The Planck Length and the Constancy of the Speed of Light in Five Dimensional Spacetime Parametrized with Two Time Coordinates

In relativity and quantum field theory, the vacuum speed of light is assumed to be constant;the range of validity of general relativity is determined by the Planck length. However, there has been no convincing theory explaining the constancy of the light speed. In this paper, we assume a five dimensional spacetime with three spatial dimensions and two local time coordinates giving us a hint about the constancy of the speed of light. By decomposing the five dimensional spacetime vector into four-dimensional vectors for each time dimension and by minimizing the resulting action, for a certain class of additional time dimensions, we observe the existence of a minimal length scale, which we identify as the Planck scale. We derive an expression for the speed of light as a function of space and time and observe the constancy of the vacuum speed of light in the observable universe.

Color constancy using color edge moments and regularized regression in anchored neighborhood

To improve the accuracy of illumination estimation while maintaining a relative fast execution speed, a novel learning-based color constancy using color edge moments and regularized regression in an anchored neighborhood is proposed. First, scene images are represented by the color edge moments of various orders. Then, an iterative regression with a squared Frobenius norm（F-norm） regularizer is introduced to learn the mapping between the edge moments and illuminants in the neighborhood of the anchored sample.Illumination estimation for the test image finally becomes the nearest anchored point search followed by a matrix multiplication using the associated mapping matrix which can be precalculated and stored. Experiments on two standard image datasets show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithms with a performance increase of at least 10. 35% and 7. 44% with regard to median angular error.

Foraging Behaviour of <i>Apis mellifera</i>L. and <i>Scaptotrigona bipunctata</i>on <i>Dombeya wallichii</i>Flowers in Southern Brazil

This research was carried out to evaluate the foraging behaviour of Apis mellifera and Scaptotrigona bipunctata and its relationship with environmental variables in Dombeya wallichii considering the following aspects: 1) Type of resource harvested, 2) Visitation rate, 3) Length of visit, 4) sugar concentration in the stored nectar in the honey crop of A. mellifera and secreted by the flower and 5) floral constancy. Both species collected mainly nectar, with a visitation rate of 4.2 flowers for A. mellifera and 1.1 flowers for S. bipunctata and visit length of 9.2 and 34.2 seconds, respectively. The sugar concentration had a positive relationship with temperature and luminosity, with mean values of 12.3% in the nectar and 14.2% in the honey crop. Bees were classified by specialists because the pollen of D. wallichii was predominant in the pollen basket, but the pollen of Emilia sonchifolia and Raphanus sativus was also found. These results suggest that the species under study take advantage of the resources offered by D. wallichii, therefore, this species is an important source for the maintenance of the bees in the season of lack of food.

RESEARCH ON COLOR CONSTANCY UNDER OPEN ILLUMINATION CONDITIONS

Color information plays a key role in the research fields of object recognition and image retrieval. However, the actual color varies by the conditions of illumination, especially the open natural daylight. Four different color constancy schemes are proposed in the paper to minimize the effects of open illumination conditions. (1) The color constancy scheme based on the image statistics is proposed, which includes the color cast detection and removal. (2) The color constancy scheme based on the color temperature curve is proposed, which combines Gaussian model with linear fitting to estimate color temperature curve. (3) The color constancy scheme based on the double exposure theory is proposed, which is able to reproduce a color image under typical illumination. (4) According to the concepts of supervised learning, the supervised color constancy scheme is proposed. The transformation of color values from unknown illumination to typical illumination is solved by improved Support Vector Regression (SVR).

The Modification of Special Relativity

In this paper, the phenomenon of light velocity invariance is analyzed by using a new etheric view, and the physical mechanism of light velocity invariance is given, the principle of constancy of light velocity and the principle of special relativity are modified, and the Lorentz transformation is deduced by using these two modified principles. The relationship between mass and speed, the relationship between time and speed, and the relationship between length and speed are reanalyzed, and physical explanations different from the Special Relativity are given. Experiments for verification of the new theory are designed and presented. Experiment 1: Verify that the kinetic energy of a particle is only related to the speed of the particle relative to the ether, independent of the observer’s motion. Experiment 2: Verify that magnetic field is produced by electric charge’s motion relative to ether, and is independent of the observer. Experiment 3: Redoing the Michelson-Morley experiment on the space station to prove the existence of the ether. Experiment 4: Simulation of the generation and reversal of the Earth’s magnetic field, thus proving that the magnetic field is generated by the relative motion of the electric charge to the ether. Experiment 5: Simulate the formation of the natural iron meteorites and show that the atom becomes smaller with the increase of the etheric density of the space. Experiment 6: Aberrations contrast experiment to prove that for the observers on Earth, according to the theory of this paper, stars have aberration but the light sources on Earth have no aberration;according to the theory of special relativity, there are aberrations for both the stars and the light sources on Earth.

Theoretical Explanation of m = E/c2

The aim of this theory is to study and explain the phenomena that have been predicted by Einstein in the year 1905 which affirms that the mass of a body increases with velocity;the mass of a body increases when it travels at high speed. In classical physics, it gains in the energy of motion. In relativity that kinetic energy makes itself felt as additional mass. As the object reaches the speed of light, theoretically, its mass becomes “infinite”. Nevertheless, the concept of “infinite mass” is still a subject we know little about. In the following paper, I will be focusing on how and why such phenomena take place. Furthermore, we shall discuss antimatter. Antimatter is now known to shower down from the sky above us, and when a particle meets its antiparticle, both of them disappear in a burst of radiant energy, exactly in accordance with E = mc2 .

语义驱动的颜色恒常决策算法

不同颜色恒常性算法适用于不同场景下的图像,算法融合是扩展颜色恒常性算法适用范围常用的方法之一,而现有融合性算法在算法选择依据上忽略了语义信息在图像纹理特征描述中的作用,导致光源估计时的精度不高。针对该问题,提出一种语义驱动的颜色恒常决策算法。首先,利用PSPNet(Pyramid Scene Parsing Network)模型对经过一阶灰度边缘算法(1st Gray Edge)偏色预处理后的目标图像进行场景语义分割,并计算场景中各个语义类别的占比;其次,根据语义类别及占比在已训练的决策集合中寻找相似的参考图像,并使用欧氏距离计算两者的语义相似度;最后,将语义相似度与基于多维欧氏空间确定的阈值进行判别,根据判别结果选择合适算法为目标图像实行偏色校正。在Color Checker和NUS-8 camera两种数据集中的实验结果表明,所提算法光源估计角度误差较单一算法均大幅度下降,且较同类型融合性算法分别下降14.02%和8.17%,提高了光源估计的鲁棒性和准确度。

知觉恒常性概念及问题澄清

作为一种心理现象,知觉恒常性从知觉场中被剥离出来,抽象为知觉的不变性或相似性。这使研究者混乱地处理研究的问题。在神经科学的研究中,知觉的变化和恒常被错误地归因于物理和心理两个不对称的层面。前者被还原为外界物理刺激的变化,后者被还原为大脑特定模块的活动。研究者或追求多要素模型的不断优化,或过于追求大脑活动的细节,最终却难以说明恒常发生的机制。知觉恒常性并非知觉不变性,其同时蕴含着变化和不变。恒常和变化同属于知觉层面,而非物理和心理的不同层面。对知觉恒常性的说明需要超越“物理-心理”的观念鸿沟,更需要超越“恒常-变化”的二元观念结构。超越性的知觉瞬间无常亦无变。

Intraspecific floral colour variation in three Pedicularis species

Flower constancy describes the phenomenon that pollinators tend to successively visit flowers of a single species during foraging,reducing reproductive interference in natural communities.The extent of flower constancy is largely determined by the floral traits of co-flowering species.Both higher inter-specific and lower intraspecific differences of floral traits should contribute to a higher level of flower constancy.However,previous studies mainly focused on interspecific difference,and the intraspecific variation(consistency)of floral traits received much less attention.We hypothesise that selection may favour lower intraspecific floral trait variation in communities composed of multiple co-flowering congeners.We investigated the floral colour variation of three focal Pedicularis species that share pollinators in 19communities composed of either single or multiple Pedicularis species.Colour was quantified using image-based colour analysis as perceived by pollinators.We found that most of the intrapopulation floral colour variation was below the colour discrimination threshold of bumblebees,implying strongly constrained by the visual selection by pollinators.Contrary to the hypothesis,there is no significant difference in intraspecific floral colour variation between different community contexts.It may be due to the relatively large interspecific floral colour differences of most co-flowering species.The influence of community context on intraspecific variation may be reflected in floral traits other than colours.

基于ANFIS-LSSVM的计算颜色恒常性算法研究

计算颜色恒常性是指消除场景光源的影响从而再现物体真实颜色的能力。目前,深度神经网络的应用使颜色恒常性精度显著提高,但大多数深度学习算法训练时间长、计算复杂度高,且需要大量的训练样本。针对此问题,提出了一种结合自适应神经模糊推理系统(ANFIS)和最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)的简单有效的方法。该方法分为训练和预测两个阶段:在训练阶段,首先提取图像特征分别训练ANFIS、LSSVM两种初始光源估计模型,接着利用核函数变换将两种模型融合,然后利用预留训练样本进一步训练得到多元线性回归光源估计模型;在预测阶段,提取测试图像特征后,直接由训练所得模型预测得到该测试图像最终的场景光源颜色值。实验结果表明,与深度学习方法相比,本文所提方法计算复杂度较低,即使在小训练样本中也能有很好的光源估计性能。

怒江峡谷干栏民居的恒常与变异

文章基于拉卜普特提出的“恒常与变异”观点,探索一种理解和研究风土民居的框架。通过对滇西北怒江峡谷地区干栏民居的共有特性与区域差异性进行分析,总结出不因峡谷内民族与地区差异而变化的恒常性,以及怒江中游、怒江上游及独龙江流域3个区域民居的变异性。研究认为,怒江峡谷民居中的恒常性体现出怒江少数民族固有的价值认知、生活方式、仪式与文化,识别并尊重这种恒常性,即在变化中寻找不变,在多样性中寻找共性,有助于深入理解建筑与环境、文化、社会之间的复杂关系,为风土遗产的留存提供重要依据,从而为未来的建筑设计和遗产保护提供宝贵的理论指导。

基于亮度特征的PTZ视频能见度检测算法及实现

为解决现有视频能见度检测方法的不足,提出一种基于亮度特征的PTZ视频能见度检测算法:提取路面的兴趣域,获得所选像素的高度一致性;利用基于Nagao滤波的区域增长算法得到精确路面区域,去除路基、车辆的影响,获得所选像素的亮度一致性;在路面区域中,提取反映路面亮度变化的对比度曲线,找寻亮度曲线特征点,通过消光系数计算图像中人眼可分辨最远像素;结合摄像机标定换算出最大能见距离。实验结果表明,该算法与人眼观测效果一致,准确率达到96%以上,检测误差在10 m以内,与能见度的对比度算法相比较,操作简单、抗干扰强、准确率高。

一种细节保持的Retinex图像增强算法

针对基于Retinex理论的Kimmel变分模型在图像增强中存在人工伪影等问题,对其模型进行了改进.改进的模型增加了保持细节信息的因子,并在模型求解过程中采用了基于金字塔的提升算法,计算复杂度明显降低,然后对求解得到的图像进行正态截取拉伸处理,取得了较好的图像增强效果.

人类视觉系统获取颜色恒常性的认知操作特性

以光度测量为基础，采用心理物理学方法，探讨人类视觉系统获取颜色常性的认知特性。共进行了两个实验。实验一，探讨颜色对比对获取颜色常性的认知操作过程的作用。结果发现，视觉系统可根据已适应了的对比参照作用，而校正（或补偿）由于外界照明变化而引起的物理色度变化。实验二，探讨视觉经验对人类视觉系统获取颜色常性的作用。结果发现，颜色常性不仅是一种视觉低层次、自动完成的补偿，而且涉及高层次的意识活动。

基于色彩恒常性的敦煌典型色彩光谱样本集构建方法

该研究目的为提出一种面向我国各类文物体系的典型色彩光谱样本集构建方法。以具有1700多年历史的世界级佛教艺术文化遗产敦煌莫高窟壁画彩绘为典型研究对象，以保证文物色彩传递过程中的色彩恒常性为主要创新，最终从视觉感知角度提出基于色彩恒常性的敦煌典型色彩光谱样本集构建方法。在具体实施过程中，在敦煌研究院美术所及保护所工作人员的配合与指导下，结合现有敦煌学研究成果，研究选取了48类敦煌典型颜料并设计制备了240个代表性色彩样本。利用分光光度计获取其在360～750m范围内反射光谱信息，通过聚类分析法对原始色彩光谱样本集进行分类，以6类典型光源场景条件下色彩易变性指数（COlOr inconstancy indeX）的综合量值为依据，结合Wilcoxon符号秩检验，确定分类数量及各子类的代表性样本，初步构建光谱样本集。随后，从色域完整性角度对初步建立的样本集进行补充，最终构建由100个样本组成的全色域光谱数据集。分析结果显示，该样本集在99％置信条件下的色彩易变性指数可低至3．28，且均匀分布于敦煌色彩体系的整个色域，因而可以为敦煌色彩再现过程中合理的选用具有高恒常性水平的色彩提供数据参考及方法依据。

色彩恒常性在彩色图像增强中的应用

将Retinex算法应用于彩色图像增强中,在分析MSRCR算法构成的基础上,针对灰度假设(GW)带来的问题作出了改进.改进的算法基于图像自身的直方图,对参数进行自适应的选取.实验结果表明,改进后的算法使彩色图像在演色性(Rendering)方面有了较大的提高,更符合人眼视觉系统的感知特性.

自动色彩均衡快速算法

对自动色彩均衡(ACE)技术做了一定的改进,使用卷积技术来提高速度.在后期的映射上提出新的方法,使用变型的gamma映射函数,通过调整参数达到对高动态范围图像增强显示的目的.与ACE,MSR算法比较结果表明,文中算法速度快,效果良好,有一定的实用性.

学前儿童性别恒常性的发展

采用改进的访谈方法,考察了3、4、5、6岁儿童的性别恒常性的发展。结果表明:3、4岁儿童已获得性别认同的能力,4、5岁儿童逐步获得性别稳定性的能力,5、6岁是性别一致性发展的快速期,大多数的6岁被试儿童已获得性别恒常性。研究还发现,在提示条件下,各年龄获得性别恒常性的被试人数大大增加;儿童对自己的性别恒常性的认知发展早于对他人,但这一差异主要表现在3岁儿童身上。

单幅图像阴影去除方法

为解决阴影影响区域信息判断和计算机视觉目标检测等任务的问题,研究了单幅图像阴影去除的方法.通过分析阴影特性与建模,在能量最小化框架下,根据颜色比例方法,通过纹理映射求解恢复系数;同时提出区域颜色恒常性计算和剖面光滑模型复合的半影恢复方法.实现了将阴影区域亮度、颜色和纹理等信息恢复到非阴影区域光照的效果,视觉一致性良好.

颜色校正方法及其在图像处理中的应用

如何通过颜色校正获得真实的颜色重现已成为图像处理中普遍存在的技术难点。首先对影响颜色失真的主要因素进行分析;然后讨论了一些有代表性的颜色校正方法及其改进机制,并进一步介绍了颜色校正在图像处理中的不同应用;最后指出了颜色校正未来的发展趋势。