Deep Language Statistics of Italian throughout Seven Centuries of Literature and Empirical Connections with Miller’s 7 ∓2 Law and Short-Term Memory

Statistics of languages are usually calculated by counting characters, words, sentences, word rankings. Some of these random variables are also the main “ingredients” of classical readability formulae. Revisiting the readability formula of Italian, known as GULPEASE, shows that of the two terms that determine the readability index G—the semantic index , proportional to the number of characters per word, and the syntactic index GF, proportional to the reciprocal of the number of words per sentence—GF is dominant because GC is, in practice, constant for any author throughout seven centuries of Italian Literature. Each author can modulate the length of sentences more freely than he can do with the length of words, and in different ways from author to author. For any author, any couple of text variables can be modelled by a linear relationship y = mx, but with different slope m from author to author, except for the relationship between characters and words, which is unique for all. The most important relationship found in the paper is that between the short-term memory capacity, described by Miller’s “7 ? 2 law” (i.e., the number of “chunks” that an average person can hold in the short-term memory ranges from 5 to 9), and the word interval, a new random variable defined as the average number of words between two successive punctuation marks. The word interval can be converted into a time interval through the average reading speed. The word interval spreads in the same range as Miller’s law, and the time interval is spread in the same range of short-term memory response times. The connection between the word interval (and time interval) and short-term memory appears, at least empirically, justified and natural, however, to be further investigated. Technical and scientific writings (papers, essays, etc.) ask more to their readers because words are on the average longer, the readability index G is lower, word and time intervals are longer. Future work done on ancient languages, such as the classical Greek and Latin Literatures (or modern languages Literatures), could bring us an insight into the short-term memory required to their well-educated ancient readers.

Application of the Zhe Yin’s Gene Inherits Law

Several results are provided using gene inherits law in another article [1], making use of the theory of algebra in mathematics, according to which we derive, which will give some reference value to genetics.

Memory consolidation during sleep and adult hippocampal neurogenesis

In anticipation of the massive burden of neurodegenerative disease within super-aged societies, great efforts have been made to utilize neural stem and progenitor cells for regenerative medicine. The capacity of intrinsic neural stem and progenitor cells to regenerate damaged brain tissue remains unclear, due in part to the lack of knowledge about how these newly born neurons integrate into functional circuitry. As sizable integration of adult-born neurons naturally occurs in the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus, clarifying the mechanisms of this process could provide insights for applying neural stem and progenitor cells in clinical settings. There is convincing evidence of functional correlations between adult-born neurons and memory consolidation and sleep; therefore, we describe some new advances that were left untouched in our recent review.

DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF Cu－Zn－Al ALLOYS AND ITS EFFECT ON TRANSFORMATION HYSTERESIS

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What Eye Movements Tell About Identifying Compound Words in Reading and Top-Down Effects in Reading Long Texts

Two lines of research on eye movements in reading are summarized. One line of research examines how adult readers identify compound words during reading. The other line of research deals with how a specific reading goal influences the way long expository texts are read. Both lines of research are conducted using Finnish as the source language. With respect to the first research question, it is demonstrated that compound words are recognized either holistically or via their components, depending on the length of the compound word. Readers begin to process whatever information is readily available in the foveal vision(i.e., either the whole-word form or the initial component). The second line of research demonstrates that(1)a specific reading goal is capable of exerting an early effect on readers’ eye fixation patterns,(2)time course analyses based on eye movement patterns can reveal interesting individual differences, and(3)working memory capacity is linked to the efficiency to strategically allocate attention as well as to encode information to and retrieve it from the long-term memory. It is concluded that the eye-tracking technique is an excellent research tool to tap into the workings of the human mind during the comprehension of written texts.

A Thermo-Mechanical Behavior Simulation of A NiTi Staple Used for the Correction of Idiopathic Scoliosis

In order to treat scoliosis, a thermo-mechanical behavior study of shape memory alloy bone staple has been proposed. A pre-stretched shape-memory-alloy bone staple, which has been heated above the transition temperature, provides greater compressive force upon insertion between two vertebrae and allows the control of idiopathic scoliosis development. Until now, the optimal design has not been reached due to the lack of appropriate design tools for shape memory alloy devices. In this paper, a shape memory alloy bone staple model is proposed by developing a user subroutine UMAT based on Boyd et al. unified thermodynamic shape memory alloy constitutive law using the finite element analysis software, ABAQUS. The numerical results for superelastic and shape memory effect under the tensile and three-point bending tests are presented. Simulations of the shape memory effects and force generation of the shape memory alloy staple are also shown.

Piecewise Linear Analysis for Pseudo-elasticity of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)

Based on the Brinson constitutive model of SMA, a piecewise linear model for the hysteresis loop of pseudo-elasticity is proposed and applied in the analysis of responses of an SMA-spring-mass system under initial velocity activation. The histories of displacement and velocity of the mass, and the response of stress of SMA are calculated with Brinson’s model and the piecewise linear model. The difference of results of the two models is not significant. The calculation with piecewise-linear model needs no iteration and is highly efficient.

Material Parameters of a Structural Steel with Plastic Strain Memory

The present work is concerned with the characterization of hardening parameters for an elasto-plastic continuum model, taking into account the memory effect of plastic strain amplitude, in order to predict the hysteretic responses of a ferritic steel. This elasto-plastic three-dimensional model is based on the internal thermodynamic variables which composed of the nonlinear kinematic hardening and isotropic hardening with the plastic strain memorization. The emphasis is put on the determination of strain memory parameters along with other material parameters of the proposed model in order to better simulate the behavior of the material at different strain range. The material parameters are calibrated with the experimental stabilized loops of stress-strain curves available in the literature. The predicted stabilized loops from the simulation with the determined parameters show good agreement with the experimental results signifying the validity of the considered model.

A Glimpse of Hong Kong ＂Chineseness＂： Pre-existing Tunes as the Redemption of a Cultural Identity

When the umbrellas were held up against the tear gas attack in the protest on September 28, 2014, the hot issue raised by the marathon-like Yellow Umbrella Movement was not only the matter of politics but also a coincidence created for the Hong Kong locals to face, or to be faced with an already moot cliche： How the Hongkongese can redef＇me and redeem their almost lost socio-cultural identity, particularly under the increasingly hegemonic influences and the socio-cultural invasion of the mainland after the 1997 Handover. My present paper is not intended to discuss the topic of identity on the platform of politics, or the postcolonial studies such as transculturation or cultural hybridty. But instead, I am far more interested in locating such issue on the aesthetic dimension of collective memory, which is revealed in two local contemporary Hong Kong compositions. In the process of shaping and reshaping a form of＂HongKongeseness＂ in which the composers tend to create and the local listeners tend to experience, albeit transient, can appear in every nuance of the sonic metaphor embedded in the pre-existing indigenous tunes of a self-contained compositional work.

Heavy ion energy influence on multiple-cell upsets in small sensitive volumes:from standard to high energies

The 28 nm process has a high cost-performance ratio and has gradually become the standard for the field of radiation-hardened devices.However,owing to the minimum physical gate length of only 35 nm,the physical area of a standard 6T SRAM unit is approximately 0.16μm^(2),resulting in a significant enhancement of multi-cell charge-sharing effects.Multiple-cell upsets(MCUs)have become the primary physical mechanism behind single-event upsets(SEUs)in advanced nanometer node devices.The range of ionization track effects increases with higher ion energies,and spacecraft in orbit primarily experience SEUs caused by high-energy ions.However,ground accelerator experiments have mainly obtained low-energy ion irradiation data.Therefore,the impact of ion energy on the SEU cross section,charge collection mechanisms,and MCU patterns and quantities in advanced nanometer devices remains unclear.In this study,based on the experimental platform of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou,low-and high-energy heavy-ion beams were used to study the SEUs of 28 nm SRAM devices.The influence of ion energy on the charge collection processes of small-sensitive-volume devices,MCU patterns,and upset cross sections was obtained,and the applicable range of the inverse cosine law was clarified.The findings of this study are an important guide for the accurate evaluation of SEUs in advanced nanometer devices and for the development of radiation-hardening techniques.

Effects of Danggui-Shaoyao-San on the Influence of Spatial Learning and Memory Induced by Experimental Tooth Movement

Background： The pain caused by orthodontic treatment has been considered as tough problems in orthodontic practice. There is substantial literature on pain which has exactly effected on learning and memory; orthodontic tooth movement affected the emotional status has been showed positive outcomes. Danggui-Shaoyao-San （DSS） is a Traditional Chinese Medicine prescription that has been used for pain treatment and analgesic effect for orthodontic pain via inhibiting the activations of neuron and glia. We raised the hypothesis that DSS could restore the impaired abilities of spatial learning and memory via regulating neuron or glia expression in the hippocampus. Methods： A total of 36 rats were randornly divided into three groups： （ 1 ） Sham group （n = 12）, rats underwent all the operation procedure except for the placement of orthodontic forces and received saline treatment： （2） experimental tooth movement （ETM） group （n - 12）, rats received saline treatment and ETM： （3） DSS ＋ ETM （DETM） group （n = 12）, rats received DSS treatment and ETM. All DETM group animals were administered with DSS at a dose of 150 mg/kg. Monis water maze test was evaluated： immunofluorescent histochemistry was used to identity astrocytes activation, and immunofluorescent dendritic spine analysis was used to identify the dendritic spines morphological characteristics expression levels in hippocampus. Results： Maze training sessions during the 5 successive days revealed that ETM significantly deficits in progressive learning in rats, DSS that was given from day 5 prior to ETM enhanced progressive learning. The ETM group rats took longer to cross target quadrant during the probe trial and got less times to cross-platform than DETM group. The spine density in hippocampus in ETM group was significantly decreased cornpared to the sham group. In addition, thin and mature spine density were decreased too. However, the DSS administration could reverse the dendritic shrinkage and increase the spine density compared to the ETM group. Astrocytes activation showed the opposite trend in hippocampus dentate gyrus （DG）. Conclusions： Treatment with DSS could restore the impaired abilities on ETM-induced decrease of learning and memory behavior. The decreased spines density in the hippocampus and astrocytes activation in DG ofhippocampus in the ETM group rats may be related with the decline of the ability of learning and rnernory. The ability to change the synaptic plasticity in hippocarnpus after DSS administration may be correlated with the alleviation of impairment of learn and memory atter ETM treatment.

Exact Equations for the Light Doppler Effect

The influence of light source on the receiver as electromagnetic interaction is considered. The mechanical influence of the moving charged body on a motionless one is defined in the experimental laws of electrodynamics. These laws determine the changes of parameters of the light source that moves relatively the receiver. The laws of change of light frequency and its direction of the moving source are derived from the laws of electromagnetism. At small velocity of source movement they coincide with classical results: the Doppler effect and phenomenon of aberration. The interaction of the source and receiver depends only on their velocity of movement relatively each other. There is no world medium, the relative movement to which would influence the characteristics of light source.

助行康复机器人自适应步态控制方法研究

为了提高助行康复机器人在不同坡度上的稳定性,合理的步态控制方法显得尤为重要。这里以助行康复机器人为研究对象,提出了一种将长短期记忆网络和动态运动基元结合的步行康复机器人自适应步态控制方法。将传感器采集信息与动态运动基元中步态控制项相结合,对参考步态进行调整。同时通过更改动态运动基元的时间项和空间项对步态进行二次调整以适应不同的坡度。通过试验对该控制方法的可用性进行验证。结果表明,该方法可以在(0~20)°斜坡进行自适应步态变换,具有一定的实用价值。

罗马法复兴与近代欧洲的自由主义传统

自由主义是一个近现代的概念,但也有古代渊源。古代罗马的法律观、人性观、政治观中都具有近代自由主义的元素,这些古老的思想通过罗马法的复兴运动重新回到了中世纪,给社会带来了深刻的变革。16—18世纪罗马法复兴的新浪潮更是直接促进了古典自由主义的诞生。17世纪以来,古典自由主义学者基于前述研究成果论述了自由主义的人性观、财产观与法治观,构建了西方的自由主义传统。回顾自由主义的发展历史,可以发现罗马法的复兴既是自由主义连续发展的关键,也给予了自由主义新风格。它不仅是学术上的复古运动,同时也对西方社会变革产生了深远的影响。

一类不确定切换模糊系统的记忆保成本控制

针对一类具有状态时滞和不确定性的切换模糊系统,提出了该类系统的记忆保成本控制问题。利用引入系统过去的状态信息,构造有记忆状态反馈控制器,以消除系统时滞对于系统稳定性产生的不良影响。在保证成本函数指标小于某个上界及允许的不确定性条件下,结合多Lyapunov函数方法和线性矩阵不等式(linear matrix inequality,LMI)处理方法得到最终的充分条件,保证闭环系统能够渐近稳定;且得到满足设计的切换律的记忆状态反馈控制器增益。最后通过Simulink仿真验证了所提方法的正确性。

现代进程中的阵痛——《海边》中本土法与殖民遗产下的个体命运

诺贝尔文学奖得主古尔纳的小说《海边》以深刻笔触勾勒出本土法律、殖民法律、难民法左右下的人物群像,书写了他们在殖民时期、独立转型期以及流亡英国时期卷入现代化进程中的迷茫、冲突与矛盾。个人意志和群体取向的选择折射了传统伦理消退、殖民历史发展和全球化难民流动中桑给巴尔人的命运。本文以法律为切入点、以萨利赫和赖哲卜两家围绕房产的法律纠葛为线索,呈现出时代变迁中本土法与殖民遗产对个体命运的影响;通过难民公约中体现的全球化秩序的建立,剖析了西方资本主义国家人道主义遮掩下对劳动力的需求以及世界秩序重建的企图。东非人进入现代化国家中双主人公由挣扎到精神和解的过程展现出古尔纳对于本土法和殖民遗产的思考。

虚拟旅游空间记忆匹配性与影响因素研究——基于眼动实验和认知地图的分析

在虚拟环境中,旅游者行为与视觉感知和空间记忆密不可分。当前对虚拟旅游空间记忆的研究较为缺乏,视觉注意与空间记忆的关系有待探究。文章以故宫鼓浪屿外国文物馆三维虚拟全景为例,结合眼动实验和认知地图提出旅游者空间记忆匹配性的检验方法,通过ANOVA方差分析和路径分析探究旅游者的视觉注意与空间记忆的关系。研究发现:(1)旅游者的视觉注意水平与注视频率存在空间差异;(2)节点记忆与路径记忆匹配性较低,行为链记忆匹配性个体差异较大,情景记忆匹配性整体较好;(3)视觉注意水平对情景记忆的影响呈边缘显著,视觉注意水平越高,空间情景记忆匹配性越高;(4)注视频率对行为链记忆的影响呈边缘显著,注视频率越高,行为链记忆匹配性越高;(5)行为链记忆对情景记忆具有显著的正向促进作用。文章为探究视觉注意与空间记忆关系提供了新的思路,提出的空间记忆匹配性测度方法对相关研究具有参考价值,研究结果对虚拟旅游技术应用及空间营造具有参考价值,对提高旅游目的地形象和虚拟旅游体验具有启发意义。

库区浮泥层纵向流速垂线分布特性研究

水库浮泥是存在于水库底部的一层高含沙水体,流动性较强,直接影响水库淤积形态和水库排沙,研究其运动规律对水库减淤优化调度具有重要意义。根据三峡库区实测泥沙矿物组成和级配资料,配置沙样进行流变试验,以幂律流变模型描述浮泥的本构关系。构建了浮泥运动的速度分布理论模型,通过水槽试验对模型进行了验证,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。结果表明,浮泥运动速度随浮泥厚度、上层水流流速、床面坡度增大而增大,随浮泥密度增大而减少。沿水深方向浮泥纵向流速分布始终呈抛物线型,表层的浮泥流速要远大于底层浮泥,浮泥纵向流速沿垂向方向不断减少,最底部的浮泥几乎处于静止状态。

重力驱动下一维斜坡上浮泥的输移规律研究

水库浮泥是存在于水库底部的一层高含沙水体,具有较强流动性,研究其运动规律对实现水库减淤优化调度具有重要意义.为了更准确地掌握浮泥输移规律,不仅需要掌握浮泥内部的流速分布特性,还需明确不同因素对浮泥运动过程中流速和厚度变化的影响.因此选择幂律模型作为浮泥的流变模型,基于纳维-斯托克斯(N-S)方程,采用摄动法简化构建了浮泥运动模型,在空间上使用交错网格的有限体积法,时间上使用二阶龙格库塔方法,并在数值求解的过程中引入流速分布参数,通过牛顿迭代法对参数进行修正,使得模型能反映浮泥内部的流速分布形态.开展浮泥缓坡流动试验验证模型,证明了建立模型能合理描述浮泥的运动过程;分析了底面坡度、浮泥密度和黏性系数等参数对浮泥流动特性的影响作用.结果表明,浮泥密度增大,会降低流动性,减少沿程厚度变化;底面坡度增大,浮泥流速显著增大,且厚度分布形态会发生显著改变;黏性系数增大将导致浮泥流速减小且运动结束时间缩短,同时也削弱浮泥流动性.

有载分接开关绝缘油中金属颗粒运动规律及其对介电性能的影响

高压有载分接开关油室金属微粒放电引发的缺陷超一半以上严重影响长期运行可靠性。研究了有载分接开关断开过程中绝缘油中金属颗粒的运动规律及其对绝缘油介电性能的影响,可为有载分接开关绝缘状态诊断和油隙绝缘裕度设计提供理论基础。首先分别给出了流体场、金属颗粒动力学以及电场的理论分析,并阐述了三者的耦合关系;同时建立有载分接开关触头二维简化仿真模型,得到了流体场中涡流的分布、金属颗粒的运动规律以及带电金属颗粒的运动轨迹;仿真结果表明开关运动过程中,开关间隙中心处颗粒浓度最高,且会形成“小桥”。通过混合物的介电常数和电导率模型计算了金属颗粒浓度分布变化对绝缘油介电性能的影响,提出了按浓度分区计算再并联的方法,提高了介电参数计算的准确性。