Evaluation of the water conservation function in the Ili River Delta of Central Asia based on the InVEST model

The Ili River Delta(IRD)is an ecological security barrier for the Lake Balkhash and an important water conservation area in Central Asia.In this study,we selected the IRD as a typical research area,and simulated the water yield and water conservation from 1975 to 2020 using the water yield module of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model.We further analyzed the temporal and spatial variations in the water yield and water conservation in the IRD from 1975 to 2020,and investigated the main driving factors(precipitation,potential evapotranspiration,land use/land cover change,and inflow from the Ili River)of the water conservation variation based on the linear regression,piecewise linear regression,and Pearson's correlation coefficient analyses.The results indicated that from 1975 to 2020,the water yield and water conservation in the IRD showed a decreasing trend,and the spatial distribution pattern was"high in the east and low in the west";overall,the water conservation of all land use types decreased slightly.The water conservation volume of grassland was the most reduced,although the area of grassland increased owing to the increased inflow from the Ili River.At the same time,the increased inflow has led to the expansion of wetland areas,the improvement of vegetation growth,and the increase of regional evapotranspiration,thus resulting in an overall reduction in the water conservation.The water conservation depth and precipitation had similar spatial distribution patterns;the change in climate factors was the main reason for the decline in the water conservation function in the delta.The reservoir in the upper reaches of the IRD regulated runoff into the Lake Balkhash,promoted vegetation restoration,and had a positive effect on the water conservation;however,this positive effect cannot offset the negative effect of enhanced evapotranspiration.These results provide a reference for the rational allocation of water resources and ecosystem protection in the IRD.

Value Evaluation of Water Ecosystem Services——A Case Study of Changshu City

[ Objective] The study aimed to quantitatively assess the values of water ecosystem services. [ Method] Combining the market value, travel cost and restoration cost method, the ecological services and their economic values of the lake Taodangmian were assessed from aspects of water supply, recreation and tourism, water purification and biodiversity maintenance. [ Resultl For the lake Taodangmian, its freshwater supply and tourism played more positive roles in the society than the others, while the functions of water purification and biodiversity maintenance brought negative effects, which shows that the ecological environment of Taodangmian has become increasingly worse and needs to be controlled and and protected further. [ Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for the reasonable exploitation and utilization of water resources.

Long-term improvements in water conservation functions at Qilian Mountain National Park, northwest China

Water conservation is one of the most important ecosystem functions.This study uses the InVEST model to examine the water conservation function of the Qilian Mountain National Park(QMNP),an important water supply area in northwest China.We analyzed the spatiotemporal water conservation patterns of QMNP from 1988 to 2019.It showed that the water conservation capacity in QMNP has increased over the past 32 years,reaching a peak of 6.495×108 m3 in 2019.The area with an increased water conservation capacity is 12 times larger than the area with a reduced capacity.We also examined how climatic,land-use,vegetation coverage,and topographical factors influence water conservation functions.We found that precipitation is the main climatic factor in water conservation.The water conservation function also varies with land-cover type,with forests having the highest capacity,followed by grasslands.Lastly,topographical factors,including altitude and slope,also shape the spatial patterns of water conservation functions in QMNP.

Spatiotemporal evolution of water conservation function and its driving factors in the Huangshui River Basin, China

The Grain for Green project has had a substantial influence on water conservation in the Huangshui River Basin,China through afforestation and grassland restoration over the past two decades.However,a comprehensive understanding of the spatiotemporal evolution of water conservation function and its driving factors remains incomplete in this basin.In this study,we utilized the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model to examine the spatiotemporal evolution of water conservation function in the Huangshui River Basin from 2000 to 2020.Additionally,we employed the random forest model,Pearson correlation analysis,and geographical detector(Geodetector)techniques to investigate the primary factors and factor interactions affecting the spatial differentiation of water conservation function.The findings revealed several key points.First,the high-latitude northern region of the study area experienced a significant increase in water conservation over the 21-a period.Second,the Grain for Green project has played a substantial role in improving water conservation function.Third,precipitation,plant available water content(PAWC),grassland,gross domestic product(GDP),and forest land were primary factors influencing the water conservation function.Finally,the spatial differentiation of water conservation function was determined by the interactions among geographical conditions,climatic factors,vegetation biophysical factors,and socio-economic factors.The findings have significant implications for advancing ecological protection and restoration initiatives,enhancing regional water supply capabilities,and safeguarding ecosystem health and stability in the Huangshui River Basin.

基于文献计量的森林水源涵养功能研究热点与趋势分析

森林作为陆地生态系统水源涵养的主体,其水源涵养功能及其价值的研究一直是森林生态系统服务功能领域研究的热点问题。为探究森林生态系统水源涵养功能的发展脉络、研究热点和前沿趋势,文章基于中国知网(CNKI)和Web of Science(WOS)核心合集数据库,利用可视化工具CiteSpace和VOSviewer绘制森林生态系统水源涵养功能研究的知识结构图谱,分析该领域论文发表的数量动态、国家与机构合作关系、热点问题及前沿动态等。结果表明:全球范围内,森林生态系统水源涵养领域的发文量稳步上升,尤其是中国在该领域研究的国际影响力逐年提升;从发文量来看我国居第一位,但美国与其他国家间的合作更为密切;该领域的发文机构中,中国科学院在CNKI数据库和WOS数据库收录的文献量均是最多。森林生态系统水源涵养的中、英文文献研究热点分别为森林水源涵养功能、生态系统服务及其对气候变化与土地利用变化的响应等;从发展趋势来看,中文文献在森林生态系统水源涵养领域研究侧重于枯落物层和土壤层的水文效应,而英文文献侧重于干旱条件、空间变异及景观格局变化对水源涵养功能的影响。整体上,未来我国应进一步注重变化情景下(如气候变化、森林结构变化、土地利用变化等)不同时空尺度水源涵养功能变化及其评估等研究,以期更加有力服务于水资源的综合管理及风险防范决策。

宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区生态系统服务功能评估

生态系统服务功能能够促进人与自然和谐共生,探究宁夏贺兰山国家级保护区生态系统服务功能对统筹山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理具有重要意义。以森林和草地生态系统长期观测研究与服务功能评估系列国家标准为基础,应用林业小班数据,结合分布式测算方法,选取保育土壤、林木养分固持、涵养水源、固碳释氧、净化大气环境等5项生态系统服务功能对保护区森林和草地生态系统进行效益评估。结果表明:宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区森林和草地生态系统服务功能物质量在空间分布格局中呈东北高、西南低的变化趋势;价值总量为28.27亿元/a,其中,涵养水源、保育土壤功能位列前2位,是宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区森林和草地生态系统的主要服务功能。保护区未来应进一步加强森林经营管理,合理优化树种结构和林龄结构,提升森林生态系统质量,充分发挥生态系统服务功能。

特定模型与GIS结合的生态系统服务功能评价及分区研究——以黔北芙蓉江流域绥正道地区为例

黔北芙蓉江流域绥(阳)正(安)道(真)地区是以“三区四带”为核心的全国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程总体布局中长江重点生态区的重要组成部分,是长江上游重要的生态安全屏障,对其开展生态系统服务功能评价及生态功能区划是区域生态系统全要素一体化保护和系统治理的重要基础。本研究基于水量平衡方程模型、RUSLE模型及NPP模型并与GIS结合,建立了区域生态系统服务功能评价与分区体系,在识别现有状态的基础上规划未来,使其各区域能更好的承担相应生态系统服务功能。研究结果显示:研究区生态系统服务功能重要性中等以上的面积为5166.11 km^(2),占区域总面积的70.85%。研究区生态系统服务功能重要性整体较高,主要分布在道真县西部、北部和中部,正安县中部及绥阳县北部等区域。在指标提取与遥感解译的基础上依据生态调节功能、产品提供功能及人居保障功能对区域生态功能进行分区。针对各类生态功能区的主要生态问题,提出了生态保护方向与限制、禁止措施,并划分出6个重要生态功能区作为区域保护修复的重点区,为区域山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理等生态保护修复工程提供重点靶区与实施路径参考。

玉溪市生态系统服务功能重要性评价及机理

以玉溪市为研究对象,结合其生态环境的实际情况及数据,对玉溪市生态系统服务功能重要性进行评价,并探究其形成重要性格局的内在机理。结果表明,玉溪市生态系统服务功能重要性主要是极重要,其面积为13556.94 km2,占玉溪市总面积的90.74%;一般重要地区分布较少,分布在玉溪市西南地区,主要分布在元江县;重要地区分布较离散,多分布在玉溪市东部地区,主要分布在红塔区、江川区、海通县、澄江市;极重要地区分布较广,涵盖了玉溪市各县区,主要分布在峨山县、易门县、新平县、华宁县;在不同重要性等级中,耕地和林地的总面积占比较大,耕地面积占比与生态系统服务功能重要性等级呈负相关,林地面积占比与生态系统服务功能重要性等级呈正相关,随着重要性等级的变化,二者呈此消彼长的规律。

“绿水青山就是金山银山”的景观生态学内涵探讨

“绿水青山就是金山银山”是习近平总书记对当代生态学理论的重大创新。本文从景观生态学学科角度探讨了“绿水青山就是金山银山”理论内涵,提出“绿水青山”就是各种自然景观格局,“金山银山”就是自然景观格局的生态系统服务功能。各种自然景观格局与其生态系统服务功能之间的复杂耦合机制是“绿水青山就是金山银山”理论的景观生态学基本内涵。“绿水青山就是金山银山”的景观生态学价值实现途径主要体现在碳汇价值与碳贸易、生态旅游与自然科普、特色食品与原材料贸易、生态补偿。其应用主要体现在:(1)景观生态价值认知与实践;(2)景观生态监测与评价。(3)景观生态规划与管理。通过以上探讨希望进一步深化习近平总书记“两山论”的景观生态学学科认知,形成我国生态文明建设的生态学学科理论基础。

Philosophical Thinking on Soil and Water Ecology

Any ecosystem is commonly composed of organism and environmental system. Vegetation is primary producer and key factor of biological system,while water and soil are leading factors of environmental system. How to conform to and use nature,protect the integrity and continuity of the ecosystem,play ecological service function of the system,protect and improve eco-environment needs grasping key factor of ecosystem or principal contradiction,namely water,soil and vegetation. Said from the source,all human activities are dealing with water,soil and vegetation,and continuously using and changing water,soil and vegetation for production of material goods and social economic construction,thereby affecting and changing natural environment. Main problems of eco-environment are induced by the interference and destruction on water,soil and vegetation by human activities. But human beings cannot manipulate and change natural phenomenon and rule,such as sunlight,diurnal variation and revolution of the earth. Soil and water ecology is the deepening and development of soil and water conservation view,and innovation and expansion of ecological science,and indicates a kind of ecological equilibrium relationship among soil,water and vegetation on the earth inter-associating,inter-promoting and inter-developing. Broadly speaking,soil and water ecology indicates the sum total of all relations among water,soil and vegetation in motion and evolution process. Cognition of soil and water ecology from the height of philosophy is conducive to further understanding important position and role of soil and water ecology theory in eco-environment,correctly recognizing position and relationship between man and nature,and clearly finding the key of current eco-environment problem and its future and direction,which could provide important theoretic support for maintaining earth's eco-environment and realizing sustainable development of mankind.

水生态系统生产总值核算体系及应用

在系统梳理生态系统服务功能及生态系统生产总值核算方法的基础上,聚焦水生态系统,选取2004—2021年相关文献进行统计分析,筛选出水生态系统生产总值核算的3大类14项指标,建立了水生态系统生产总值核算体系,给出了各指标的核算方法及计算公式。以向家坝水电站为例,基于水生态系统生产总值核算体系,评估了向家坝水电站建设对水生态系统生产总值的影响。结果表明,2011—2015年向家坝水电站水生态系统生产总值变化量为261.1893亿元,其中物质产品价值变化量为111.4940亿元,调节服务价值变化量为84.8151亿元,文化服务价值变化量为64.8802亿元。

甘肃省白龙江引水工程水利生态补偿机制探讨

为建立合理有效的引水工程水利生态补偿机制,发挥引水工程的经济社会效益和生态效益,从补偿主客体界定、补偿标准核算、补偿资金筹集和补偿费分配4个方面探讨甘肃省白龙江引水工程水利生态补偿机制。采用直接成本测算模型测算水源区水利生态补偿标准,采用生态系统服务功能价值评估方法测算相邻上下游之间的水利生态补偿标准,按因素法确定分配指标权重,估算出引水工程沿线涉及的甘肃省天水市、平凉市、庆阳市以及陕西省延安市可获得的年度补偿资金。结果表明:引水工程沿线可筹集资金主要涉及水资源费和水土保持补偿费,合计为19 218.14万元;水源区水利生态补偿费用为2 119.69万元;相邻上下游间水利生态补偿主要对水质改善突出、节水效率高的县(区)进行资金补偿,总额为17 098.45万元。

张家口市林地与水源涵养功能时空变化及其耦合关系

水源涵养功能是林地最重要的生态功能之一,特别是在干旱、半干旱脆弱山区,对维持区域生态安全和社会经济发展具有重要作用,进行林地与水源涵养功能时空变化及其耦合关系研究可为林地规划和生态建设提供科学参考。该研究以河北省张家口市为例,基于遥感影像数据、气象数据、森林资源清查数据等,运用GIS技术、InVEST模型和SPSS模型系统分析了张家口市林地和水源涵养功能的时空演变特征及其相互关系。研究结果表明:1)张家口市林地分布具有明显的空间集聚特征,研究期内林地面积持续增加。阔叶林所占面积最大,灌木增速最快,针叶林分布面积最小且增速最慢。2)1990—2020年研究区水源涵养功能呈东部及南部高,中部及西部低的空间分布格局,平均水源涵养量先减少后增加再减少。3)研究期内张家口市林地面积与水源涵养功能的空间分布具有一致性。随林地面积增加,水源涵养量呈先增加后减少的趋势,当林地面积达到区域总面积的1/2时,水源涵养量达到峰值。不同树种结构的水源涵养量排序从大到小依次为阔叶林、针叶林、灌木。未来张家口市应合理规划经济林与其他树种的种植面积及格局分布,同时注重混交林与原生林的种植,丰富树种多样性,从而充分发挥林地的水源涵养功能,促进张家口市生态建设和保护。

基于生态系统服务价值的陇东黄土高原生态补偿研究

生态补偿对平衡重要生态功能区社会经济发展与维护生态系统服务功能具有重要作用。陇东黄土高原位于国家重要生态功能区黄土丘陵沟壑区,是黄河上游地区水土流失重点保护和治理区。运用生态系统服务价值当量因子法,计算2000—2020年陇东黄土高原生态系统服务价值,并以此为基础计算陇东黄土高原9个县生态补偿额度和生态补偿优先级。结果表明:(1)陇东黄土高原生态系统以农田和草原为主,农田生态系统面积在2000—2010年下降显著;(2)2020年陇东黄土高原生态系统服务价值达到1 458.72亿元,相比于2000年增加了93.82亿元,其中局地气候调节、生物多样性保护、土壤保持服务价值较高,草地、农田和灌丛的生态服务价值占生态系统服务价值的90%以上;(3)陇东黄土高原9个县生态补偿额度达86.03亿元,生态补偿资金分配应优先考虑环县,其次是华池县、会宁县。

都江堰市水源涵养功能空间格局

水源涵养是生态系统的重要服务功能之一。识别水源涵养重要区对于制定水源保护规划,落实陆域-水域综合保护,防治水体污染,保障区域用水安全具有重要意义。以2008年四川都江堰市为研究范围,采用生态系统服务功能综合权衡工具-Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)中的水源涵养模型对县域生态系统的水源涵养功能进行了空间制图,然后采用综合指数法将水源涵养功能与植被减洪能力和水源地保护区进行叠加计算水源涵养重要性指数。结果表明:尽管汶川地震导致都江堰市域部分地区水源涵养功能降低,但都江堰市水源涵养功能整体仍然较高,部分地区多年平均水源涵养量超过200mm/a。都江堰市的水源涵养极重要区面积为421km2,占全市总面积的34.9%,远大于目前县域的水源保护区面积,未来应进一步加强对这些极重要区的保护,以保证本市以及成都平原的供水安全。水域涵养功能及其重要性都存在较明显的空间分异,大致呈现由西北向东南减少的趋势,水源涵养重要性与水源功能的分布密切相关,但又不完全一致。因此,在县域尺度上采用服务功能空间化评估结果进行重要性评价能够比较精细地反映生态系统水源涵养重要性的空间差异。但该方法还需要将人类用水需求进行空间表达,与本文的方法进行结合,以更准确反映水源涵养重要性的空间分异。

森林水源涵养功能的多尺度内涵、过程及计量方法

近年来国内森林生态系统服务功能研究较多,但应用价值不高,其科学性受到诸多质疑。从森林水源涵养功能的多尺度内涵、过程以及其计量方法出发,对国内外研究动态和发展趋势进行了总结分析,重新审视森林水源涵养功能的研究意义,探讨森林水源涵养功能的多尺度特征。从森林水源涵养功能作用的空间尺度上看,其拦蓄洪水削减洪峰的功能仅在较小尺度上有效,而调节径流的功能只有当森林土壤的入渗量超过蒸散量时,才可能有更多地下水补给河道径流,进而增加旱季河道流量。同时森林水源涵养功能也具有明显的时间尺度特征,具体表现为在次降水事件中,由于蒸散发量较小,森林水源涵养功能的物质量等于森林不同层次的截留量,在功能上表现为拦蓄降水;在长时间尺度上,由于林地蒸散要耗去大量水分,森林水源涵养功能的物质量等于森林不同层次的截留量减去林地蒸散发量,在功能上表现为净化水质和调节径流。大多数研究仅对单一林分的个别层次蓄水功能进行研究,缺乏流域尺度或者更大空间尺度的森林水源涵养功能研究。建议从区域降尺度到流域或将坡面尺度上推到流域,集中在流域尺度解决森林水源涵养空间异质性将是解决森林水源涵养功能尺度外推的有效办法。就目前国内流行的森林水源涵养功能计量方法而言,其与尺度及研究目的有较大相关性,在研究中应根据研究目的、研究尺度和可获取的数据情况选择合适的计量方法。研究突出了不同尺度作用下森林水文过程的复杂性及重要性,并结合森林与水关系的争论问题,分析目前国内对森林水源涵养功能研究的一些误区,提出森林水源涵养功能研究的一些关键科学问题及未来可能的发展方向,主要包括:1)明确界定森林水源涵养功能的边界,探索森林水源涵养功能计量的新方法;2)加强不同时空尺度关联的森林水源涵养功能研究,包括正确评价森林水源涵养功能的时空变异规律,森林生态系统水源涵养功能的尺度效应,森林水源涵养与下游水生态安全,森林水源涵养研究范式转变等核心问题。

青海湖湖泊水生态系统服务功能的使用价值评估

青海湖是我国最大的内陆湖,也是我国最大的咸水湖,对其水生态系统服务功能的定量评价有助于提高人们对青海湖水生态系统保护重要性的认识,促进对青海湖的合理利用和保护。文章使用市场价值法、造林成本法、碳税法和替代市场法,对青海湖湖泊水生态系统服务功能的使用价值进行了评估研究。结果显示,青海湖水体生态系统服务功能的总使用价值为240 174.8×108CNY,其中直接使用价值为13.84×108CNY,间接使用价值为240 160.9×108CNY,在所有生态功能类型中,气候调节功能价值最大,占了主导,为2394.52×1010CNY,占总使用服务价值的99.70%,其次为涵养水源,为526.08×108CNY,占总服务价值的0.22%;持留土壤的服务价值最小,仅为4.07×104CNY。各生态功能价值量大小依次为气候调节>涵养水源>气体调节>文化科研>提供生物栖息地>休闲娱乐>物质生产>持留土壤。这说明青海湖水体生态系统在气候调节、涵养水源、气体调节等方面发挥着巨大作用,是青海湖水体生态系统的核心和主导服务功能。为此,必须要对其水生态系统服务功能进行重新认识和定位,以实现青海湖水体的持续利用。

Areas Benefiting from Water Conservation in Key Ecological Function Areas in China

Ecosystem services are transferred from the service-providing area to the service-benefiting area to satisfy human needs through some substance, energy or information. Most studies focus on the provision of ecosystem services and few focus on the demands on ecosystem services and their spatial distribution. Here, on the basis of the flow of water conservation services from the providing area to the benefiting area, the benefits produced by water conservation service are investigated and the benefiting areas are identified. The results indicate that in 2010 the water conservation service of key ecological function areas provided irrigation water for 1.67×105 km2 of paddy fields and 1.01×105 km2 irrigated fields, domestic water to urban residents and industrial water to factories, mines and enterprises of 2.64×104 km2 urban construction land and domestic water to rural residents across 3.73×104 km2 of rural settlements and formed 6.64×104 km2 of inland water which can be used for freshwater aquaculture, downstream regions comprise 1.31×104 km of navigable river, which can be used for inland shipping. The benefit areas of the key function areas located in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River are greater and more influential benefit areas. To protect these key function areas, more attention should be paid to the maintenance and improvement of water conservation. Some benefit areas have access to the benefits produced by water conservation of nine key ecological function areas and cover 17% of the overall benefit area and the length of their channels benefited accounts for 7%. Multiple key ecological function areas should be taken into account equally in the formulation of ecological compensation policies. These research findings can serve as a scientific basis for the compensated use of and ecological compensation for ecosystem services provided by key ecological function areas.

洋河流域土地利用时空变异及其对生态服务功能价值的影响

洋河流域位于我国北方典型的农牧交错地带,是首都重要水源涵养地和生态保护屏障,也是2022年冬奥会举办地之一。对流域土地利用变化及其生态服务功能价值影响的研究可为首都水源保护以及冬奥会场地环境质量的改善提供重要理论依据和决策支持。利用Arc GIS技术分析了洋河流域1990—2013年间的土地遥感数据,估算了这些变化对流域生态服务价值的影响。结果表明:1990—2013年洋河流域林地和未利用地面积呈增加,而水域、草地则呈减少的趋势。由单一土地类型利用动态绝对值说明,除林地以外2000—2013年洋河流域其他土地类型受人类或自然环境变化的影响明显高于1990—2000年。土地转移主要发生在流域西部的兴和县、阳高县、天镇县和下游的张家口市、宣化县和怀来县。近年来流域土地面积变化幅度和变化范围均增加。1990—2013年间洋河流域土地利用的年总生态服务价值经历先增加后减小、总体减少的过程,但林地和未利用地的生态服务价值却一直增加。由于林地面积增加从而导致1990—2013年流域的原材料生产、气候调节、气体调节、生物多样性保护和提供美学景生态功能占年总价值的比值增加。林地、草地和耕地是洋河流域生态服务的主要贡献者,也是生态服务价值变化的敏感因子。

干旱区森林水源涵养生态服务功能研究进展

论述了干旱区森林水源涵养的机理、研究方法及研究现状 ,根据长期的定位观测资料分析干旱区森林对降水到径流过程的影响及对水分归宿的作用。认为干旱区森林水源涵养的生态功能在干旱区生态环境建设中具有重要作用。目前国内对干旱区森林涵养功能的分析仍偏重于定点定位观测 ,获取的资料以统计分析为主 ,在大尺度上建立定量预测模型及监控措施等方面还需作深入的研究。