Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpart essay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolution of the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy is so far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre that presents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores the literature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paper proposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Ming and Qing dynasty, especially in middle Qing dynasty literature in almost all areas have made great progress that make the various forms of genre of Chinese classical literature have been into the comprehensive prosperity. The rhythm of the eight-part essay writing features can also be of composition structure shift from above, the inversion analysis of rhythm of the reasonable explanation. Eight-part essays writing have speaking format, the arrangement of each part of the article structure and should be treated according to certain programs. This paper integrates the related result to propose the new idea on the stereotyped writing criticism genre that propose the novel perspective for the related research areas.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpartessay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolutionof the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy isso far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre thatpresents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores theliterature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paperproposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

CHINESE LADY'S DAILY WEAR IN LATE QING DYNASTY AND EARLY REPUBLIC PERIOD

The goal of this research is to describe and analyze women’s wear in the late Qing Dynasty andearly Republic Period(late 19th c.—early 20th c.),with an emphasis on the daily informal orsemi-formal wear,though some formal or ceremonial costumes such as wedding dress will also beincluded.This study will use Chinese costumes and textiles from many museums to fill in theblanks left by previous research and to give a more detailed and accurate description.It will alsouse historical documents to find the original names of these items and to illustrate a general conceptof their usage on different occasions.The different categories of women’s wear will be described in the following order:①robes orcoats;②jackets;③waistcoats or vests;④skirts;⑤pants and leggings;⑥shoes and socks;⑦headdresses;and⑧others.Of every category,the textiles,decoration,cut,form,style,colourand motif will be discussed.The way in which these items were combined will also be discussed.The comparison between women’s wear and men’s wear,women’s and children’s informal andformal dress will be given.Here are some tentative conclusions.First,the Manchu and Han style coexisted and mixedwith each other and were worn by both Manchu and Han women.Second,the basic silhouettesand cuts were relatively stable and conventional,while the decorations and details(openings,fasten-ings,pleats,vents,collars and hemlines)were different.The former represented accepted socialstandards while the latter could be a matter of personal taste.Third,women’s wear in that periodwere highly stylized,miscellaneous,elaborate,detailed,multicolored and multi-thematic.

Social Classes and Cultural Connotations of Yangzhou Home Gardens during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

During the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China(1870-1930),the social classes in Yangzhou were basically dominated by officials,businessmen,and scholars.In the building number,scale,and functional evolution of their home gardens,these three classes were different,reflecting abundant connotation of characteristic of the time and regional culture,revealing the inheritance path of Yangzhou culture,as well as the richness and diversity of home gardens in Yangzhou during the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China.

The Dissemination and Influence of the Three-Region Theory in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century China

The three-region theory,which divided the air into warm,cold,and hot strata from bottom to top,was the paramount theory for explaining meteorological phenomena in medieval Europe.Such missionaries as Matteo Ricci,Francisco Furtado and Alfonso Vagnone introduced it into China during the seventeenth century,where it had a significant influence on Chinese meteorological knowledge.Chinese scholars endeavored to understand and assimilate this theory based on the traditional yuanqi元氣(original substance or primal vitality)theory or yinyang陰陽(negative and positive principles)theory,so as to either broaden the range of the three regions,or to indicate that there were no definite boundaries to them.In this context,Jie Xuan揭暄drew a meteorological illustration entitled Rihuo xiajiang yangqi shangsheng tu日火下降暘氣上升圖(Illustration of the descent of the sun’s warmth and the ascent of warmed air),which epitomized how Sino-Western scientific encounters inspired new ideas.

“Love” as the Key Word: New Sexual Morality and New Literature in the Late Qing and Early Republican Years(1900-1920)

Courtesy of translation, the word ＂love＂ （lian ＂ai 恋爱） entered the modem Chinese language in the early 20th century, leading to changes in the mode, experience, meaning and evaluation of ＂feelings between men and women＂ by virtue of this new nomenclature. The word entered public discourse and became the point of entry for new Chinese ethical construction, spawning a series of new moral propositions from the late Qing to the May Fourth Movement together with corresponding works of new literature. The ＂free marriage＂ advocated in the late Qing confirmed the modem consciousness of marriage premised on love and determined primarily by the will of the parties themselves, initiating a new style of civilized marriage. In the early Republican period, the word ＂love＂ was temporarily stigmatized in the course of sinicization, with the result that it was generally avoided in romance fiction. However, the widespread cult of the ＂spiritual character of love＂ in novels of tragic love laid the foundation for the emergence of＂the sanctity of love＂ in the May Fourth period. The theory of love constructed at this time under the influence of Western theories made a subtle distinction between the ＂freedom of love＂ and ＂free love,＂ reflecting the ideological divergence within the New Culture community. In terms of spatial imagery and descriptions of love, the pioneering creation of romantic literature during the May Fourth period deconstructed the patriarchal authority that suppressed individual freedom, undermining traditional morality and opening up new fields for literary expression. But since the one-dimensional pursuit of individual freedom also led to weaknesses such as superficial emotionalism, May Fourth romantic literature could not take the experiences and expression of love to a deeper level.

僧诗总集与晚明清初的丛林习诗热潮——以稀见文献《珠林风雅》为典型

《珠林风雅》是晚明清初僧诗风气高涨的产物,也是古典诗歌总集编印高潮时期的典型样本。它生动地反映了诗歌从个别精英僧人的专利,到清初发展为一般文化僧都能够参与的文学活动。这是明清之际诗学家徐增编选的僧诗总集,以寺院为中心,选录了灵隐寺住持晦山戒显及僧众十余人的诗作一百余首。戒显入选最多,其中的《题武昌黄鹤楼》不仅当时“天下传颂”,而且逐渐流传为两种版本。版本差异显现了清代政治规训力量的强悍,也显现了僧诗在诗坛的影响。其他僧人也大半编有自己的诗集,但对入选仍极为热心,他们不仅期待借助传播性更强的诗歌总集传世不朽,也希望跻身为寺院文化的塑造者。晚明清初僧诗文献大量存世,无论种类还是数量都已远远超过前代,却很少受到学界关注。这一存世文献与研究成果极不对应的现象,提醒研究者重新审视佛教文学史的认识框架。

明遗民集序书写的纪传与想象

别集序在文体初创时期,就已经确立了传记写作的传统。明末清初的遗民通过诗文来回应国家和自我身份认同等问题。这种回应体现在别集序的书写中,使其中的纪传部分更加注重真实性的表达。然而,由于别集序的主观创作空间较大,真实与想象的成分在遗民的别集序中交织在一起,这无疑影响了通过“知人论世”的传统批评方法所得批评主张的有效性。此外,集序作者往往通过个人经历的想象和性情的投射来塑造遗民的形象。这种塑造可能源于作者真实情感的流露,也可能出于对经典文本的模仿。因此,遗民集序中的人物形象可能与他们的历史行为存在差异,这进一步影响了集序所传达的文学批评要素的接受和传播。

从儒家经典到课本选文:清末民初读经科向国文科的转化与融入

民国初年读经被取消后又被反复提倡,但清末的读经科部分转化、融入了国文科并影响了国文科的发展:国文科课程目标中的“德”由读经科转入,教材中部分课文是对读经科中的整本儒家经典的节选,教学中的诵读法也来自读经科。转化的发生及其成功,主要原因是:读经科改变了形式,顺应了现代教育(国文)的变化,教育目的由培养臣民转为培养公民,教育形式由私塾中的单个点拨到学堂中的班级授课,国文教材形态由专书变为选文,考试文体由八股变为古文。

论清末民初博览会事业中的民族主义

清末民初博览会事业蕴涵了丰富的民族主义。它产生的外部因素是西方“先进”所形成的“榜样”力量,以及西方帝国的霸权行径和经济侵略,内部因素是中国自身的落后,以及中国人所具有的“经世忧国”传统精神。它产生的路径基本是:先进的西方列强,对落后中国进行经济侵略,导致中国利权外溢,产生严重民族危机,具有“经世忧国”精神的中国人奋发图强,既积极学习西方,仿行西法,又反省自身落后,积极展开竞争,谋求改良、发展,其中,蕴涵了忧患、危机、反省意识及竞争、发展观念,最终目的是实现民族国家独立富强。这样的民族主义具有追赶性、内向性、开放性特征,且主要体现在经济层面,虽有过急追求发展的一面,但其价值目标及立足自身的方法取向是理性的。

呔商历史文化基础:明末清初冀东商品经济样态

呔商以冀东永平府为起源地,为近代东北民族资本主义经济中不可忽视的力量。呔商的兴起源于明末清初以来冀东地区传统商品经济的发展。独特的地理环境塑造出冀东“耕织鱼盐”经济模式,滦河、渤海的传统水运培育冀东地区的商品经济观念,而农牧交界的地理位置形成冀东地区包容开放的商业氛围。在以上因素作用下,冀东商品经济传统逐渐形成。冀东商品经济的主要特点为,以粮布鱼盐为主要商品,以具有地域特色的码头市集贸易为特色,贸易范围涵盖环渤海与口外地区,与此同时服务于商业的牙行、典当业已经出现。在明末清初边禁趋缓的背景下,冀东商人觉察到关内关外的潜藏商机,毅然投身于闯关东大潮,开启百年呔商辉煌历史。

元明之际浙东文人的文学史观与复古旨归

元明之际,浙东文人的文学复古与立身志意融合统一。首先,浙东文人以体、法浑融的三代之文为起点,建构起宗经、尊古而审时的文学史观,“文”的历时叙述与“时”的现实关切紧密结合。其次,浙东文人聚焦古律之变,提倡诗歌音调的尚古。尊尚古体诗的创作风气与讲求协和音调、反对诗歌律化的理论旨趣相辅相成,寄寓了浙东文人的政治理想。再次,浙东文人的立身志意与文学正变观念相互交织,君子之志彰显文学师古的主体价值,形成“人”与“文”的精神同构。最后,“流而为文人”、正变诗风、复古气象等论说,关涉明代文学复古路径的意、辞分衍。元明之际,浙东文人的文学复古与明中后期转向审美化、精细化的文学复古存在显著差异。

“阴阳”与“四行”交汇:一项关于明清之际风的知识史的研究

中国古代有不少关于风的自然知识,士人常以阴、阳气术语来阐释风的形成。明清之际,耶稣会士带来了西方的“四元行说”。从“阳迫阴成风”到“燥热气成风”,部分士人在西学影响下对风的阐释与传统之间出现一定的裂痕。士人对风原理的讨论具有进步意义,并尽可能远离了神秘主义的占风术。但不论是“阴阳”还是“四行”,都属于前近代知识范式。相比于同时期法国科学先驱笛卡尔对风的研究,中国士人的风知识大部分仍根植于旧有学说和汲取传入之西学,并没有显示太多以新方法获取新知识的兴趣。

清末民初报刊剧话的文体承变与理论革新

报刊剧话与聚焦传奇杂剧、文学批评本位的古代曲话之间并非简单的线性承继关系,而是直接滥觞于清中后期文人的梨园花谱写作。经由报刊媒介的形塑、戏剧改良思潮的推动与中外剧论的滋养,剧话于民国元年前后定型为一种以京剧、新剧等舞台流行剧种为主要批评对象,以即时化、公开化、品牌化的跨平台专栏创作为特色生产模式,文本与舞台兼重、史论研究与实践批评并举的综合性艺术批评文体。舞台本位意识在清末民初报刊剧话中的建构发展反映了古典戏剧理论“剧学”体系内部重心由“剧本作法”向“表演艺术”的迁移,曲话的独立发展、京剧与新剧剧话的日趋分离亦可视作传统剧论对近代传奇杂剧、花部戏曲、外来新剧“三足鼎立”之全新剧体格局的直接回应。

明末清初赋学通变论

从赋学发展史的角度来看,明末清初是中国古典赋学的转型期。“通”中有“变”是明末清初赋学的主题。“通”表现为对汉赋经典化态势的延续,对汉魏六朝赋学理论话语的阐发;“变”体现在赋注的衰减、赋评的勃兴。汉赋是中国赋学的开端与高潮,对汉赋作品的汇编是汉赋经典化进程的重要内容,而对六朝赋学批评话语的阐释构成了明末清初赋论的主体框架。汉唐尚注疏,宋明重议论,明末清初赋注的衰减是学术大势演进的结果,万历以降兴起的《文选》评点丰富了赋学话语的理论维度,而从注到评的转捩反映出赋学发展方向的转变。

《崇祯历书》与《晓庵新法》月食算法误差的比较与分析

在明末基于欧洲天文学编纂的《崇祯历书》中,交食算法是后来清初学者研习西法时的重要内容。文章以《崇祯历书》和清初代表性学者王锡阐基于西法所著的《晓庵新法》中的月食算法为研究对象,基于二者算法编写计算机程序,计算了崇祯改历后百年内的月食,并与现代理论值进行比较。结果表明,《晓庵新法》月食食分和食甚的误差均超过了《崇祯历书》,没有达到王锡阐基于西法“去其疵类”的目的,但二者精度均优于《大统历》和《回回历法》。之后,考察了二者月食算法误差的构成和来源,对《晓庵新法》算法误差大于《崇祯历书》的原因进行了分析,并由此发现了《晓庵新法》真正的里差之元经度可能是北京,而非该书所声称的南京。

明清易代之际中州士大夫的命运抉择与身份困境--以“贰臣”彭而述为例

彭而述是明清易代之际中州士大夫中“贰臣”的典型代表,也是清初被低估了的文学家。在王朝鼎革之际,身为旧朝低级官员的他在目睹家乡遭受农民起义军的战火荼毒后,将清军视为“救民于水火之中”的义师。明亡后,彭而述最终选择出仕新朝,并为清廷统一全国立下了汗马功劳。对南明小朝廷的失望与建功立业的入世思想是其出仕的主要原因。出仕新朝后,彭而述在作品中虽未流露出明显的故国之思与忏悔之恨,但身份困境的难题仍如梦魇一般时常萦绕在他心头。

明末清初拟话本小说中袭旧诗词的特征及成因

明末清初的9部代表性拟话本小说掺入了大量的古代诗词,其中诗歌275首、词作82首。拟话本小说中的袭旧诗词,以唐诗、宋词为主,是唐诗、宋词经典化的一种表现;以小众诗词为主,较少选用名家名作;以通俗诗词为主,较少选用典雅含蓄的诗词;大部分诗词带有劝诫意义,承载着作者的教化意图。这些特点的形成,缘于明末清初“轶宋窥唐”的文学主张、通俗诗词受明人追捧及书商青睐、小说对道德劝诫的重视、儒家的“诗教”传统等。

明末清初嘉定竹刻中的文人士气与审美伦理

随着明王朝的覆没,嘉定竹刻的发源地爆发了以“嘉定三屠”名世的抗击满清入侵的民族主义抗争,嘉定惨遭屠城,嘉定竹刻在此时也迎来了发展的鼎盛期。为探求竹刻鼎盛背后更为隐蔽的审美伦理负载,使用审美伦理的研究方法对嘉定竹刻的审美主体(创作者与欣赏者)以及审美客体(嘉定竹刻)进行分析。嘉定文人志士或是选择舍身殉节,显示出超拔不群的不屈人格;或是选择退隐守节,彰显出文化自救的遗民意识;此时嘉定竹刻不再是简单的竹艺术品,而成为“气节”的暗语,受到嘉定地区和清初明朝遗民群体欢迎。此期士林人士忧国忧民之郁闷以及“士可杀不可辱”的亡国悲情借助竹刻作品“残山剩水”得到了淋漓尽致的表达。