Measurement of International Competitiveness of Clothing Industry under the Background of Value Chain Reconstruction

Relying on cheap labor cost advantage,China is locked in the low-end processing link of the global value chain and obtains a lower profit share.With the deepening of the international division of labor,changes in the distribution of national interests and the spread of anti-globalization in some developed countries,the global value chain is undergoing a new round of large-scale reconstruction and emerging economies are trying to penetrate and extend to the high end of the global value chain.Based on the theory of industrial upgrading and global value chain,this paper focuses on the current development of Chinese apparel industry,the mechanism,development and problems of global value chain reconstruction,analyzes the relevant elements in the apparel industry value chain reconstruction,and proposes the application of data envelopment analysis(DEA)competitiveness model in the value chain reconstruction of apparel enterprises.We use the CCR(C2R)model to simulate the improvement of production efficiency.Finally,we put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions for the value chain reconstruction from the perspective of improving product competitiveness.

Green Value Chain： A Case Study in Turkey about the Relationships among Antecedents, Initiatives and Results of Green Value Chain Implementations

The present study was conducted to determine the green value chain implementations of large and medium size businesses and to investigate the relationships among antecedents, initiatives and results of green value chain implementations. The antecedents of green value chain implementations were considered from four dimensions namely regulations, public concerns, expected competitive advantage and top management commitment; green value chain initiatives were considered from three dimensions namely green primary activities, green internal support activities and green external support activities; the results of green value chain implementations were considered from two dimensions namely economic performance and socio-ecologic performance. A model was created according to the objectives of the study and hypotheses were formed. Multiple regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationships between the antecedents and initiatives of green value chain implementations. A relationship was not observed between green primary activities and economic and socio-ecologic performance. While a positive relationship was observed between green external support activities and economic performance, a positive relationship was observed between green internal support activities and both economic and socio-ecologic performance.

The Global Value Chains and the Evolution of Chinese Economic Model

According to the Word Bank,in the first 38 years of China,economic reform took 700 million people out poverty line in China at the same time benefiting the Global South economy due to the integration of the transnational enterprises global value chains with China.Chinese government understood the economic rational of global value chains,Flying Geese Model,and foreign direct investment theories and introduced policies to attract foreign capital,technology,production,and foreign buyers,placing China as the final stage of the production networks in Asia and also transforming China in the biggest buying market of many resources and energy suppliers from less developed countries in Asia,Africa,and South America.But a new model of Chinese economic development even more interconnected and interdependent with the world is now on move.Even quite before the world acknowledge the protectionist mindset of the US in Trump era,Chinese President Xi Jinping launched in 2013 a very ambitious initiative under the name of“One Road,One Belt,the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road”to enhance a new stage of world globalization,which together with two complimentary initiatives:the“International Production Cooperation”and“Third-Country Market Cooperation”,and in complementarity with the“Made in China 2025”and“Internet Plus”plans will lead China to develop global value chains leaded by Chinese companies and integrating countries of Europe,Africa,Asia,and South America.

Learning by Doing Effect in North South Trade under the Global Value Chains： An Empirical Analysis of Various Industries in the U.S.

This paper studies the division of labor and economic development under global value chains in North South trade by mainly investigating the changes of production hours and cost per unit along with more and more output and increasing trade value in several industries in the U.S., because the U. S. is at the leading position in the division of labor by global value chains. The empirical evidence reveals that more international outsourcing, there will be more detailed division of labor, and the industry unit production time and production cost will show more declining trend year by year. This is consistent with that the global value chains and the outsourcing play more and more important roles in the international division of labor and economic growth in both developed and developing countries, and helps explain the integration of workforce across countries in the global value chains.

Myths and realities of China's apparel industry——from a global value chain perspective

Rising export and market shares and rampant bankruptcies coexist in China's apparel industry.Against the backdrop of the global value chain,the by-country industrial competitiveness evaluation system based on final products is failing.Using the global value chain theory,this article investigates the international competitiveness of China's apparel industry and introduces the case study of Nike's global value chain,reaching the conclusion that existing evaluations have exaggerated the international competitiveness of China's apparel industry.China's apparel industry is at the lowest level of the global value chain,and most local enterprises have not entered the mainstream global value chain and are still internationally uncompetitive.As far as China's current economic development level and targets are concerned,it may be too unrealistic to discuss industrial upgrading entirely from the perspective of OEM-ODM-OBM.China's apparel producers should stick to both paths:one is the priority to strengthen manufacturing and OEM;the other is to do more learning to go beyond sub-contract manufacturing and prepare for long-term growth of OBM.Building middle and high-end apparel producers and creating local brands by virtue of China's status as a big country is the right path for development given the industry's present situation.

OFDI对中国产业比较优势动态升级的影响——全球价值链分工视角

随着经济全球化的发展,国际分工深化为全球价值链分工。从规模效应、结构效应、技术效应3个方面阐释了OFDI对比较优势动态升级的影响机理,利用WIOD数据库测算出1995-2014年中国制造业出口增加值、产业出口优化度EO指数、GVC地位指数并分别表征规模效应、结构效应、技术效应,应用改进后的贸易引力模型和时间序列模型,对3个效应进行检验。研究结果显示,中国企业开展OFDI可以促进比较优势的动态升级,实现价值链攀升。

中国OFDI对外贸高质量发展的影响路径研究

外贸高质量发展是现代化经济体系建设的重要内容。本文从外贸规模、外贸结构、外贸竞争力和外贸可持续性4个层面构建了外贸高质量发展的评价指标体系,并采用熵值法对OFDI促进外贸高质量发展的产业路径和技术路径展开理论和实证分析。研究表明:我国OFDI能显著促进外贸高质量发展;产业结构升级和技术进步的中介效应显著存在。为推动我国外贸实现高质量发展,政府应进一步完善相关政策措施,促进企业对外直接投资,不断深化产业转型、技术创新等保障机制改革;企业则应加大对自身技术的研发投入,加大对知识和技术密集型行业的对外投资,并加强企业之间的合作交流。

企业参与全球价值链分工的战略选择——基于CNKI与Web of Science的CiteSpace文献计量分析

全球生产碎片化分割和国际格局深刻演变,使企业在参与全球价值链分工战略选择上面临重大考验。本文以2020年以前有关企业参与全球价值链分工战略的2 478篇中外文献为研究对象,借助Cite Space文献计量研究工具,综合运用定量及定性研究方法探究企业参与全球价值链分工战略选择的研究脉络,提出了一个企业参与全球价值链分工战略选择的逻辑框架,并归纳总结企业战略的影响因素。研究发现:(1)企业参与全球价值链分工的战略选择可以分为市场性战略和非市场性战略两大类型,市场性战略可以分为外向拓展型战略和内部优化型战略;(2)外向拓展型战略可以分为离岸外包、海外布局和产业集群三种战略类型,内部优化型战略可以分为企业定位、禀赋利用和能力提升三种战略类型。(3)非市场性战略主要涉及企业政治战略、企业社会公众及媒体战略以及企业社会责任战略三种战略类型。(4)影响企业参与全球价值链分工战略制定的因素可以分为管理因素和环境因素,管理因素包括管理者因素、企业因素和网络因素;环境因素包括营商环境、融资约束、产业政策、市场结构和市场开放度五种母国因素,经济发展、制度质量、资源禀赋和技术水平四种东道国因素,以及文化距离、双边政治关系两种超国家因素。本文研究为后续理论研究和政策实践提供了方向性指引。

Dynamic Changes of China’s Functional Specialization in Export and International Comparison under Global Value Chains

The functional specialization in export of a country(and its sectors)in different activities,such as fabrication,R&D,management and marketing,is crucial to its governance and control on the value chains,which magnifies the shortage of the existing aggregate value added studies on our understanding of global value chains(GVCs).Considering production fragmentation at both the spatial and functional levels,this paper defines the modified functional specialization indicators at the national and sectoral levels from the forward linkage(rather than backward linkage).Based on the World Input-Output Database together with the newly compiled Labor Occupations Database,this paper re-estimates and analyzes the functional specialization and changes in China and major developed economies’exports.The results show that China’s export is mainly specialized in fabrication activity,which is among the world leading level,while it is weak in headquarter activities(especially R&D and management),which is almost locked at the lowest level in the world and could not pose an export threat to the developed economies.China’s manufacturing basically follows the functional development path of“relying on fabrication,entering market,targeting management and R&D”,featuring the coexistence of“strong”fabrication and“weak”management and R&D.The fabrication specialization of the typical processing sector“electronic and optical equipment”has reached the international leading level.The level of functional specialization of China’s service industry is generally lower than that of manufacturing and generally lags behind in the world,indicating that China still has a long way to go before becoming a major power of service in the world.Finally,this paper proposes policy implications and further researches that can be extended.

全球价值链数字化对中国制造业企业国际分工地位的影响

数字技术发展使全球价值链分工体系向数字化重构并深刻影响中国制造业高质量发展。本文基于K-T数理模型分析开放经济条件下数字中间品投入、出口国内增加值与国际分工地位的相互关系,构建全球价值链数字化与企业国际分工地位的理论分析机制。研究发现:全球价值链数字化通过全要素生产率、贸易成本、产品质量和创新能力这4个渠道提升中国制造业企业国际分工地位;全球价值链数字化对资本密集型企业、一般贸易企业及非国有企业的国际分工地位提升效应较强;全球价值链数字化对知识产权保护较好且研发投入较多地区的企业国际分工地位提升效应较显著。因此,建议从加大国内数字技术研发力度、采用差异化战略引导及加强数字技术知识产权保护等方面激发企业参与全球价值链数字化分工活力,提升企业国际竞争力,促进中国制造业高质量发展。

石油天然气领域标准国际话语权提升策略研究

石油天然气作为全球能源体系的关键组成部分,标准的制定和影响力对国际能源合作和发展至关重要。通过分析当前我国石油天然气领域标准的国际地位,提出一系列提升我国石油天然气标准国际话语权的策略,包括积极主导价值链提升标准化工作,推动官产研学合作及技术标准联盟,鼓励社会团体积极参加标准化工作等措施。本文旨在推动我国石油天然气领域标准的国际化进程,提高我国在全球能源治理中的话语权和影响力。

制造业数字化与劳动收入份额变动

制造业数字化转型能够改变劳动力市场格局,对收入分配产生重要影响。以1995—2018年45个国家17个制造业部门为样本,考察制造业数字化对劳动收入份额的影响。研究发现:制造业数字化对劳动收入份额的影响呈现“倒U型”特征,这种特征在发达国家中比较突出,在发展中国家中不明显;相比于国外投入,国内投入数字化对劳动收入份额的“倒U型”影响较早达到拐点;制造业数字化与直接出口、间接出口以及再进口活动的劳动收入份额分别呈抑制、促进和“倒U型”关系。机制检验显示,制造业数字化主要通过工资率效应和价值链分工效应对劳动收入份额产生“倒U型”影响。进一步分析发现,制造业数字化能够缩小高-低技能和中-高技能劳动者的工资差距。拓展性分析表明,资本-劳动比和行业竞争程度的提高均使劳动收入份额由升转降的拐点提前。研究可为推动制造业数字化转型与完善收入分配制度提供重要启示。

嵌入与重构:全球价值链分工的演进逻辑

全球价值链(GVC)是国际分工合作进一步深化的结果,其源于发达国家产业结构调整和发展中国家经济发展战略转变的相互契合。随着内在动力和外部约束条件的变化,参与GVC分工合作的各经济主体随即开始调整经济行为,其结果表现为GVC的解构和重构。本文从多个视角对GVC重构进行分析,有助于更全面地认识GVC分工演进的内在逻辑。研究发现:(1)GVC分工成为国际分工的标志性特征之一,已成为世界经济发展的支柱和中枢神经系统,三大区域价值链逐渐形成并稳固;(2)超大规模市场提升了中国对GVC的影响,且技术进步推动中国逐渐向GVC中高端环节攀升;(3)GVC重构源于技术进步、经济特征以及政治环境三方面的动因;(4)GVC重构本土化、区域化和多元化三大趋势会对中国各方面产生现实挑战。

数据要素市场化对中国企业全球价值链分工的影响

选取中国工业企业数据和海关贸易数据,实证考察数据要素市场化对企业全球价值链分工的影响以及作用机制。研究结果显示,数据要素市场化可显著促进企业深度参与全球价值链分工;机制检验结果表明,产业结构升级效应和技术创新效应是数据要素市场化驱动企业深度参与全球价值链分工的重要渠道;异质性检验表明,数据要素市场化对非东部地区企业全球价值链分工的促进作用更明显。有鉴于此,应持续深化数据要素市场化改革、加快建设现代产业体系、大力发展数智经济核心产业、实施差异化发展战略,以期提高企业嵌入全球价值链分工体系的附加价值。

国内价值链贸易核算:基于增加值分解与地位测度研究综述

文章在梳理国内价值链内涵界定和基本模型构建的基础上,从增加值分解与地位测度视角系统比较了国内价值链贸易核算框架演进过程,并探讨了未来的发展方向。首先,明晰了国内价值链属权和属地概念的内涵边界,并基于属地概念运用中国区域间投入产出表建立了一个基础理论模型框架;其次,通过对封闭经济条件下内需驱动的增加值分解范式和开放经济条件下涵盖国内和国外成分的总流出分解、省域部门层面出口增加值分解、“双循环”战略背景下国内价值链嵌入全球价值链模型框架的分析,揭示了不同模型的适用范围、关联性与拓展方向,研究发现,国内价值链贸易核算模型的构建为测度国内价值链分工位置与地位奠定了基础,两者有效衔接,深化了对国内垂直专业化分工的认识,拓展了分工贸易研究领域;最后,从经济理论、价值链条和模型数据角度给出未来可进一步研究的方向。

国际产业转移、技术创新与制造业全球价值链地位

考察国际产业转移对全球价值链地位影响的一般规律对于发展中国家突破全球价值链“低端锁定”具有重要意义。基于OECD-TiVA(2021)数据库,运用投入产出模型测算1995—2018年中国和东盟国家产业转移规模,从理论和实证层面检验国际产业转移对制造业全球价值链地位的影响以及技术创新的调节效应。研究发现:①国际产业转移与中国和东盟国家制造业全球价值链地位呈倒“U”型关系,目前大部分制造业未跨越拐点,处于国际产业转移促进制造业全球价值链地位攀升的“适度区间”,经多种稳健性检验后倒“U”形关系依然成立;②技术创新在两者间的调节效应显著,会弱化两者间的倒“U”型关系,促使国际产业转移对制造业全球价值链地位影响的倒“U”型曲线较基准回归结果更平缓;③扩展分析发现,全球价值链前向参与度会弱化国际产业转移与制造业全球价值链地位的倒“U”型关系,而全球价值链后向参与度则会强化这种“低端锁定”效应;④最终产品国际产业转移与制造业GVC地位倒“U”型曲线较中间产品国际产业转移更陡峭。

区域贸易协定对全球价值链参与度的影响——基于区域贸易协定深度水平的视角

针对全球价值链分工日益深化与区域贸易协定(RTA)不断增加的局面,在测算全球价值链参与度的基础上,利用WTO区域贸易协定数据库的资料,参照对RTA条款深度的划分,实证检验了RTA对经济体全球价值链参与度的影响。整体上,RTA对经济体的全球价值链参与度具有显著促进作用,但不同深度水平的RTA影响效应有所差别。其中,“WTO+”比“WTO-X”条款对经济体价值链参与度的影响更大,且RTA对发展中经济体价值链地位提升的影响大于发达经济体。地理距离、区域竞争在RTA对经济体价值链参与度影响中发挥着一定的调节作用。地理距离越近,RTA对价值链分工参与度的影响越大;RTA达成得越早,越有利于发挥RTA建立的竞争优势,保护本经济体在其他经济体的市场地位。机制检验表明,RTA可通过降低关税壁垒和促进对外投资推动经济体价值链地位的提升。

全球价值链重构下中国制造业分工地位测度及国际比较

全球价值链(GVC)重构背景下,如何明确中国制造业GVC分工地位的现实短板及动态变化,以在新一轮全球产业竞争中保持新的竞争优势。本文基于出口贸易增加值分解模型,利用OECD-ICIO数据库(2023)数据,测度了2000—2020年中国制造业整体及分行业的GVC地位,并进行了国际比较。研究发现:(1)虽然中国制造业出口结构在优化,在GVC中的地位有所上移,但仍无法扭转分工地位相对较低的局面。(2)中国制造业当前正处于GVC分工地位提升的阵痛期,劳动力的绝对低廉和技术的绝对高度均无优势。(3)从国际比较视角来看,无论是在金砖国家还是G7国家之间,中国制造业尚未摆脱“低端锁定”的困境,GVC分工地位仍存在较大的提升空间。因此,中国应重点关注与优势国家的发展差距,充分利用国内市场和内需优势,加大对“卡脖子”技术攻关的力度,找准提升GVC分工地位的路径。

如何以多价值链协同实现制造企业生产预测优化?——以电力制造企业为例

制造业是一个国家能源和经济发展的基础化产业。为了能够有效保障企业利益,提高企业竞争力,需要对制造企业生产进行准确预测。本文从多价值链协同的角度分析生产、营销、供应及服务等过程,利用随机森林(RF)—天牛须优化(BAS)—卷积神经网络(CNN)方法构建三阶段生产预测模型,并以北京某电力制造企业为例进行实证分析,验证预测优化效果。研究结果表明,利用该模型进行生产预测优化,相比于其他预测方法来说,能够有效提高预测精度。同时多价值链协同能够更好地体现内外部价值链之间的相互关系,协同下的生产预测优化对制造企业来说具有更加重要的意义。

大国博弈背景下中国装备制造业竞争力分析

随着新一轮科技革命与产业变革在全球范围内的迅速发展,世界主要经济体难免要在高科技领域展开激烈博弈。根据UN Comtrade数据库以及UIBE ADB数据库的相关数据,对世界主要经济体装备制造业全球竞争力、全球价值链位置进行对比分析。研究发现:日本、德国装备制造业总体竞争力水平远高于其他大国;美国在个别年份变动幅度较大;中国则一直处于逐渐上升的趋势,但相比其他世界主要经济体,装备制造业细分产业国际竞争力较弱。