Low-Temperature Soft-Cover-Assisted Hydrolysis Deposition of Large-Scale TiO_2 Layer for Efficient Perovskite Solar Modules

Perovskite solar cells with TiO_2 electron transport layers exhibit power conversion efficiency(PCE) as high as 22.7% in single cells. However, the preparation process of the TiO_2 layer is adopted by an unscalable method or requires high-temperature sintering, which precludes its potential use for mass production of flexible devices. In this study, a scalable low-temperature softcover-assisted hydrolysis(SAH) method is presented,where the precursor solution is sandwiched between a soft cover and preheated substrate to form a closed hydrolysis environment. Compact homogeneous TiO_2 films with a needle-like structure were obtained after the hydrolysis of a TiCl_4 aqueous solution. Moreover, by careful optimization of the TiO_2 fabrication conditions, a high PCE of 14.01% could be achieved for a solar module(4 × 4 cm^2) prepared using the SAH method. This method provides a novel approach for the efficient scale-up of the low-temperature TiO_2 film growth for industrial applications.

Preparation of Large-Scale Double-Side BDD Electrodes and Their Electrochemical Performances

Boron doped diamond(BDD)performs well in electrochemical oxidation for organic pollutants thanks to its wide electrochemical window and superior chemical stability.We presented a method to obtain well-adherent large-scale BDD/Nb electrode by the modified hot filament chemical vapor deposition system(HFCVD).SiC particles were sand blasted to enhance the adhesion of BDD coating.The BDD coating was then deposited on both sides of Nb which was placed vertically and closely with filament grids on both sides.The BDD/Nb electrodes had no deformation because the thermal deformations of the BDD films on both sides of the Nb substrate conteracted each other during cooling process after deposition.The surface morphology and purity of the BDD/Nb electrode were analyzed by Raman and scanning elestron microscope(SEM)techniques.Scratch test was used to investigate the adhesion of BDD films.The electrochemical performances were measured by cyclic voltammetry test.The BDD electrode at the B/C ratio of 2 000×10^(-6) held a higher oxygen evolution potential thanks to its high sp3 carbon content.Accelerated life test illustrated that the sandblasting pretreatment obviously enhanced the adhesion of BDD coating which resulted in a longer service duration than the un-sandblasted one.

Thickness distribution of large scale metallic sheet by EB-PVD on rotating substrate

A two-dimensional kinetic Monte-Carlo(KMC) method was used to approach the thickness distribution of large scale metallic sheet deposited by electron beam physical vapor deposition(EB-PVD) on rotating substrate. The KMC model involves incident atom attachment, adatom diffusion and adatom detachment. The effective deposition rate and effective incident angle along substrate radial were studied as influencing factors of sheet thickness distribution. The KMC simulation results indicate that incident angle is a very important factor to affect the sheet thickness distribution as well as theory deposition mass. The experiments results show that the KMC model can predict the thickness distribution of large scale sheet deposited by EB-PVD on rotating substrate.

Quantitative Prediction of Concentrated Regions of Large and Superlarge Deposits in China

Identification and quantitative prediction of large and superlarge mineral deposits of solid mineral resources using the mineral resource prediction theory and method with comprehensive information is carried out nationwide in China at a scale of 1∶5 000 000. Using deposit concentrated regions as the model units and concentrated mineralization anomaly regions as prediction units, the prediction is performed on GIS platform. The technical route and research method of locating large and superlarge mineral deposits and principle of compiling attribute table of independent variables and functional variables are proposed. Upon methodology study, the qualitative locating and quantitative predicting mineral deposits are carried out with quantitative theory Ⅲ and characteristic analysis, respectively, and the advantage and disadvantage of two methods are discussed. This research is significant for mineral resource prediction in ten provinces of western China.

A Simple Lumped Mass Model to Describe Velocity of Granular Flows in a Large Flume

This paper presents a lumped mass model to describe the run-out and velocity of a series of large flume tests,which was carried out to investigate some propagation mechanisms involved in rapid,dry,dense granular flows and energy transformation when the flows encountered obstacles and reoriented their movement directions.Comparisons between predicted and measured results show that the trend of predicted velocities was basically matched with that of measured ones.Careful scrutiny of test videos reveals that subsequent particles with a higher velocity collided with slowed fronts to make them accelerate. However,this simple model cannot reflect collisions between particles because it treated released materials as a rigid block.Thus,the predicted velocity was somewhat lower than the measured velocity in most cases.When the flow changed its direction due to the variation in slope inclination,the model predicted a decrease in velocity.The predicted decrease in velocity was less than the measured one within a reasonable range of 10% or less.For some cases in which a convexity was introduced,the model also predicted the same trend of velocities as measured in the tests.The velocity increased greatly after the materials took a ballistic trajectory from the vertex of the convexity,and reduced dramatically when they finally made contact with the base of the lower slope.The difference between prediced and measured decrease in velocity was estimated to be about 5% due to the landing.Therefore,the simple lumped mass model based on the energy approach could roughly predict the run-out and velocity of granular flows,although it neglected internal deformation,intergranular collision and friction.

Geo-tectonic conditions of the formation of Proterozoic large and superlarge ore deposits along northwestern margin of North China Plate

Four large and superlarge copper multimetal ore deposits hosted in the Mid Proterozoic Zhartaishan Group along northwestern margin of North China Plate are stratabound hydrothermal sedimentary deposits, and these deposits formed in mid late stage of the Mid Proterozoic Langshan Zhartaishan rifting system. Four necessary conditions are proposed for the formation of these large and superlarge ore deposits: (i) favorable geological background and tectonic environment; (ii) abundant sources of metallogenic material; (iii) favorable sedimentary lithofacies and paleogeographic conditions; (iv) sudden change events during metallogenic processes.

试论中亚造山带东部多宝山矿田斑岩铜浅成低温金系统成矿特征与矿床模型

多宝山矿田位于中亚造山带东段,是目前我国东北地区规模最大、成矿时代最老(477~470 Ma)的斑岩铜钼浅成低温热液金成矿系统,已探明铜、钼、金储量分别可达5 Mt、0.16 Mt和130 t。从成矿系统角度,其成矿特征和矿床模型尚不清晰。本文系统分析了矿床的地质地球化学特征和成矿时代,发现该成矿系统存在两期成矿事件,以第一期为主,发生在早奥陶世;第二期为叠加成矿,发生在晚三叠世。成矿作用具有下部为隐爆角砾状铜矿化、中部为脉状铜矿化、上部为金矿化的空间结构特征,围岩蚀变从中心向两侧依次为钾化黑云母化带、青磐岩化带、黏土化带、碳酸盐化带、绢英岩化带和硅化带。成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水,从多宝山斑岩铜矿到争光浅成热液金矿床呈现大气水加入比例增大的趋势。根据第一期成矿斑岩具有高Ce^(4+)/Ce^(3+)(174~461;均值约290)、高f_(O2)埃达克质岩浆特征,进一步得出主成矿期与古生代古亚洲洋俯冲作用相关的壳幔混源岩浆作用有关。成矿受古火山机构所制约,其北西到南东成矿深度增大与剥蚀程度相关,受铜山逆断层作用效应,暗示铜山断层以南为较好的找矿靶区。最后,本文建立了该区古生代斑岩铜浅成低温热液金成矿系统的矿床模型,以期为该区进一步矿产勘探提供借鉴。

大型煤化工甲醇合成装置水冷器在线除蜡技术分析

分析了甲醇性质与合成工艺流程,介绍了大型煤化工甲醇合成装置水冷器蜡的成因、危害以及在线除蜡技术,最后介绍了在线除蜡具体操作流程,以期给相关人士提供有效参考。

Large-eddy simulations of the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability of rectangular interfaces accelerated by shock waves

A parallel algorithm and code MVFT(multi-viscous-fluid and turbulence) of large-eddy simulation(LES) is developed from our MVPPM(multi-viscous-fluid piecewise parabolic method),and performed to solve the multi compressible Navier-Stokes(N-S) equations.The effect of the unresolved subgrid-scale(SGS) motions on the large scales is represented by different SGS stress models in LES.A Richtmyer-Meshkov instability experiment of the evolution of a rectangular block of SF6,which occupies half of the height of the shock tube test section,following the interaction with a planar shock wave,is numerically and exhaustively simulated by this code.The comparison between experimental and simulated images of the evolving SF6 block shows that they are consistent.The numerical simulations reproduce the complex developing process of SF6 block,which grows overturningly.The geometric quantities that characterize the extents of SF6 block are also compared in detail between numerical simulations and experiment with good agreements between them,a quantitative demonstration of the developing law of SF6 block.There is an evident discrepancy between the three numerical simulations for the maximum position of the right edge of block at the late stage,because the right interface grows complicated and the dissipation is different for different SGS models.The SGS turbulent dissipation,molecular viscosity dissipation and SGS turbulent kinetic energy have been studied and analyzed.They have a similar distribution to the large eddy structures.The SGS turbulent dissipation is much greater than the molecular viscosity dissipation;the SGS turbulent dissipation of Vreman model is smaller than the Smagorinsky model.In general,the simulated results of Vreman SGS model are better compared with the dynamic viscosity and Smagorinsky SGS model.The vorticity and circulation deposition on the block interface have also been investigated.

新疆阿尔泰潜在的中大型铍矿床:以冲乎尔伟晶岩为例

锂铍等稀有金属是战略资源,其中,我国的铍资源比锂存在更高的供应风险。新疆阿尔泰是我国最大的伟晶岩省和稀有金属铍资源产地,然而长期开采导致已有矿山闭坑,亟待寻求资源增储。此外,先前对阿尔泰稀有金属资源的勘查、研究和利用主要局限于中阿尔泰地体,而忽略其他地区的资源潜力。笔者通过长期的野外工作,在琼库尔地体冲乎尔地区识别出数条富含绿柱石的伟晶岩,并对其中的典型伟晶岩进行了全岩稀有金属含量、年代学和矿物学等研究,目的在于评价该区伟晶岩的铍成矿潜力。研究结果显示,独居石U-Pb年龄为250.5±3.6Ma,伟晶岩形成于二叠纪末期至三叠纪早期的稀有金属伟晶岩成岩期。伟晶岩中的绿柱石以富Cs、Na和Li等碱金属为特征,且富集程度达到可可托海3号伟晶岩脉绿柱石水平,表明伟晶岩岩浆侵位后经历了高度分异演化。此外,笔者先前研究证实冲乎尔伟晶岩具有与晚三叠世中大型稀有金属矿床一致的同位素组成,表明冲乎尔伟晶岩从物质源区到分异演化条件上都具备成大矿的条件。冲乎尔伟晶岩中Be成矿主要发生在石英-白云母结构带中,其中的BeO品位高达0.321%~0.999%,平均0.590%。初步计算,该伟晶岩的BeO科研储量达中大型规模,考虑到周边同时出露的多条Be矿化伟晶岩,笔者提出冲乎尔萨尔加克伟晶岩具备形成大型Be矿床的潜力。

Temporal Periods and Duration of Formation of Cu-Mo Porphyry Deposits(Siberia and Mongolia)

Copper-molybdenum porphyry deposits of Russia (Sib eria) and Mongolia were formed within the interaction zone of the Siberian conti nent with Paleo-As ian (Pt 2-Pz 2), Paleo-Tethys (Pz 3) and Mongolo-Okhotsk (Pz 2-Mz) ocean s. Ore-beari ng magmatic (porphyry) complexes, which are closely associated in time and space with Cu-Mo mineralization, are represented by small stocks (up to 1 km 2) and numerous dikes of basic to acid composition. Rb-Sr and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating fix three temporal periods of activity o f ore-form ing process within Siberia and Mongolia which resulted in a wide appearance of C u-Mo porphyry mineralization. A series of large-scale deposits was formed at t ha t time: 1) Early Devonian (Mo-porphyry Sora deposit, Kuznetsk-Alatau; Cu-Mo- porp hyry Aksug deposit, Tuva), 2) Triassic (Cu-Mo-porphyry Erdenetuin-Obo, Northe rn Mongolia), 3) Late Jurassic (Cu-Mo-porphyry Zhireken and Shakhtama deposits, Eastern Transbaikalia). The deposits of small size were formed between these periods (Cu-Mo-porphyry Tsagan-Suburga, Cu-porphyry Kharmagtai deposits in Southern Mongolia, etc.). C u- Mo-porphyry deposits within Siberia and Mongolia as a whole were formed with a regular periodicity at 20～30 Ma intervals. Large copper-molybdenum porphyry deposits are characterized by the manifestat ion of multiple ore-forming processes which are related to separate pulses of o r e-bearing magmatism. Three pulses of ore-bearing magmatism are established at th e large scale Erdenetuin-Obo deposit: I-250～240 Ma, II-225～220 Ma, III-225 ～195 M a. Every magmatic pulse is accompanied by ore mineralization. The Erdenet ore di strict includes three deposits of different sizes. Large-scale deposits are in principle multi-stage formations. They are charac terized by the repeated manifestation of ore-bearing magmatism and the ore-for mi ng processes during the long period of geological time within a relatively limit ed space.

堆积体湿化试验及其状态相关弹塑性模型模拟

通过双线法大型三轴湿化试验,研究了较密与较松两种密实度的土石混合堆积体,在不同围压σ3下湿化前后力学特性的变化规律,分析了湿化对土石混合堆积体的割线模量E_(50)、临界状态摩擦角、峰值状态摩擦角以及临界状态线位置的影响。结果表明,湿化作用会引起堆积体的割线模量E_(50)、临界状态摩擦角与峰值状态摩擦角的衰减,明确了土石混合堆积体湿化前后的等向固结线(ICL)与临界状态线(CSL)的变化趋势。基于无黏性土的状态相关本构模型,对湿化前后的堆积体应力应变关系进行了模拟,与试验结果对比,发现该模型较好地反映了堆积体湿化前后的剪胀特性变化。

大型金属矿床水工环地质特征及矿山开发保护研究

大型金属矿山作为我国金属矿产资源的主要开发地,为了能够实现更高的矿产资源采收率,需要对其地质特征做出详细的分析。本文结合某大型金属矿床作为案例进行研究,对其水工环地质特征进行分析。并结合其地质构造,提出了生态环境保护、三废治理、环境地质灾害预防等矿山开发保护措施。以期全面提高矿产资源开采效率的同时,也能够对矿床周围的地质环境起到良好的保护作用。

胶东招掖矿集区巨量金质来源和流体成矿效应

胶东招掖大型金矿集中区的形成是一个多期次、多来源的复杂过程。胶东群正变质岩的原岩———太古代拉斑玄武岩为初始矿源岩 ;太古代 元古代胶东群、荆山群和粉子山群变质岩为中间矿源岩 ;中生代剪切重熔岩浆岩———玲珑型花岗岩和郭家岭型花岗岩是成矿物质的主要直接提供者 ;郭家岭型花岗岩还起到“热机”作用 ;而蓬莱群及滦家河型花岗岩提供成矿物质的可能性较小。金的成矿作用是在古老地幔分异出的太古代拉斑玄武岩基础上 ,经韧性剪切→区域变质→岩浆重熔等构造热动力作用逐步富集的过程。岩浆侵入后 ,形成以岩体为中心的凸形热场 ,是流体成矿作用的主要动力之一。成矿流体的流速可以促进混合热液的生长 ,剪切破碎带是强烈输运 反应耦合成矿的有利场所。地幔富C H O流体、中 下部地壳富硅流体、浅 表部富硫流体 3个层次流体相互沟通、混合 ,导致流体循环持续时间增长 ,萃取围岩有用元素增多 ,成矿元素丰度升高 。

西藏冲江大型斑岩铜(钼金)矿床的发现及意义

冲江斑岩铜 (金钼 )矿床是近年来在冈底斯造山带中寻找斑岩铜矿最先取得突破的一个大型矿床 .矿化、蚀变具中心式、面型分布特点 ,其中钾硅化带大体上与强铜矿化带相对应 .根据ICPMS测试、辉钼矿Re Os及SHRIMP锆石U Pb测年结果 ,含矿斑岩高钾富碱过铝 ,强烈富集轻稀土 (LREE/HREE为 8.5 6～ 2 3.1 ) ,无Eu异常 (平均 1 .0 0 1 ) ,具有微弱的负Ce异常 (平均 0 .84 ) ,微量元素显示Ⅰ型和A型花岗岩的过渡特征 ,反映斑岩岩浆作用与拆沉作用及其伴生的软流圈物质上涌有关 .矿床形成于中新世 (1 4～ 1 6Ma)

赣南漂塘钨矿花岗岩成岩年龄与成矿年龄的精确测定

漂塘钨矿是赣南著名的钨锡多金属矿床,由漂塘本区、木梓园和大龙山三个矿段组成。多年以来,有关漂塘花岗岩成岩年龄,大多是利用邻近的西华山花岗岩的数据进行推断,而已有的年龄测试数据精度很难保证。对该矿床的成矿年龄则报道更少。本文利用单颗粒锆石U-Pb法对漂塘本区和木梓园的成矿花岗岩进行定年,获得了两条很好的U-Pb年龄谐和线,漂塘本区和木梓园成矿花岗岩的年龄分别为161.8±1Ma和153.3±1.9Ma。利用矿石中的白云母40Ar/39Ar同位素定年获得了漂塘本区成矿年龄为152±1.9Ma,利用矿石中的辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年获得木梓园成矿年龄为151.1±8.5Ma。以上年龄数据表明,矿床的成矿作用或与花岗岩侵位基本同时发生,或稍晚于花岗岩。赣南其他矿集区的一些代表性钨矿如淘锡坑、大吉山等的成矿与成岩也有这两种情况,可见这种成矿方式在赣南地区具有代表性。本文的年龄测定和近年来发表的一些年龄数据表明,赣南钨锡矿床属于华南燕山中期第一阶段陆壳重熔型花岗岩类大规模活动及其伴随的钨锡等金属大规模成矿作用的产物。

南岭地区大规模钨锡多金属成矿作用：成矿时限及地球动力学背景

南岭位于华南地区中部,是我国乃至全球最主要的钨锡金属成矿省。本文基于最近几年的高精度成岩成矿测年资料和地球动力学研究进展,提出南岭地区大规模成矿作用出现于中晚侏罗世(165～150Ma),相应的构造背景是古太平洋板块向大陆俯冲,在大陆边缘弧后地区出现一系列NE向壳幔相互作用强烈的伸展带,这些伸展带与东西向古断裂的交汇部位是岩浆活动和成矿作用中心区,NE向十杭带与南岭中脊部EW向古深大断裂的交汇处形成湘南最大的钨锡矿集区。在中晚白垩世,古太平洋板块向NNE方向走滑,导致大陆岩石圈大面积伸展,相应大规模的火山活动主要出现在武夷山以东地区,但在包括南岭地区在内的华南地区广泛出现盆岭构造,NNE向的白垩纪红层-火山盆地与以花岗岩为代表的隆起相间分布,在一些盆地可见130～90Ma侵位的、面积不大却广泛分布的花岗岩及其锡多金属矿化,构成华南地区大规模锡多金属矿化作用,但这次成矿作用在南岭地区并不十分强烈。

某巨型冰水堆积体强度特性大型常规三轴试验

在我国大渡河流域广泛分布一套规模巨大,形成于第四纪更新世中晚期的冰水堆积体。这类冰水堆积体在颗粒组成、结构特征、密实程度等诸多方面与其他松散堆积体存在较明显的区别,因而其变形特性、强度特性等方面与其他岩土体相比,也表现出较为明显的差异。以大渡河某巨型冰水堆积体为例,在室内大型常规三轴试验的基础上,对该冰水堆积体的变形特性、强度特性进行了较为深入的研究和探讨,结果表明该冰水堆积物在剪切破坏过程存在较明显的应变强化和剪胀现象,其强度包络线在低应力水平下呈直线状,在高应力水平下呈非线性下凹形,由此提出了应力水平与抗剪强度参数的试验关系式。

藏南邦布大型金矿成矿流体He-Ar-S同位素组成及其成矿意义

邦布金矿床位于青藏高原雅鲁藏布江结合带东段南侧,矿体受大型脆-韧性剪切带的次级断裂控制,其一系列地质地球化学特征显示该矿属于造山型金矿。其含金石英脉中黄铁矿的流体包裹体3He/4He=0.174～1.010Ra,40Ar/36Ar=311.9～1724.9,矿物δ34S=2.8‰～4.7‰,平均3.6‰;围岩中不含金黄铁矿流体包裹体3He/4He=0.01137Ra,40Ar/36Ar=1709.7,矿物δ34S=6.5‰,显示邦布金矿成矿流体主要由地壳流体组成,但其中有地幔流体的加入,幔源He占2.7%～16.7%。由壳幔相互作用导致的幔源流体的加入是邦布金矿重要的成矿条件。在印度板块与欧亚大陆板块碰撞过程中,形成切穿地壳的纵向剪切带,深源地幔流体上升,与地壳来源的富CO2流体混合,由于温度和压力下降和流体沸腾导致含金硫化物和石英结晶,并在其次级断裂构造中形成邦布金矿体。