A Cross-Sectional Study of the Causes, Effects and Management Strategies for Stress and Burnout among Nurses in the Fako Division, Cameroon

Introduction: Stress and burnout are a reality which nurses encounter and try to cope with especially in the Emergency Department (ED) so that they can provide optimal patient care. Nurses who work in ED are front line providers of immediate medical care needed to stabilize patients. With the known critical shortage of health workforce in Cameroon, nurses are overloaded with work and often experience stress and burnout. Aim: This study aimed at determining the causes, effects and management strategies of stress and burnout among nurses working in the ED in hospitals in the Fako Division, Cameroon. Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of seventy nurses from five different hospitals. A purposive sampling technique was used and data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire developed from the International Stress Management Scale. Results: The highest reported cause of stress in this study was heavy workload (12.88%) and the least was no experience in handling the challenges of the department. The leading reported effect of stress was the development of musculoskeletal disorders such as joint and back pain (16.48%) and the least effect was contemplating quitting the profession (5.99%). The major management strategy used was humour (8.27%), while the least was crying out stress to feel relieved (2.18%). Conclusion: The major cause of stress and burnout among nurses in our study setting was heavy workload, which mostly results in joint and back pain. Moreover, humour was the prime management strategy for stress and burnout among nurses in the emergency department in the study setting. Thus more nurses should be employed and the working conditions of nurses improved to reduce the workload in the study hospitals.

Moral Perspective as Depicted in the Archetypes on Divine-Human Perspective of Dianshizhai Pictorial

This article examines the archetypes related to the divine-human perspective in the Dianshizhai Pictorial and uses the basic theory of“Myth-Archetype Criticism”to analyze the concepts of moral perspective and the view of cause and effect reflected in the text.It summarizes the interactive modes and various archetypes of cause and effect in three contexts:gods to humans,humans to gods,and humans to humans,explores the social reality and the relevant views of moral perspective and causality reflected in the illustrated magazine,and reveals the archetype foundation of the narrative of moral perspective retribution in Dianshizhai Pictorial in the three dimensions of psychology,literature,and society.

Adverse Effects of Inactivated Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine—Possible Causes Analysis and Countermeasures

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, and Chinese government adopts compulsory immunization measures for FMD. The adverse effects of FMD vaccine to pigs, cattle and goats have been reported increasingly frequent during the spring and autumn seasons when large numbers of farm livestock are vaccinated. The financial losses caused by vaccine adverse effects have been a serious concern for both farmers and primary prevention personnel. There are various causative factors reported to involve into adverse effect of FMD vaccine, including the inappropriate vaccine production, transportation and storage, livestock poor tolerance, and unqualified vaccinating manipulations. Symptomatic treatment and early drug prevention have a certain effect on the adverse effects. To analyze causes and propose countermeasures, in the current study possible reasons during the production and processing procedures of inactivated FMD vaccine were reviewed and corresponding countermeasures were recommended. The review may provide references for better use of vaccine to prevent FMD.

THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF Na^+ CHANNEL BLOCKERS AGAINST CELL DAMAGE CAUSED BY ISCHEMIA

In order to observe it blockers of sodium channel obsesses the neuroprotective effect on hippocampal CA 1 pyramidal cell under the condition of transient brain ischemia, the present experiment used 24 male Wistar rats aged 9 months and divided them into four groups. Lidocaine and/or furosemide were injected introcerebroventicularlly (I.C.V). Stained with H E and accounted the CA 1 pyramidal cell numbers by computer in each group suggested following findings: Although 5 μl of 2% lidocaine was injected I.C.V, the results indicated lidocaine didn't have any blockade to pyramidal cell injuries in hippocampal CA 1 area (P<0 05). In the group medicated with 2 5μl of both 2% lidocaine and 2% furosemide, the results showed that the combined approach had a blockade to injuries of pyramidal cells compared with control group (P<0 01). The present experiment indicates that the combined blockade of lidocaine and furosemide injected I.C.V. to Na + channel can prevent the injuries from hippocampal neurons owing to ischemia.

The effects of the environmental factors on Laminaria disease caused by alginic acid decomposing bacteria

-The rot disease of Laminaria occurs often in nurseries of sporeling and commercial cultivation in the sea and results in economic loss greatly. Usually the disease outbreaks accompanied with massive multiplication of alginic acid decomposing bacteria. From the section of the decaying Lamuutria which resulted from the inoculation of alginic acid decomposing bacteria, it was observed that the bacteria invaded the epiderm of the Laminaria surface at first, then entered the ex-odermis, endodermis and pith. In addition, there were a great amount of bacteria in the intercellular region and a lot of free cells of the algae in the decaying areas. The wall of some free cells was decomposed, which led to soft tissue or disintegration. Alginic acid decomposing bacteria are normal epiphytic microorganisms growing on Lamuutria surface. These bacteria do not cause disease at normal environmental conditions. The experiments showed that the unfavourable conditions, e. g. , wounding, overcrowding, high temperature reduced the ability of antibacterial activity and made the algae more susceptible to the pathogens and favoured the multiplication of alginic acid decomposing bacteria and finally led to the disease outbreak. The unfavourable environmental factors which resulted from a variety of reasons were the main cause of the disease.

CLINICAL STUDY ON THE TIME OF TREATING CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCED TOXIC AND SIDE EFFECTS IN MALIGNANT TUMOR PATIENTS BY ACUPOINT INJECTION OF ASTRAGALUS ROOT INJECTION

Objective: To investigate the suitable time of treating virulent and side effects of chemotherapy for malignant tumor by acupoint injection of Astragalus Root injection. Methods: Sixty three patients with malignant tumor were divided into three groups: prevention treatment (PT) group (n=23 cases),post chemotherapy treatment (PCT) group( n=22 cases), Western medicine (WM) group ( n=18 cases). The patients in PT, PCT and WM groups were treated respectively from the fifth day on before chemotherapy and from the first day on after chemotherapy, 18 days in all. The patients in WM group were administered Batilol and Leucogen from the first day on after chemotherapy. Changes of leukocytes and immunoglobulin before and after treatment were observed. Results: 1) Acupoint injection of Astragalus Root injectio could increase the number of leukocytes and immunoglobulin content and its effect was better than that of Western medicine (P<0.05); 2) The effect of PT group was better than that of PCT group in preventing and treating virulent and side effects of chemotherapy (P<0.05). Conclusion: It should be stressed on prevention of malignant tumor by using acupoint injection of Astragalus Root for relieving virulent and side effects of chemotherapy.

Dried earth layers of artificial forestland in the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province

By determining the earth moisture content of artificial forestland between 0 and 6 m deep in the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi province, the vertical change of moisture content, distribution and formation causes of a dried earth layer are researched. The results show that the average moisture content is 9.3%-9.5% between 2 and 4 m under artificial forest of over 10 year＇s growth in Guanzhong Plain, and chronic weak dried earth layers are developed which show that the dried earth layers are distributed extensively on the Loess Plateau. The southern boundary of the dried earth layer has reached the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains. When precipitation reaches 600 mm, there are weak dried earth layers between 2 and 4 m under artificial forest of more than 10 years old. When the precipitation is between 400 and 500 mm, there are moderate dried earth layers. When precipitation is above 800 mm, there are no dried earth layers. There are no dried earth layers under meadow land, corn land and less than 5 years old of artificial forestland in central and southern parts of the Loess Plateau. The development of dried earth layers under cypress forest is weaker than broad-leaved forest. Under the same climatic conditions, the development of dried earth layers under the loess tableland is nearly at the same level as the 2nd and 3rd river terrace. Dried earth layers developed in membrane water zone, and the buried depth is small and motion velocity is slow in the Loess Plateau, which is the direct water factor of the formation of the dried earth layer, while differences of tree age and tree species are the plant factors that consumed much moisture. From the depth of the gravity water and the membrane water in Guanzhong Plain, it is clear that the formation cause of dried earth layers is mainly due to natural factors. The dried layers generally develop in middle-aged artificial forestland that consumed too much moisture, which is the general character of earth moisture in subhumid and semiarid zones. The appearance of dried layers doesn＇t show that the forest doesn＇t develop in this area; this is depended on their development intensity. Artificial forest of Chinese poplar, locust tree and Chinese scholartree consuming less water can be planted in the areas where dried earth layer developed weakly, but can not be planted in the areas where dried earth layer developed intensely.

Debates on the Causes of Global Warming

The controversy between the IPCC and Non-governmental IPCC(NIPCC) on the attribution of global warming are reviewed.IPCC holds that today's global warming is mainly due to anthropogenic activities rather than natural variability,which is emphasized by NIPCC.The surface temperature observations since the mid-20th century support the hypothesis of anthropogenic impact,but for the last one hundred years or so,natural forcings such as solar activity, volcanic eruptions and thermohaline circulation variations also have had great influences on the Earth's climate,especially on inter-decadal timescales.In addition,evidence suggests that the Medieval Warm Period(MWP) and Little Ice Age (LIA) are closely associated with the solar activity over the past 1 thousand years.Over the past 10 thousand years, the North Atlantic cold events and solar activity are closely correlated.Nevertheless,the physical mechanisms of the solar-climate variability and interrelation are not well understood,yet.Notably,a prevailing view recently indicates that galactic cosmic rays may result in climatic cooling through modulating global low cloud cover.However,its process and mechanism need to be further investigated.

Giant Volume Magnetostriction Caused by Itinerant Electron Metamagnetic Transition and Pronounced Invar Effects in La(Fe_xSi_(1-x))_(13) Compounds

A first-order itinerant electron metamagnetic (IEM) transition above the Curie temperature Tc for ferromagnetic La(Fe_xSi_1-x)13 compounds has been confirmed by applying magnetic field. The volume change just above T_C for x=0.88 is huge of about 1.5%, which is caused by a large magnetic moment induced by the IEM transition. These compounds have a possibility for practical applications as giant magnetostrictive materials. Pronounced Invar effects bring about a negative thermal expansion below TC, closely correlated with the negative mode-mode coupling among spin fluctuations.

THE FEED BACK INHIBITION EFFECT ON THEINFECTIOUS DEVELOPMENT CAUSED BY N'-ACYL-N-PHENYLHYDRAZINE

The phenyl and methyl phenyl free radicals,formed in the oxidation-hydrolysis process of N’-acyl-N-phenylhydrazine, have been studied by ESR spectrometry.It was found that the free radical is the chief cause which produces the feed-back inhibition effect in the hydrazine-promoted infectious development of silver halide.

Human Papillomavirus—The Cause of Human Cervical Cancer

Objective: Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent cancer in females worldwide. Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is regarded as the main risk factor of cervical cancer. One objective of this study was to conduct a qualitative systematic review of some case-control studies and to examine the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the development of human cervical cancer (CC) beyond any reasonable doubt. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and re-analysis of some impressive key studies aimed to answer the following question. Is there a cause-effect relationship between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer? The method of the conditio sine qua non relationship was used to proof the hypothesis whether the presence of human papillomavirus guarantees the presence of cervical carcinoma. In other words, if human cervical cancer is present, then human papillomavirus is present too. The mathematical formula of the causal relationship k was used to proof the hypothesis, whether there is a cause-effect relationship between human papillomavirus and cervical carcinoma. Significance was indicated by a p-value of less than 0.05. Result: The studies analyzed (sample size N = 7657) were able to provide strict evidence that human papillomavirus is a necessary condition (a conditio sine qua non) of cervical carcinoma. Furthermore, the studies analyzed provide impressive evidence of a cause-effect relationship (k = +0.723669245, p value < 0.00001) between human papillomavirus and cervical carcinoma. Conclusion: Human papillomavirus is the cause of human cervical carcinoma.

Electrical Noise, Brownian Motion and the Arrow of Time

The origin of the Johnson noise of resistors is reviewed by a new model fitting in the Fluctuation-Dissipation framework and compared with the velocity noise in Brownian motion. This new model handling both fluctuations as well as dissipations of electrical energy in the Complex Admittance of any resistor excels current model based on the dissipation in their conductance. From the two orthogonal currents associated to a sinusoidal voltage in an electrical admittance, the new model that also considers the discreteness of the electrical charge shows a Cause-Effect dynamics for electrical noise. After a brief look at systems considered as energy-conserving and deterministic on the microscale that are dissipative and unpredictable on the macroscale, the arrow of time is discussed from the noise viewpoint.

Causes of Restocking Delays in Absence of Real Time Inventory Tracking of Airtel Airtime

The purpose of this research was to ascertain causes of Restocking Delays in a Distributor Company of Airtel Airtime (AA) that give justification for benefits of using Real Time Inventory Tracking (R.T.I.T) in an attempt to mitigate Restocking Delays. From a study out at the Private Marketing and Trading Services (PMTS) an Authorized Distributor of Airtel Products undertaken in 2017 evidenced by Airtime scratch card and Electronic, E-Recharge Airtime among other forms to encourage R.T.I.T among other products in Telecom Companies and other Business Enterprises. The research comprises of the following areas among which included a detailed focus on a Qualitative and Quantitative approach in obtaining different categories of Restocking Delays in form of Themes and Sub Themes encountered in the Distribution Supply Chain (SC) of AA that is contained in this paper. This research continues to capture an in-depth explanation of the Managerial and Operational causes of restocking delays in respect to AA. Similarly, fast consumer products and services other than AA require a solution to Restocking Delays through implementation of Real Time Inventory Tracking Model (R.T.I.T.M) of AA among Distributor Companies (DCs). This paper also elaborated on Literature, Methodology and Findings obtained from the study. The results were obtained from regression analysis by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) that showed a higher significance of Stock Turnover Period and Airtime Denomination as a contributor to Restocking Delays whereas Messages from Airtel Head office to the Distributor had a non-significant contribution to restocking Delays as in Figure 9. The research recommends a Model for R.T.I.T in Telecom Distribution SC of AA and Omnichannel Inventory Management (OIM) as a significant contributor to timely reliable inventory restocking and promotes higher sales among DCs and retailers through minimized Restocking Delays. It shows that the forces of Demand and Supply change over time with different tastes and preferences of customers. The imbalance in AA stock levels changes at given times due to unforeseen forces of consumer demand experienced by DCs, explained by the “Bullwhip Effect” due to information distortion in the Supply Chain (SC).

Why Tibb is:a science of medicine,the art of care

Tibb also known as Unani-Tibb,Greco-Arab,Western Holistic,Unani and Persian medicine,is an ancient holistic medical system that originated approximately 10000 years ago,based on the humoral and temperamental theories that was hypothesised by Hippocrates and Galen.The“completeness”of this medical discipline as“a science of medicine-the art of care”was greatly influenced by renowned scholars including Ibn Sina during the 9th and 13th century,who refined the philosophical principles of;physis,temperament,humours,and the six lifestyle factors,of which physis,the body’s natural ability to heal itself,is a primary principle in the maintenance and restoration of health.Tibb as“a science of medicine”is detailed within the context of Ibn Sina’s principle of cause and effect and the“art of care”is highlighted in the holistic and fully integrative approach of Tibb,based on its philosophical principles.The paper concludes with a brief comparison between Tibb and Western medicine.

根因分析法3C护理对消毒供应中心护理质控成效的影响

目的探讨消毒供应中心在开展护理管理过程中运用根因分析法3C护理模式对降低护理缺陷事件发生率以及质控成效的影响。方法福建省立医院消毒供应中心2022年6月1日开始运用根因分析法进行3C护理,分析实施前后各1年(2021年6月—2023年6月)消毒供应中心护理管理工作质量。结果评估实施前后各护理管理质量,实施后环境管理(93.01±3.11)分、安全管理(94.15±1.86)分、物品管理(92.11±1.86)分、检查管理(93.46±1.58)分,均明显高于管理前的(82.14±2.34)分、(81.45±1.86)分、(83.45±1.45)分、(80.05±2.34)分(P<0.05)。随机抽选两观察时间段患者500例,实施后护理缺陷事件发生率为0.20%,低于实施前的5.00%(P<0.05)。实施后院内感染率为1.00%,低于实施前的9.40%(P<0.05)。实施后对消毒供应中心护理工作满意度为98.00%,高于实施前的92.00%(P<0.05)。结论消毒供应中心在开展日常护理管理过程中将根因分析法3C护理进行运用,可以降低护理缺陷事件发生率,提升质量控制效果,对于提升消毒供应中心护理工作质量有重要作用。