The Variation Law of the Market Price of Pork in Beijing City

In order to research the fluctuation law of price of pork in Beijing City and determine its fluctuation cycle,we use level indicator analysis,speed indicator analysis,the coefficient of variation,the seasonal adjustment model and the HP filter method,to analyze the data on the market price of pork in 8 wholesale markets in Beijing City during the period 2002-2011.The results show that the annual price of pork in wholesale markets in Beijing City shows a gradual upward trend;during the period 2002-2011,the price of pork in Beijing City experienced three full fluctuation cycle,and each fluctuation cycle was roughly 38 months;the price of pork within the year shows a trend of " one trough,one crest",and the interval of high prices is mainly concentrated in June-december;the amount of pork for sale within the year is basically inversely correlated with the price.Therefore,we should strengthen the monitoring of pig production information and market information,to ensure the sufficient supply of pork,and stabilize the market price of pork.In addition,according to the variation law of the market price of pork,improving the purchasing,storage and allocation work mechanism of the reserve meat is also necessary to stabilizing the market price of pork.

Order of Precedence Between Local Laws of Cities with Subordinate Districts and Regulations of Provincial Governments Clarifying Premises for Discussion Based on the Characteristics of Laws

The lack of descriptions regarding the order of precedence between the local laws of cities with subordinate districts and the regulations of provincial governments in Legislation Law of the People's Republic of China(Legislation Law) has led to two divergent views. One holds that "the local laws of cities with subordinate districts should take precedence over the regulations of provincial governments," while the other supports the exact opposite. This is a value judgment issue in legislation. To reach a solution, we need to clarify the premises based on the characteristics of the laws in question so that a basic common ground can be established for discussion. The first premise for traditional legislation is that a law should be based on experience as well as logic; the second is that the experience of authority subjects, plus the three aspects of logic should outweigh the experience of social subjects, plus the three aspects of logic. With respect to postmodern legislation, the first premise is that experience should override logic, and the second is that the experience of the authority subject should take precedence over that of social subject, with no requirements for logical consistency. Since Legislation Law fal s into the category of postmodern legislation, according to the premises, the argument that the local laws of cities with subordinate districts should take precedence enjoys wider acceptance, but the view is logically challenged in terms of conceptual consistency, system consistency and principle consistency. More studies must be conducted to facilitate the discussion.

Damage Analysis of the Great East Japan Earthquake

This paper tries to comprehensively summarize the reasons of damages at the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011 and what are the lessons in terms of earthquake and tsunami safety of building and cities. The paper examines the damage of tsunami affected areas and analyses the damage to extract lessons in order to safely reconstruct the affected areas from the view point of building regulations such as ＂Disaster Risk Area＂ provided by the Article 39 of the Building Standard Law and the Urbanization Control Area and UPA （Urbanization Promotion Area） provided by the Article 8 of the Ordinance of the City Planning Law of Japan.

Policy Analysis on Building Regulations and the Recovery of Earthquake and Tsunami Affected Areas

The paper examines the situation and causes of recent big earthquake and tsunami disasters especially in the case of the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, and analyzes the damage to extract lessons on safety of buildings and recovery of cities from the view point of building regulations such as the Article 39 of the Building Standard Law. In addition, the Article 8 of the Ordinance of City Planning Law resulted in not so effective against tsunami in March 2011. Control mechanisms of building construction should be integrated into socio-economic, institutional, technical and other policy tools. In order to mitigate earthquake risk, all stages of building construction, from location, planning and construction to maintenance are important. Awareness creation is instrumental for building culture of safety and demands for intervention in disaster mitigation. The demands ultimately help in creating conducive environment for policy intervention, in realizing institutional mechanism of building code enforcement and land use control for the municipal authorities and in creating demand for competent professionals.

Considerations About Municipal Government Finance in the State of the Espirito Santo： 2001/2009

Fiscal decentralization in Brazil has promoted a break in the national collection system and granted greater autonomy to states and municipalities against the federal government with regard to fundraising. The theoretical difference emerged, when one observes the greatest proliferation of local entities from the autonomy granted by the Federal Constitution （FC） from 1988 to the various levels of government, many of which almost totally depend on inter-governmental transfers. There are those who advocate the strengthening of public actions from observing the problems of small units （municipalities） and who will now have greater decision-making freedom. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the public finances of municipalities in the core theoretical （all people born in Espirito Santo） state guided by the Fiscal Responsibility Law （FRL） and fiscal decentralization in the country. For this purpose, they were taken as the time frame 2001 and 2009. Methodologically, this paper used a literature review, as well as data from the National Treasury Secretariat （STN）. In addition, authors took as a tool to help multiple regression models to strengthen the results. The principal evidence shows that, even with a slight improvement in the framework of indicators of revenue, these municipalities have proved essentially dependent on resources from the Union. Additionally, the results show a relative reduction of spending on items, such as staff costs and legislation in one year to another. In parallel, there were greater participation of the variables, costs of health and sanitation, education and culture, among others, to explain the variation of the expenditure of municipalities in Espirito Santo in the years observed. The data fit well to the model with a significance level of 1%.

From Sequential to Parallel Growth of Cities： Theory and Evidence from Canada

This paper examines city growth patterns and the corresponding city size distribution evolution over long periods of time using a simple New Economic Geography(NEG) model and urban population data from Canada. The main findings are twofold. First, there is a transition from sequential to parallel growth of cities over long periods of time: city growth shows a sequential mode in the stage of rapid urbanization, i.e., the cities with the best development conditions will take the lead in growth, after which the cities with higher ranks will become the fastest-growing cities; in the late stage of urbanization, city growth converges according to Gibrat′s law, and exhibits a parallel growth pattern. Second, city size distribution is found to have persistent structural characteristics: the city system is self-organized into multiple discrete size groups; city growth shows club convergence characteristics, and the cities with similar development conditions eventually converge to a similar size. The results will not only enhance our understanding of urbanization process, but will also provide a timely and clear policy reference for promoting the healthy urbanization of developing countries.

Study on Migration Law of Runoff Pollutants in Bio-retention Tank

The migration law of runoff pollutants in bio-retention tank was studied through the experimental research, containing calculation formula of pollutants reduction coefficient. After that, the technology of reducing and controlling runoff pollution by bio-retention tank was demonstrated. The result showed that bio-retention tank can reduce runoff by 15%-85%, and the pollutant emissions can be cut by 35%-95%. At the same time, it had good ecological landscape effect. The study can provide a reference for the design method of road bio-retention tank in sponge city construction, and basic technical methods and parameters for the subsequent construction of comprehensive control platform for urban rainwater runoff and the layout optimization of comprehensive measures of water quality and quantity.

Modeling Solid Waste Minimization Performance at Source in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania

Municipal solid waste generation is strongly linked to rising human population and expanding urban areas, with significant implications on urban metabolism as well as space and place values redefinition. Effective management performance of municipal solid waste management underscores the interdisciplinarity strategies. Such knowledge and skills are paramount to uncover the sources of waste generation as well as means of waste storage, collection, recycling, transportation, handling/treatment, disposal, and monitoring. This study was conducted in Dar es Salaam city. Driven by the curiosity model of the solid waste minimization performance at source, study data was collected using focus group discussion techniques to ward-level local government officers, which was triangulated with literature and documentary review. The main themes of the FGD were situational factors (SFA) and local government by-laws (LGBY). In the FGD session, sub-themes of SFA tricked to understand how MSW minimization is related to the presence and effect of services such as land use planning, availability of landfills, solid waste transfer stations, material recovery facilities, incinerators, solid waste collection bins, solid waste trucks, solid waste management budget and solid waste collection agents. Similarly, FGD on LGBY was extended by sub-themes such as contents of the by-law, community awareness of the by-law, and by-law enforcement mechanisms. While data preparation applied an analytical hierarchy process, data analysis applied an ordinary least square (OLS) regression model for sub-criteria that explain SFA and LGBY;and OLS standard residues as variables into geographically weighted regression with a resolution of 241 × 241 meter in ArcMap v10.5. Results showed that situational factors and local government by-laws have a strong relationship with the rate of minimizing solid waste dumping in water bodies (local R square = 0.94).

Ethics Aware Object Oriented Smart City Architecture

A novel initiative in providing advanced civic amenities is the idea of smart city driven by the lnternet of Things. Owing to a lack of consensus regarding what constitutes a smart city, diverse smart city architectures have been proposed. However, it is observed that adequate consideration is not given to the most important element of a smart city i.e. its people. In our opinion, energy efficient technologically driven city does not necessarily lead to a smart city. Ethics, tradition and law form essential ingredients of complex social palette that cannot be ignored. In this work we propose Ethics-Aware Object-Oriented Smart City Architecture （EOSCA） that has two distinguishing features. Firstly, we propose an object oriented layered architecture where an object represents an abstraction of a real world thing along with requisite security and ethics parameters. Secondly, we propose to integrate socio-cultural and ethical aspects within the smart city architecture by dedicating a separate ethics layer. Such enhancement not only addresses the challenge of privacy and security of a smart city, but also makes it people friendly by incorporating ethics. Such measures would facilitate social acceptance of smart city paradigm and augment its economic value.

Spatial Autocorrelation and Localization of Urban Development

A nonlinear analysis of urban evolution is made by using of spatial autocorrelation theory. A first-order nonlinear autoregression model based on Clark’s negative exponential model is proposed to show urban population density. The new method and model are applied to Hangzhou City, China, as an example. The average distance of population activities, the auto-correlation coefficient of urban population density, and the auto-regressive function values all show trends of gradual increase from 1964 to 2000, but there always is a sharp first-order cutoff in the partial auto- correlations. These results indicate that urban development is a process of localization. The discovery of urban locality is significant to improve the cellular-automata-based urban simulation of modeling spatial complexity.

Rank-size Distributions of Chinese Cities: Macro and Micro Patterns

A large number of studies have been conducted to find a better fit for city rank-size distributions in different countries. Many theoretical curves have been proposed, but no consensus has been reached. This study argues for the importance of examining city rank-size distribution across different city size scales. In addition to focusing on macro patterns, this study examines the micro patterns of city rank-size distributions in China. A moving window method is developed to detect rank-size distributions of cities in different sizes incrementally. The results show that micro patterns of the actual city rank-size distributions in China are much more complex than those suggested by the three theoretical distributions examined(Pareto, quadratic, and q-exponential distributions). City size distributions present persistent discontinuities. Large cities are more evenly distributed than small cities and than that predicted by Zipf′s law. In addition, the trend is becoming more pronounced over time. Medium-sized cities became evenly distributed first and then unevenly distributed thereafter. The rank-size distributions of small cities are relatively consistent. While the three theoretical distributions examined in this study all have the ability to detect the overall dynamics of city rank-size distributions, the actual macro distribution may be composed of a combination of the three theoretical distributions.

The concept of Biirger in Kant＇s philosophy of law

The concept of Burger （citizen） lies at the heart of Kant＇s philosophy of law, where it appears in three contexts. Correspondingly, we can distinguish three different senses of the concept： generic, specific and universal. Re-interpretation of these three senses of the concept enables us to clarify ambiguities and show how this concept has evolved theoretically and how its characteristic features of universality, construction and coercion should be understood. On the basis of Max Weber＇s examination of the concepts of city dweller and citizen, we show the socio-historical origins of the Kantian concept of Biirger. It can be seen that the mechanism for this term＇s evolution from the sense of ＂city dweller＂ to the sense of ＂citizen＂ is the universalization of rights. ＂Citizen＂ represents a mode of existence within the framework of Recht （law or right） that man himself has constructed.

城市群网络联系的幂律分布规律与层级结构特征

城市群的网络联系存在幂率分布规律,在这一规律的影响下,城市网络是“有等级倾向的网络”,其网络结构必然表现为明显的层级特征。首先,基于城市引力模型测度城市之间的相互联系,实证检验城市群城市间联系强度的概率分布规律,证明城市网络联系符合幂律分布的特征,且具有标度不变性。城市群的联系网络为服从幂率分布的无标度网络。然后,基于头尾断裂法对城市群城市网络的层级结构进行了划分和比较分析。尽管不同城市群城市网络的规模、强度和发育程度存在较大差异,强关联关系的空间形态也有明显的方向性不同,但其网络结构都具有明显的“核心—边缘”层级特征。

整体智治理念下县域综合行政执法改革的逻辑基础与规制路径——基于对龙港市“一支队伍管执法”的观察

在全国综合行政执法改革实践中,“一支队伍管执法”主要集中在乡镇(街道)层级,县域“一支队伍管执法”是龙港市推进新型城镇化综合改革探索的创新实践。龙港市综合行政执法改革遵循“不建机构建机制,不增层级增协同”的原则,遵循条块协同、整体智治理念,将专业化、数字化、科学化嵌入改革全过程,使法治、协同、效能、服务为民等价值属性统一于县域行政执法领域,形成独具特色的“市直管社区”综合行政执法地方实践。整体智治作为政府数字化转型背景下基层治理模式的创新实践,其核心逻辑表现为将制度和技术嵌入治理过程,重置治理结构、重整治理资源、提升治理质效。构建综合行政执法整体智治的治理机制,通过“执法队伍—执法手段—执法程序—执法监督”全过程闭环、多维度规制路径,能够有效破解当前县域“一支队伍管执法”在执法理念、体系构建、体制重整、规范配套及队伍能力尚存短板的难题,保障县域综合行政执法改革成效。

智慧城市建设对减污降碳协同治理的影响研究

协同推进减污降碳是兑现双碳目标承诺和实现经济社会全面绿色转型的必然选择。本文基于2006~2021年我国210个地级市的面板数据,利用渐进双重差分模型考察了智慧城市建设对减污降碳协同治理的影响效应及内在机制,并进一步揭示了该效应的异质性表现和空间衰变规律。研究发现:(1)智慧城市建设能够显著推动试点地区减污降碳水平的提升,且其效应总体呈现出动态增强趋势;(2)促进技术创新、推动产业结构调整与降低能源消耗强度是上述影响发挥的3条内在机制;(3)智慧城市建设对减污降碳水平的提升效应仅显著存在于东部、大规模、非资源型以及人力、财力和物力优势较强的地区;(4)智慧城市建设可以带动周围地区减污降碳水平的协同提升,表现为在距离试点城市100千米的空间范围内,该效应显著且逐渐衰减。研究结论可为我国持续高效推进智慧城市建设与实现减污降碳协同治理提供一定的政策启示。

异种器官移植亚临床研究专家共识(2024版)

异种器官移植亚临床研究是利用脑死亡受者进行的异种器官移植试验,是异种器官移植从基础研究和动物实验,逐步走向临床应用的重要中间环节,为异种移植的安全性和有效性提供了必要的数据支撑。为推进异种器官移植亚临床研究安全有序、科学规范地开展,根据相关法律和规范,中华医学会器官移植学分会异种移植学组从供体猪的选择、受者的选择标准、法律法规及伦理要求、试验终止时间的确定、家属知情同意制度、脑死亡判定标准等方面,制定了《异种器官移植亚临床研究专家共识(2024版)》。

南京老城公园时空演化与城市空间发展的关联性解析

在“公园城市”背景下,公园与城市二者的辩证关系被重新审视,追溯“园—城”的形态关联可为未来公园城市的空间形态塑造提供基础依据。江苏省南京市自20世纪初开展公园建设活动,距今已逾百年。历史古都的城市积淀和近代首都的城市职能,使其公园发展具有典型特征。基于城市形态学视角,聚焦南京老城公园形态,梳理和揭示公园时空演化的历史阶段和总体特征,通过公园及相关城市空间形态要素的关联性解析,探究关联性演化规律及动因机制。以期为形态学视角下认知“园—城”的辩证关系提供借鉴,为公园城市形态塑造中绿色空间格局保护提供参考,同时为理解南京老城空间形态提供全新的视角。

为打造武汉都市圈重要节点城市提供有效法治保障

法治保障对孝感打造武汉都市圈重要节点城市具有聚势赋能、提质增效、凝心聚力的重要作用。在全面依法治国、建设法治国家的背景之下,需要进一步加强行政执法规范化建设、持续优化法治化营商环境、提升基层法治政府建设水平,以坚实有力的法治保障助推孝感打造武汉都市圈重要节点城市。

市区一体化:公安执法办案管理的模式创新——来自浙江省舟山市的实践样本

当前,传统公安执法办案管理中心一般是以区县为主的模式进行建设,但这一模式对于城区常住人口在100万至300万的Ⅱ型大城市和城区常住人口在50万至100万的设区的中等城市而言,往往难以统筹市区两级的主体责任,且容易出现警务资源浪费或多头重复建设等问题。为此,浙江省舟山市公安局积极探索实践,创新出一套“以市带区”“以区提质”的“市区一体化”公安执法办案管理模式。该模式以新建设的公安执法办案管理中心为载体,将舟山市区两级公安执法办案在空间和运行上实现了一体化。该模式系统回答了如何落地建设公安执法办案管理中心的系列问题,积极探索了市区两级公安执法办案中“侦”“办”有机融合的行动方案,丰富和完善了公安执法办案管理的制度体系,进一步拓展了公安执法规范化建设的具体内容,具有巨大的可推广价值。

国家级新区建设能否增强边疆城市经济韧性?——来自昆明和哈尔滨的证据

作为国家战略,国家级新区建设在增强边疆城市经济韧性方面发挥着重要作用。文章基于2010—2021年我国53个大中型城市的面板数据,以昆明、哈尔滨在2015年设立国家级新区进行准自然实验,运用合成控制法和双重差分模型评估国家级新区建设增强边疆城市经济韧性的政策效应并展开分析。研究发现:第一,国家级新区建设能显著增强边疆城市的经济韧性;第二,国家级新区建设对昆明的城市经济韧性的增强效应大于对哈尔滨的增强效应,即国家级新区建设增强边疆城市经济韧性的政策效应具有异质性;第三,国家级新区建设通过促进产业结构高级化增强边疆城市的经济韧性,但通过促进产业结构合理化增强经济韧性的作用机制尚不明确。最后,文章提出政府要加大政策扶持力度,国家级新区要在明确自身定位基础上促进产业结构转型升级,因地制宜发展具有本土特色的新兴优势产业。