Balancing Between the New Family Law and Religious Practices and Its Impact on Moroccan Women＇s Lives

The present paper seeks to shed light on the main factors lying behind the non-implementation of Article 20 of the New Moroccan Family Law reformed in 2004 which is concerned with legal minimum age of marriage for both sexes, 18 years old for both. This study aims at investigating why the number of marriages of young girls continue to increase despite the establishment of the Law. The author takes the region of Fez as a case in point to explore this social behavior in Moroccan society. A qualitative approach has been adopted by interviewing 10 persons including Family Affairs Judges, lawyers and University Professors of Islamic studies at the University of Fez. Added to this, the technique of observation has equally been utilized to have everyday life concrete experiences of young girls ＂marriages＂. It has been argued that a unilateral approach to this social phenomenon cannot succeed to understand the complex nature of this bad social habit that is still predominant among rural areas and marginalized urban districts. A rather global approach taking into account the economic, socio-cultural, and legal dimension of the issue under investigation proves to be much more adequate to explore the intricate nature of this problems in which a number of diverse variables interact. The paper ends up with a conclusion and a number of recommendations on how to reduce this social act.

Compromise and Change: Reconsideration on the Custody of Infants Act of 1839

The United Kingdom’s Custody of Infants Act of 1839 is generally regarded as a signature instrument for women to gain guardianship of a child, and widely considered a product of the equal rights movement launched by women in England. It has played an important role in promoting women’s equal rights and breaking patriarchal absolutism. However, there was much compromise in the legal basis for the legislation and the legal provisions, resulting in debates on the legislation that have greatly diluted the revolutionary significance of the Act. Starting with the Marxist argument on bourgeois family legislation, this paper analyzes the legislative and judicial practice of guardianship of minors before and after the promulgation of the Act in the United Kingdom. In view of its impact on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, this paper attempts to re-evaluate the historical status of this act.

Conflict in the Movie “The Treatment” with a Cross-Cultural View

Analyzes the conflicting cases through which the movie develops its plot inspiring an inter-cultural thinking and argumentation from perspectives of attitudes towards law and its social factors, and the family values impacting the conflicts. The author proves the truth of the above two to be the primary causes with thorough analysis of the story details appealing to abundant consentaneous understandings and theories.

Differences between Traditional Chinese Family Law and National Law Analysis

Chinese traditional family-based society is the legal basis for political, patriarchal hierarchy and national politics Consistent hierarchy, as represented by the family law civil law is to adjust the traditional social relations, maintaining the main legal norms of social order, Family law as one of the most important traditional Chinese society, the legal system, and the state law regulating social order constitute the dual legal structure. And its fundamental purpose is to maintain social harmony and stability of the feudal rule of order.

Educational Function of the Family Property Legal System in China's Civil Code-Research on the Core Socialist Values

The educational function of law is to inherently and positively standardize and institutionalize core ideologies and values by directly affecting those ideologies,incorporating the outlook on values,ethics,life and honor and disgrace.The purpose of the Legislative Revision Plan of Integrating the Core Socialist Values into the Construction of Rule of Law,adopted by China's central government in 2018,is to comprehensively strengthen the educational function of law under the guidance of the socialist core values within the entire socialist legal system,to consolidate a solid socialist ideological foundation,and to improve ideology and ethics across China.As a family is the cell of a society and the first classroom of life,family value is not only at the core of a family but also an essential part of a society.The legal system relating to family property,based on the family property system and spousal inheritance right,can rationally adjust the family property relationship;this system can combine,cultivate and carry forward socialist core values,guide and cultivate ethics,and promote family values,family culture and family traditions.Moreover,it can educate people to formulate an appropriate outlook on life,values and money and sense of honor.Today,the legal system of family property,such as the joint possession of marital incomes and the unlimited right to spousal inheritance,has shown a negative effect on educational function,since it was born during the period of the relative shortage of family property in the past.Therefore,the Civil Code should follow the socialist core values,and update and innovate the family property legal system and thereby provide an effective and efficient path to rectify the hitherto negative effect on educational function of the family property legal system.

Normative Effect of Fine Family Values Clauses in the Marriage and Family Section of China's Civil Code

The fine family values incorporated into China's Civil Code can effectively resolve the contradiction between the Marriage and Family Law's specific socialization requirements and the relatively insufficient socialization theypresent after they have been incorporated into the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China.The fine family values clauses can reflect the ethics of Marriage and Family Law by introducing the family's subject position in identity law,by specifying the scope and source of public order for judging behavior legitimacy in family relations,and by checking and balancing the tendency of turning Marriage and Family Law into Property Law.The clauses'normative effect includes the organizational effect aimed at regulating family power,social power and state power,and the advisory effect for promoting moral education.However,its core lies in its behavior normative effect for guiding the judicial process and its adjudicative normative effect.In terms of specific application,we should focus on realizing the normative function of the fine family values clauses.This function includes proving the relationship between a guardian's“lack of control and education”and external damage caused by family members,balancing family stability and personal freedom value,1limiting seeking improper property interests by means of identity behavior and creating independent legal interests.

Pay Attention to Vulnerable Groups & Safeguard Citizens' Marriage, Family Rights——On New Marriage Law

Marriage and family remain a universal and eternal subject of study. It covers law, ethics, sociology, psychology and even economics. Law and ethics play the most outstanding role in it. Family ethics and moral standards constitute an important part of social ethical system while marriage and family constitute part of the legal system nearest to the life of the common people. Since the founding of New China, the Party and the State have paid full attention to the marriage and family system. Compared with other laws, the law about marriage and family was the first to be legislated. On May 1, 1950, New China’s first law, the 1950 version of Marriage Law, was promulgated. Commenting on the legal document, Chairman Mao Zedong had this to say: Marriage law concerns

Right to Family Life:Convergent Interpretation between Chinese Mainland and Hong Kong&Macao SARs

In the course of implementing the Constitution and theBasic Law in the Chinese mainland and the Hong Kong and MacaoSpecial Administrative Regions, the core content of “family life” (especiallythe part involving the parent-child relationship), which is abasic right at the constitutional level, has finally been recognized bythe competent authorities as “close ties between family members.”The convergent interpretation of basic rights by competent authoritiesin the Chinese mainland and the two special administrative regions,at least in terms of “family life,” is fundamentally due to the fact thatunder similar social, economic and population conditions, they havereached a consensus on understanding the core content of basic rightsunder the influence of international human rights law. On the basis ofthis convergent interpretation, there should be no longer significantdifferences in the basic rights enjoyed by Chinese citizens in the Chinesemainland and Hong Kong & Macao.

改革开放以来家庭教育指导制度的演变、问题与完善——基于制度变迁理论的分析

改革开放以来,我国家庭教育指导制度的演变经历了制度化探索、规范化和法制化三个阶段。制度供给重心从家校共育到家校社合作再到家校社政一体,具有从追求家庭教育的内部收益到追求外部收益和整体收益的动力特征,从学校资源开发到多方积极参与的过程特征,以及以强制性制度变迁为主导,由局部制度变迁带动整体制度变迁的方式特征。当前,家庭教育指导制度面临配套制度供给不足、政策执行乏力和部分制度实效性不强的问题,根源在于权力分配机制不顺、利益调整机制不全以及忽视非正式制度变迁的作用。进一步完善家庭教育指导制度,需要强化政府责任,鼓励制度协同创新,探索有效激励机制,提高政策宣传与执行力度。

从“法制”到“法治”:改革开放以来我国家庭教育政策的演进逻辑与推进路径

家庭教育政策是规范与支持家庭教育发展的重要工具,是推进我国家庭家教家风建设的重要手段。改革开放以来,我国家庭教育政策经历了以边缘性探索为中心的萌芽发展阶段、以系统性规划为抓手的改革发展阶段和以体系化建设为重点的深入发展阶段。在此过程中,其动力机制、价值取向、实施过程保障及话语规则均有其独特的演进逻辑。家庭教育法治化是我国教育治理现代化的必然要求,在未来的发展中我国家庭教育从“法制”走向“法治”,可采取以下推进路径:形成强化基础建设、优质均衡发展的政策动力机制,秉持兼顾个体与社会、协调多元利益的政策价值取向,深化加强顶层设计、完善组织建设的政策实施过程保障,体现深入了解民情、广泛反映民意的政策话语规则。

家哲学在德国古典哲学中的转型及其当代意义

现代家庭以亲密关系为基础并与公共领域相对分离。其法规范地位在近代早期并未确立,因为启蒙和自然法传统主要只破坏了旧家庭结构及父权制。费希特提出了非契约论的反干涉家庭法以维护亲密关系,康德则给出了一种契约论式的家哲学以维护身体-财产结合。综合二者的思路,黑格尔认为家庭法是一种包含契约论要素的商谈性规范,其重要特征是拥有一种“居间特性”,并且将家庭作为国家的“第一重根”。在黑格尔家哲学中包含着效用论和幸福论考虑,在当代,它被霍耐特用于修正罗尔斯的正义原则,并更新民主实践。

信息化时代的法学实践教学方法革新——以家事法教学中运用类案检索方法为例

类案检索是信息化时代法学实践教学方法革新的重要途径和有效方案。以吉林大学法学院和西北政法大学为起始的类案检索教学改革试点经验,证实了该种教学方法在学生法律思维训练、法学分析能力提升、自主学习能力养成方面的效能。但必须承认,类案检索方法在受益于信息时代给予的信息便利的同时,也受制于信息公开的有限范围。跨越这一障碍,不仅需要文书公开制度的开放与包容,更需要法律共同体多机构间的有效合作。

家庭教育令的强制力研究——兼论《家庭教育促进法》法律责任条款

家庭教育令是《中华人民共和国家庭教育促进法》颁行后,司法机关在实践中所创设的新型令状,其针对未成年人的父母或其他监护人养而不教、教而不当的行为予以干预和纠正。从法教义学分析来看,虽然《中华人民共和国家庭教育促进法》对家庭教育令的强制力没有作出明确规定,但存在隐性赋予。对此,司法机关以“法律责任”章为依据,寻求援引他法针对拒不履行者设置罚款、拘留乃至追究刑事责任,而督促监护令等相关令状亦对强制力进行了探索尝试,但实际效果均不理想。如此困境源于家庭教育关系的情感性与传统强制执行措施间的不适配。促进家庭教育令制度的落实,应弱化执行措施的惩罚性与对抗性,着力推动判后回访机制及专门机构扶持制度的发展,以保证金代替罚款,并促进家庭教育令与撤销监护及专门教育间的衔接。

高价彩礼的法治因应

彩礼以缔结婚姻为目的,传统婚姻模式、现代婚姻模式与理想婚姻模式下彩礼的制度原理各不相同。现代婚姻与理想婚姻模式之下,适当彩礼作为一种不违反法律与公序良俗的赠与行为,发挥着平衡男女双方婚育成本和保障女性权益的功能,具备合法性与合理性,被法治社会所允许。由于存在婚育隐忧、攀比之风、儿女有别及性别失衡现象,适当彩礼在一些地方畸变为高价彩礼。后者有悖社会公共利益,国家法律介入符合比例原则,具备法治正当性。高价彩礼呼吁“软硬混治”:在硬法治理层面,需要明确彩礼的范围并增加倡导性规则,同时完善用人单位保障、社会保障以及家庭保障等综合配套措施。在软法治理层面,要善用软法工具、提高立“法”科学性,宣扬先进文化、完善激励机制并打造多元治理主体格局、树立多措并举意识,让彩礼止于礼。

论《个人信息保护法》的合作治理定位--基于倾斜保护型法的视角

《个人信息保护法》具有公私法融合的属性,采取何种治理框架成为亟待解决的理论与实践问题。欧盟、美国与中国的个人信息保护均形成了合作治理的基础框架。个人信息保护法的关注重点在于信息主体与信息处理者之间的持续性不平等以及信息处理关系的外部性,因而与劳动法、消费者权益保护法等倾斜保护型法构成家族相似。应参照倾斜保护型法的既有制度经验,进一步构建《个人信息保护法》公私法协同的合作治理框架。具体而言,可从自由主义家长制的告知同意制度、公共信托制度与公益诉讼制度三个方面进行重构。

家庭生命周期税制的法理审思与制度革新

引入家庭生命周期这一跨学科理念,用以在婚姻、生育、养育、教育、养老、死亡等家庭从有到无各阶段交互过程中确立整体性税收法理规则,解决各阶段重大税收问题。首先,以非税法律为准据,通过对《宪法》《民法典》等婚姻家庭主干法律中原则性规范的诠释建立起家庭生命周期税制的宏观框架,为家庭生命周期各阶段税制改革奠定总论式前提与合法性基础。其次,在家庭生命周期税制的宏观框架下,从法理上证成“夫妻联合评估+折半乘二制”为个人所得税家庭课税的最优模式,遗产税和赠与税的开征缺乏《宪法》《民法典》等婚姻家庭主干法律的支持。最后,证立不同收入层级家庭在聚焦基本权利保障事务的家庭生命周期税收优惠中只宜以家庭人口结构为限平等适用,基本权利型税收优惠不宜发挥调节收入的分配功能。

觉醒家庭——基于《中华人民共和国家庭教育促进法》的解读

家庭教育是社会教育、学校教育之基,对个人、家庭、社会影响深远。觉醒家庭是要家庭教育回归家庭,落实《中华人民共和国家庭教育促进法》要突破责任主体对家庭教育的认知、理解及行动困境,觉醒家庭尊重家庭教育内环境、构建学习型家庭、坚持协同育人原则;打破家庭学校社会协同育人实践瓶颈,觉醒家庭实现责任边界与行动边界一致、家庭教育组织协同与育人机制一致;实现家庭教育提质增效,觉醒家庭改变教育认知、转变教育观念、改善教养方式,促进全社会形成教育合力,推进家庭教育指导服务体系建设,优化我国的家庭教育生态。

论家庭教育指导令的有效运用:教育性和惩戒性的双重面向

根据《中华人民共和国家庭教育促进法》第49条的规定,人民法院可以适用家庭教育指导令来督促和保障父母落实家庭教育责任。由于我国学术界对家庭教育指导令的研究相对较少,现阶段还无法全面评估家庭教育指导令运用的客观效果。而域外尤其是英国和美国关于这方面的实证研究成果较多,可资借鉴。目前在我国的司法实践中,家庭教育指导令的运用越来越具有惩戒性的面向,这不仅有可能违背《中华人民共和国家庭教育促进法》的立法精神,而且有可能带来其在实际运用中的异化。为此,在坚持“教育性为主、惩戒性为辅”原则的前提下,应从教育性和惩戒性的双重面向来思考家庭教育指导令的有效运用问题,在此基础上提出了适宜于我国家庭教育指导令发展和完善的具体路径。

宪法法治统一原则下部门法“家庭成员”的身份认定

“牟林翰虐待案”的释法过程,再次展现了家庭成员概念亟待扩张的现实需求。家庭成员身份决定了主体间的权利义务关系,《民法典》确立的“近亲属+共同生活”标准,不能完全满足其他部门法的规整目的,因而在实践中产生了规范冲突与适用困境。尽管将家庭成员的认定标准予以扩张有其现实合理性,但此举突破了实在法的限制,违反了宪法法治统一原则。宪法对家庭给予保护,体现了家庭的伦理性和秩序性,同时也划定了家庭成员范围扩展的法治边界。为避免家庭制度的功能性解构,应坚持家庭成员关系类型的法定化立场,允许基于特定立法目的对家庭成员概念作出限缩解释。此外,为实现对“类家庭成员”的平等保护,有必要在立法中引入“其他共同生活的人”作为体系补充。