Laws and Regulations for the Registration and Administration of Petroleum Exploration and Exploitation in China

A series of laws and regulations related to the oil and gas.resources have already been pro-mu]gated and provided a legal basis for the activities of petroleum exploration and exploita-tion in China.These laws are as follows:

China's Real-Estate Legal System——Interview with Construction Minister Hou Jie about the Real-Estate Administration Law

The City Real-Estate Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as Real-Estate Administration Law) was adopted at the Eighth Session of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People’s Congress, and will come into force on January 1, 1995. For the public, especially overseas investors, to understand the law, the reporter had

The Research on the Characteristics of the Bureaucratic Administration -based upon the Classifications ofWeber＇s Legitimate Authority

Political legitimacy is the question about how a regime could be stable and lasting. Max Weber, a scholar, defined legitimacy earliest and carried out a systematic study in the history. He divided the legitimate authority into traditional authority, authority of charisma and authority of legal theory. This paper is just based upon authority rules of the three types, and discusses the organization＇s establishment, operational and managerial characteristics under the three kinds of authority. It is expected to provide references for reform of the administrative system.

On the Theory of Chinese Legal Education in the New Era

The Central Committee of the Community Party of China with Comrade XI Jinping at its core has made strategic thinking and top-level design for Chinese legal education in the new era, put forward a series of new concepts, ideas and strategies that are epochal, iconic, and original, and created a scientific and modernized theory of Chinese legal education in the new era. The theory on Chinese legal education for the new era, as an important part of XI Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law, profoundly answers significant questions about the orientation, goal, status, relationship, management, and system of Chinese legal education in the new era, and guides us to build a leading country in legal education.

Myanmar＇s Political Transition and the Adjustments of U Thein Sein Administra-tion＇s Policies towards China

During 2010-2011, Myanmar started its political transition. The U Thein SeinAdministration has made obvious policy adjustments towards China after it replaced the Mili-tary government. However, such adjustments were limited, as Myanmar hasn＇t totally lean tothe West, but keeping relatively closer political contact with China. Empirical analysis showsthat political institu6on and ideology are not the key reasons leading to such adjustments？China-Myanmar relations had undergone fluctuation, osdlla6on and stability during 2011-2016, the root causes of which are the legality of political power, national security based ongeopolitics and economic development demands of＂ Myanmar people. Moreover, those threefactors remain the primary considerations of the NLD Government when it handling relationswith China.

The Emergence of Illiberal Democracy in the European Union:The Hungarian Case

In 2010,the Hungarian government established so-called“illiberal democracy.”Western courtiers have looked on with bewilderment over the past eight years at this political trajectory of Hungary.Some post-Communist countries that were committed to common European values,have already been implementing this illiberal democracy model.The perceived interests of the“nation”are taking centre stage and governments are subject to far fewer checks and balances.They are turning instead towards an alternative social,political,and economic model,in which the cultivation of traditional values and distinct national identities are of paramount ideological importance.This new model is frequently characterised by widespread,systematic state corruption,and an increasingly authoritarian political culture.The paper tries to shed light on the reasons of development of illiberal democracy in the European Union by examining the case in Hungary.Furthermore,the paper defines the price of partially giving up certain principles of liberal democracy,such as checks and balances,political pluralism,economic equality of market constituents,or the rule of law,in return of hoped greater economic and state efficiency.

The Accounting Profession： A Descriptive Study of the Common and Code Law Countries

The accounting profession does not have a long history. It is mainly evolved in the last 150 years in the modem sense. Many factors influence the development of accounting and there are many reasons why countries have developed different accounting systems. Among these factors, the relationship between the legal system and the accounting profession is considered worthy of examination. For this purpose, the accounting professions of selected countries are studied. This study clearly demonstrates that the accounting profession in a country has been significantly affected by the judicial system of that country. In addition, the accounting and auditing environment is divided into two separate professions in the code law countries, whereas in the common law countries the profession is mainly organized under one title. However, because of historical or cultural influences, exceptions do exist in countries like Japan, Bulgaria, and Greece.

On the Officer-selecting System of the Ancient China and the Realistic Significance

The officer- selecting system is an important part of the administrative legal system of the ancient China. In the ancient times,there were different officer- selecting systems in China,such as the hereditary system,the recommendatory system,the nine- rank system and the imperial examination system and so on. Different officer- selecting systems are reasonable and have some limitations at the same time. Besides,they own some realistic significance for the cadre- selecting system of the present.

Managing underground legal boundaries in 3D-extending the CityGML standard

Legal boundaries are used for delineating the spatial extent of ownership property’s spaces.In underground environments,these boundaries are defined by referencing physical objects,surveying measurements,or projections.However,there is a gap in connecting and managing these boundaries and underground legal spaces,due to a lack of data model.A 3D data model supporting underground land administration(ULA)should define and model these boundaries and the relationships between them and underground ownership spaces.Prominent 3D data models can be enriched to model underground legal boundaries.This research aims to propose a new taxonomy of underground legal boundaries and model them by extending CityGML,which is a widely used 3D data model in the geospatial science domain.We developed,implemented,and tested the model for different types of underground legal boundaries.The implemented prototype showcased the potential benefits of CityGML for managing underground legal boundaries in 3D.The proposed 3D underground model can be used to address current challenges associated with communicating and managing legal boundaries in underground environments.While this data model was specifically developed for Victoria,Australia,the proposed model and approach can be used and replicated in other jurisdictions by adjusting the data requirements for underground legal boundaries.

On the Administrative Litigation and Reconciliation System in China

With the development of our society, the object and scope of government＇ s administrative function are expanding day by day.Facing the complicated new situation, new problem and the enhancement of the rule of law, the difficulty of hearing the administrative case isincreasing. This article mainly analyzes the present situation of the reconciliation of administrative litigation, discusses how to construct ourcountry＇ s administrative litigation reconciliation system, promote the administrative trial work smoothly, and better protect the legitimate rightsand interests of the parties.

Approaches to Legalize Higher Education Administration System in China

The higher education administration system in China has been a central theme in the reform and development of our country's higher education. In the past two decades,deviation from reform goals, absence of reform participants, vagueness of reform approaches and other problems have occurred despite the significant effects gained through constant innovations in the reform under the guidance of government policies. For the purpose of better reforming the higher education administration system, the concept of ruling by law, or that of managing the university by law, should be applied. The key is to rationalize the relationship between government and higher institutions as well as to fully exercise the autonomous management of universities and colleges in order to achieve an overall reform of higher education administration system that is conducted from within and without.

论碳排放权交易合规中行政监管的制度优化

在双碳目标下引导碳交易企业积极主动地开展自我合规,是健全碳排放权交易市场的重要路径,亦是国家行政监管模式发展成功的关键。规制理论为我国碳排放权交易合规中的行政监管提供了规范性启示和有益性借鉴。我国碳排放权交易合规管理的行政监管不断优化的过程,是回应型规制、智慧型规制和后设规制从理论逻辑转化为实践逻辑的过程。目前,我国碳排放权交易合规管理的行政监管存在立法规范相对滞后,风险管理明显不足以及配套机制付之阙如等问题,可从三个方面来推动我国碳排放权交易合规中行政监管的优化:完善协同性“碳合规”法律体系,提升碳排放权交易相关法律位阶,发布碳排放权交易合规管理指引;加强多元性“碳合规”风险管理,事前采取源头预防,事中贯穿风险沟通,事后加大处罚力度;结合我国“碳合规”管理的现状,建立行政执法和解、处罚裁量规则激励和社会声誉型激励等激励性“碳合规”监管机制,力图为实现双碳目标贡献思路与方案。

民政部门担任遗产管理人的困境与法律对策研究

遗产管理人是《民法典》规定的新制度,民政部门作为兜底主体担任遗产管理人是我国法律制度上的一项创新。自《民法典》实施以来,各地都在积极探索民政部门担任遗产管理人的做法与经验,但由于缺乏配套性、操作性、实施性的具体规定,导致民政部门工作中产生许多困惑与问题,影响民政部门遗产管理职能的发挥与落地。应当通过制定立法解释,完善司法解释和相关规范性文件,从源头上解决裁判依据问题,进一步明确民政部门在遗产管理实务中独立的法律地位和诉讼主体地位,细化指定遗产管理人确认和启动程序在内的各项具体规则,制定遗产管理人工作操作指引,明确承担遗产管理职能的内设机构、职责、人员、编制和经费,并加快专业人才的培养步伐,使这一新制度能够落地落实,实现《民法典》的立法宗旨。

秦汉行政报告中的“请”与“报”

秦汉行政报告的“请”与“报”制度是维护君主专制主义中央集权体制机制的一项重要政治法律制度。秦汉依法对行政请示报告的类型、办理程序、审批答复、处理和利用等方法和原则作出了明确规定,建立了相应的行政申请报告呈报和批复的体制机制,为行政请示报告工作提供了可以遵循的法律制度,加强了对行政的监督和检查,限制了行政权力的滥用,提高了行政管理的质量和效率。

教育法典法律责任的属性界定及其编纂

教育法律责任是指特定的教育法律事实使某教育法主体承担不利后果的教育法律依据。该定义更加贴合责任的词源内涵,具有较强的概念解释力,也符合现代法治的价值取向。教育法典法律责任应归属部门型法典法律责任,以行政法律责任为具体形态。这种定位有助于厘定教育法适度法典化的入典范围、帮助调和教育法典的属性争论、符合教育法典的编纂目的、契合官方的制度定位。教育法典法律责任应遵循价值理念统一、规范协同、比例适当的原则。在具体的编纂路径上,教育法典一方面需要对既有教育单行法中的法律责任条款进行妥善处理,“编”排入典;另一方面也要围绕教育法典内容的变动,“纂”制新的责任规范,适应教育法典既“编”又“纂”的要求。

论《反垄断法》行政法律责任体系的二维扩张

《反垄断法》的实施为我国加速推进经济转轨创造了良好的制度环境。然而,近年来频发的垄断现象也反映出法律规范力有不逮,行政法律责任畸轻造成的威慑不足与预防效果不彰尤为明显。2022年修正的《反垄断法》试图对此予以回应,却未能提出完备的革新方案。在纵向维度上,双罚制的妥协性适用使得部分垄断行为的责任主体出现缺位;在横向维度上,处罚种类的局限性又对综合评价法律责任造成掣肘。未来可以考虑全面适用双罚制,并扩展财产罚的内涵,增加行为罚和人身罚,建构起《反垄断法》更具威慑力和灵活性的行政法律责任体系。

环境行政中法律解释的功能主义趋向:以政策支持为核心

环境利益复杂性伴随的利益认知难题与环境利益关联性伴随的价值选择难题,使得环境行政的法律解释凸显功能主义趋向。功能主义趋向并不意味着规范主义不受重视,而是需要摆脱单方面的文本思维或工具思维,将实践情景中的利益指向与价值选择通过功能化转译,形成有所区别的解释尺度,并过渡到对行政行为要件的理解中。这无法局限于环境法律的内部探讨,需要在文义解释与历史解释设定合法性基础、目的解释与体系解释提供嵌入通道的基础上,依托具有强关联性的环境政策,通过信息补充与结果评价的路径合理引导法律解释过程。

体育赛事法律实践研究——第十一届环渤海体育法学论坛综述

在冬奥会成功举办、新《体育法》实施之际,为加快推进依法治体进程,服务体育赛事发展,第十一届环渤海体育法学论坛以“体育赛事的法律实践”为主题,就体育赛事与《体育法》、大型体育赛事法律实践、体育赛事行政法律制度、体育赛事参与主体权益保障等议题进行了重点研讨,总结实务问题的应对经验,并对实务难点尝试提出完善对策,突出了特色鲜明的理论、实践相互印证的价值。

对谈:日本行政法学在中国的四十年

从1980年初开始,中国行政法学人留学日本,译介日本行政法的论文著作,日本行政法学在中国重新受到关注并获得影响力。南博方、盐野宏、藤田宙靖等人的近10本教材推动了我国行政法知识的体系化认识,大桥洋一、小早川光郎等人的10余本行政法专著推动了我国相关原理的纵深化发展。国内有近10本著作对日本行政法展开了通论和专题研究,但总体上仍不够充分。日本行政法既有开放性,也有特殊性,不可轻视。学习日本行政法,不仅可以获取更多的知识和原理,也可以利用其研究方法、问题意识的发生角度,开展对中国行政法学的研究。只要能避免简单的“对接”,更多、更新的日本法研究都是有益的。

行政协议之诉赔偿与补偿情形认定

行政协议之诉赔偿、补偿有其自身的特殊性,既有别于行政赔偿、行政补偿,也不属于民事赔偿、民事补偿,当前理论界有争议,实务中法官可以依法作出不同的裁判。判断行政机关在行政协议之诉中承担赔偿责任还是补偿责任,原则上应为合法优先、兼顾公益,合法行为造成的损失予以补偿,违法行为造成的损失予以赔偿,但为了公共利益需要且仅是程序违法的情况下,可以只给予补偿。行政协议之诉赔偿、补偿应尽可能明确具体标准,不能明确的,应比照行政赔偿适当增加,而且赔偿应高于补偿。对行政协议纠纷作出裁判应优先适用行政法律规范,即便需要参照适用民事法律规范,也需要考量能否有效维护社会公共利益,不能随意参照适用。