic(anticyclonic)eddy can(cannot)cross the Kuroshio Current.This study implies that the continental shelf could potentially be influenced by cyclonic eddies in the open ocean,which can transport heat and material from the upper open ocean across the Kuroshio Current to the shelf waters.

The Technological Gap between China and World Frontiers at the Industrial Level:1985-2009

Using sequential DEA methodology, this paper has measured the variations in the technological gaps of China＇s industrial sectors compared with the world frontiers of technology. From a temporal dimension, variations in the technological gaps of China＇s industrial sectors can be divided into the following four stages： slight abatement of technological gaps between 1985 and 1992, and between 1999 and 2007; stagnation in the variation of technological gaps between 1994 and 1999; and continuous abatement of technological gaps between 2008 and 2009. From the industry dimension, by 2009, 58.8% of China＇s industrial sectors had gradually reached or approached the world frontiers of technology; 29.4% of industrial sectors had experienced technological improvements but still lagged far behind the world frontiers of technology; 11.8% of industrial sectors significantly lagged behind the world frontiers of technology.

Bridge of Friendship Between China and the World

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Build an International Exchange Platform for Even Better Understanding between China and the World

At the beginning of the 1980s, China entered a new historical era of reform and opening up and socialist modernization drive. It became important and urgent for China to exchange and communicate with the international community. To meet the demand

Interannual and Decadal Changes in Tropospheric Ozone in China and the Associated Chemistry–Climate Interactions: A Review

China has been experiencing widespread air pollution due to rapid industrialization and urbanization in recent decades.The two major concerns of ambient air quality in China are particulate matter(PM)and tropospheric ozone(O3).With the implementation of air pollution prevention and control actions in the last five years,the PM pollution in China has been substantially reduced.In contrast,under the conditions of the urban air pollution complex,the elevated O3 levels in city clusters of eastern China,especially in warm seasons,have drawn increasing attention.Emissions of air pollutants and their precursors not only contribute to regional air quality,but also alter climate.Climate change in turn can change chemical processes,long-range transport,and local meteorology that influence air pollution.Compared to PM,less is known about O3 pollution and its climate effects over China.Here,we present a review of the main findings from the literature over the period 2011-18 with regard to the characteristics of O3 concentrations in China and the mechanisms that drive its interannual to decadal variations,aiming to identify robust conclusions that may guide decision-making for emissions control and to highlight critical knowledge gaps.We also review regional and global modeling studies that have investigated the impacts of tropospheric O3 on climate,as well as the projections of future tropospheric O3 owing to climate and/or emission changes.

Petrogenesis of the Late Triassic shoshonitic Shadegai pluton from the northern North China Craton: Implications for crust-mantle interaction and post-collisional extension

Latest Permian to Triassic plutons are widespread in the northern North China Craton(NCC); most of them show calc-alkaline, high-K calc-alkaline, or alkaline geochemical features. The Shadegai pluton in the Wulashan area has shoshonitic affinity and I-type character, and is composed of syenogranites containing abundant mafic microgranular enclaves(MMEs). LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb data yield weighted mean 206 Pb/238 U ages of 222 ± 1 Ma and 221 ± 1 Ma for the syenogranites and MMEs, respectively, suggesting their coeval formation during the Late Triassic. The syenogranites have high SiO_2(70.42-72.30 wt%),K_2O(4.58-5.22 wt.%) and Na_2O(4.19-4.43 wt.%) contents but lower concentrations of P_2O_5(0.073-0.096 wt.%) and TiO_2(0.27-0.37 wt.%), and are categorized as I-type granites, rather than A-type granites, as previously thought. These syenogranites exhibit lower(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)i ratios(0.70532-0.70547) and strongly negative whole-rock εNd(t) values(-12.54 to-11.86) and zircon εHf(t) values(-17.81 to-10.77),as well as old Nd(1962-2017 Ma) and Hf(2023-2092 Ma) model ages, indicating that they were derived from the lower crust.Field and petrological observations reveal that the MMEs within the pluton probably represent magmatic globules commingled with their host magmas. Geochemically, these MMEs have low SiO_2(53.46-55.91 wt.%)but high FeOt(7.27-8.79 wt.%) contents. They are enriched in light rare earth elements(LREEs) and large ion lithophile elements(LILEs), and are depleted in heavy rare earth elements(HREEs) and high field strength elements(HFSEs). They have whole-rock(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)i ratios varying from 0.70551 to 0.70564, εNd(t) values of -10.63 to -9.82, and zircon εHf(t) values of -9.89 to 0.19. Their geochemical and isotopic features indicate that they were derived from the subcontinental lithospheric mantle mainly metasomatized by slab-derived fluids, with minor involvement of melts generated from the ascending asthenospheric mantle. Petrology integrated with elemental and isotopic geochemistry suggest that the Shadegai pluton was produced by crust-mantle interactions, i.e., partial melting of the lower continental crust induced by underplating of mantle-derived mafic magmas(including the subcontinental lithospheric mantle and asthenospheric mantle), and subsequent mixing of the mantle-and crust-derived magmas. In combination with existing geological data, it is inferred that the Shadegai pluton formed in a post-collisional extensional regime related to lithospheric delamination following the collision between the NCC and Mongolia arc terranes.

Relationships between intensity of the Kuroshio current in the East China Sea and the East Asian winter monsoon

Based on satellite altimeter and reanalysis data,this paper studies the relationships between the intensity of the Kuroshio current in the East China Sea（ECS） and the East Asian winter monsoon（EAWM）.The mechanisms of their possible interaction are also discussed.Results indicate that adjacent transects show consistent variations,and on an interannual timescale,when the EAWM is anomalously strong（weak）,the downstream Kuroshio in the ECS is suppressed（enhanced） in the following year from February to April.This phenomenon can be attributed to both the dynamic effect（i.e.,Ekman transport） and the thermal effect of the EAWM.When the EAWM strengthens（weakens）,the midstream and downstream Kuroshio in the ECS are also suppressed（intensified） during the following year from October to December.The mechanisms vary for these effects.The EAWM exerts its influence on the Kuroshio＇s intensity in the following year through the tropospheric biennial oscillation（TBO）,and oceanic forcing is dominant during this time.The air-sea interaction is modulated by the relative strength of the EAWM and the Kuroshio in the ECS.The non-equivalence of spatial scales between the monsoon and the Kuroshio determines that their interactions are aided by processes with a smaller spatial scale,i.e.,local wind stress and heating at the sea surface.

Protecting the national parks and the world heritage sites in China: challenge and strategy

About 70% of its land area as mountains and plateaus, China is the largest mountain country in the world. Thanks to its vast territory (9.6 million km2), outstanding relief and varied climates, China boasts extremely plenty of ecosystems and landscapes. From south to north, it traverses almost all the temporal zones from tropical rainforest in the southernmost to frigid-temperate needle-leaved forest in the northernmost; from east to west, it sees a gradual transition fro humid forest landscape to extremely arid desert landscape; vertical change of landscapes is most striking owing to the existence of many high mountains (above 6000-7000 m, e.g., the Himalayas, the Kunlun, the Tianshan, the Hengduan, etc.) and plateaus, especially the immense Tibetan Plateau (averagely 4500 m above sea level). All of this give rise to the richness and diversity of ecosystems and landscape in China. Some of the ecosystems are endemic to China, e.g., alpine desert and alpine steppe in the Tibetan Plateau. As a result, China bears a great responsibility in the protection of global ecosystems and landscape.

Wave-current interaction during Typhoon Nuri(2008)and Hagupit(2008):an application of the coupled ocean-wave modeling system in the northern South China Sea

The northern South China Sea(SCS) is frequently affected by typhoons. During severe storm events, wave-current interactions produce storm surges causing enormous damage in the path of the typhoon. To evaluate the influence of wave-current interactions on storm surge, we used a coupled ocean-atmospherewave-sediment transport(COAWST) modeling system with radiation-stress and vortex-force formulations to simulate two typically intense tropical storms that invaded the SCS, namely Typhoons Nuri(2008) and Hagupit(2008), and compared results with observations from the Hong Kong Observatory. Both radiationstress and vortex-force formulations significantly improved the accuracy of the simulation. Depending on which typhoon and the topography encountered, the influence of surface waves on the oceanic circulation showed different characteristics, including the differences of range and intensity of storm surge between vortex-force and radiation-stress experiments. During typhoon landing, strong sea-surface elevation in concert with wave set-up/set-down caused the adjustment of the momentum balance. In the direction perpendicular to the current, but especially in the cross-shore direction, the pressure gradient and wave effects on the current dominated the momentum balance.

Obesity intervention efforts in China and the 2022 World Obesity Day

Obesity has become a serious public health problem globally.China has the world’s largest number of people with obesity or overweight.More than 50%of adults and about 20%of children and adolescents in China are overweight or obese.Over the past 20 years,China has made many efforts in obesity intervention,while obesity rates continued rising.In recent years,China has taken more actions for obesity prevention.The World Obesity Day(WOD)was established in 2015 by the World Obesity Federation,and is a unified day of action calling for a cohesive,cross-sector response to fight obesity.WOD has drawn increasing attention in recent years.China formally joined the WOD activities this year,promoted by The Obesity Prevention and Control Section of Chinese Nutrition Society,which cooperated closely with other organizations in carrying out a series of activities during the 2022 WOD.These efforts aimed to encourage the whole society to pay attention to the obesity problem and take more practical actions.The activities include:(1)The 2022“World Obesity Day”China Summit;(2)a specifically developed WOD obesity prevention education video;and(3)the launch of The Expert Consensus on Obesity Prevention and Treatment in China.These can serve as examples for other organizations and countries to consider in future intervention efforts.To fight the global obesity epidemic,all counties and people need to act.Countries can learn from each other’s successful practices.