The Pact for Mexico as a Mechanism of Governance and Legitimacy

Govemability is the quality of a political community, according to which its institutions of Government act effectively within its space, in a way considered legitimate by the citizens, thus allowing the flee exercise of the political will of the Executive branch through civic obedience of the people. Recently in Mexico, it has referred repeatedly to the precariousness of the governability by the incidence of insecurity, unemployment and extreme poverty. The Pact for Mexico--attempts to answer to these problems--is a political agreement between the President of the Republic and the three main parties--Institutional Revolutionary Party （PRI）, the National Action Party （PAN）, and the Party of the Democratic Revolution （PRD）--for big actions and specific reforms which, according to the signatories, will see Mexico toward a more prosperous future, leading the democratic transition and drive economic growth that generates quality jobs and allow to reduce poverty and social inequality. In this sense, the main axes of the Pact include those related to economic growth, competitiveness, employment, security and agreements for governability. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Pact for Mexico from the perspective of govemability, since its dimensions of legitimacy and effectiveness. It will analyze the main reforms and political agreements, the role of Congress and the main actors; as well as the arguments of those who defend the Pact stating that it is a mechanism of governability and those who reject it that it overshadows the work of the legislature.

Analysis of the Government Credibility: From the Perspective of Perception and Expectation

Government credibility is a very important issue in today’s society.It seems to have a great relationship with the administrative efficiency of the government.At present,the credibility of the government in the world has generally declined.In this article,I first described the factors affecting the government’s credibility and took the gap between people’s expectations and perception of the government as the main reason for the decline of the government’s credibility.Secondly,I analyze the relationship between credibility and political legitimacy and believe that credibility is the main source of political legitimacy.Finally,based on the actions of governments to improve political legitimacy through various means,I explain their impact on government credibility from the perspectives of expectation and perception.I find that most of these actions will get the opposite of what one wants,increasing the risk of credibility collapse.

A Study of Xi Jinping Thought on Governing the Country Based on the Unity of “Party Spirit-People’s Nature”

The unity of “party spirit-people’s nature” is the basic proposition of Xi Jinping’s governance.Deng Xiaoping summarized the experience and lessons in the early days of reform and opening up,and put forward the basic line of the “leadership and unity” of the party in the early stage of socialism around “one center,two basic points”;Xi Jinping’s so-called “unification”,which is based on the the basic line of Deng Xiaoping’s initial stage of building a socialist country that is “rich,strong,democratic,civilized,harmonious and beautiful”,has further established the importance of “people as the center” and “party’s leadership”.Therefore,the “people-centered” and “the party’s overall leadership” are unified and become the basic idea of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s governance of the country.Xi Jinping has put forward the unity of “party spirit-people’s nature”,the “consistency” between governing the country and politics,and the “integration” between the people’s interests and the party’s leadership,thus forming “persistence”,“comprehensive”,“confidence”,“maintenance” and other assertions.

Participation as Input-Legitimacy： The Ambivalent Effects of Multi-Stakeholder Govemance

What legitimacy problems do NGOs experience, when they participate extensively in global governance processes？ What do these problems mean for the input-legitimacy of the governance process？ In this paper the author seeks to answer these questions by looking closely at the UN World Summit on the Information Society （WSIS）, focusing specifically on one of its multi-stakeholder working groups, the Working Group on Internet Governance （WGIG）. This working group provided NGOs with some outstanding possibilities for participation to enable them to contribute to the formulation of the WSIS policy outcomes. Yet, the wide participation of NGOs had ambiguous effects for their internal legitimacy. The author will argue that these legitimacy problems in turn challenged the input-legitimacy of the governance process, particularly because they reduced the variety of issues that NGOs brought into the governance process. The most deeply included NGO actors were inclined to adapt their demands to the necessities of the governance process. The empirical findings from the WSIS thus suggest that the democratizing reforms international organizations currently undertake reduce the legitimizing power that NGOs are often assigned with.

Democratic Values of Mongolians Becoming as a Pillar of Perspectives of Democracy, Human Rights, Freedom, and Legitimacy

The modern democracy in Mongolia has changed from ideology and desires into the daily actions and real-life needs of achievement of the people. The content of this article aimed to categorize the democracy development process and its challenges and opportunities in promoting democratic governance in Mongolia;such brought specific approaches of the changes and difficulties. The content of research article contextual approaches are characterized by own individual research data on democracy as basis on the use of the work and the independent research findings of the researcher. On the overview of process of uncut democracy consolidation, the democracy development in Mongolia managed to the most consistent principles and fundamental values of democracy up to second half of the 1990s. From the second half of the 1990s till the election in 2004, within this term, the following challenges and difficulties risen to action of slowing down that forming of political parties, grouped into fractional, blockage of post-trafficking, conspiracy, and to be corrupted and bribery as mentioned as newly adverse phenomena have begun to the democracy development.

The Characteristics and Countermeasures of Technology Innovation in LDCs

There are two significant characteristics of LDCs＇ technology innovation： one is original innovation substituted by imitation and adaptive innovation, and the other is government guiding innovation. From the experiences of LDCs after World War Two, the key to achieve effective technology innovation exits in two facts： technological capability of innovation and reaction mechanism of innovation induction~

An appraisal of the regulatory policies governing the use of herbal traditional medicine

The regulation of herbal traditional medicine(HTM)is of much importance as it ensures the safety,quality and efficacy thereof.However,there are variations in the regulation of HTM worldwide with some countries being more supportive of HTM than others.This literature review aimed to evaluate and compare the regulatory policies governing the use of HTM in developed and developing countries as well as to determine the regulatory challenges faced by regulatory authorities and governments across the world.The countries investigated in this study were Germany,the United States of America,Japan,South Africa,China and India.Variations were evident between countries,however,Germany and Japan were found to be more advanced with regards to the regulation of HTM.Germany and Japan had stricter regulatory policies and lesser safety concerns.South Africa and the United States of America appear to have inadequate or ineffective HTM regulatory systems which was seen by the countries’limited or lack of regulations and additional safety concerns.The findings showed the difference in HTM regulation between developed and developing countries were not as large as could be expected.The United States of America(developed country)was found to have poor HTM regulations,while China and India(developing countries)were found to have thorough regulations.The findings also show that both developed and developing countries continue to face challenges with regards to establishing regulations and registration procedures for HTM.

The Emergence of Illiberal Democracy in the European Union:The Hungarian Case

In 2010,the Hungarian government established so-called“illiberal democracy.”Western courtiers have looked on with bewilderment over the past eight years at this political trajectory of Hungary.Some post-Communist countries that were committed to common European values,have already been implementing this illiberal democracy model.The perceived interests of the“nation”are taking centre stage and governments are subject to far fewer checks and balances.They are turning instead towards an alternative social,political,and economic model,in which the cultivation of traditional values and distinct national identities are of paramount ideological importance.This new model is frequently characterised by widespread,systematic state corruption,and an increasingly authoritarian political culture.The paper tries to shed light on the reasons of development of illiberal democracy in the European Union by examining the case in Hungary.Furthermore,the paper defines the price of partially giving up certain principles of liberal democracy,such as checks and balances,political pluralism,economic equality of market constituents,or the rule of law,in return of hoped greater economic and state efficiency.

Accounting regulation and IPSAS implementation： Efforts of transition countries toward IPSAS compliance

The need for high quality standards to enhance sound and consistent financial reporting and the fact that the inefficiency and ineffectiveness of public sector extended to a belief that public and private sectors did not have to be managed in fundamentally different ways, fostered a wide-ranging discussion about the harmonization of public sector accounting systems and their convergence towards the private sector financial reporting standards. This paper discusses the state and perspective of public sector accounting and financial reporting in transition countries. Precisely, this paper aims to examine the adequacy of governmental accounting and financial reporting model, reflecting the existing accounting regulation and financial reporting framework in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The motivation for this paper emerges from international discussions about IPSASs development and adoption, and the fact that the topic is becoming more and more relevant as many countries are moving towards adopting full accrual accounting using IPSASs as their method of financial reporting. Our results show that the degree and dynamics of government accounting systems＇ transformation in transition countries depends upon several specific factors which have to be taken into account when evaluating the systems and making comparison between government accounting system reforms in countries in the analysis. Thus, the study distinguishes certain similarities but also discrepancies regarding the status and possible further development of governmental accounting in countries examined.

Putting People First and Global Human Rights Governance--A Summary of Academic Viewpoints of“2021 South-South Human Rights Forum”

On December 8, 2021, China’s State Council Information office(SCIo) and Ministry of Foreign Affairs co-hosted the “2021 South-South Human Rights Forum” in Beijing. The forum is themed on “putting people First and Global Human Rights Governance”. Four sub-themes, namely, “Building a Global Community of Health for All and protecting Human Rights”, “Anti-poverty Ffforts and Realization of the Right to Development”, “Multilateralism and Global Human Rights Governance”, and “The Role of Developing Countries in Global Human Rights Governance”, were discussed by delegates from more than 100 countries and international organizations. Within the framework of the theme of the forum, the delegates fully discussed on how to better respect and protect human rights, advance equal cooperation, share development outcomes, seek common and sustainable development, maintain fairness and justice in the international community, and improve the basic experience of the protection of human rights, and so on. As an important platform for the exchanges and cooperation of developing countries in human rights, the South-South Human Rights Forum has effectively promoted mutual understanding, inclusiveness and mutual learning on human rights governance.

国际秩序转型背景下“全球南方”的战略地位和角色作用

当今时代,大国政治博弈加剧,“全球南方”的战略地位与价值日益凸显。地位和角色的转变赋予了“全球南方”独特的理论价值,其逐渐超越传统以经济属性为主的新兴市场国家和发展中国家概念,成为具有更丰富内涵的国际政治新概念,为国际关系理论创新提供了新视角和路径。全球南方国家均非美西方盟友的核心成员,未处于国际权力体系的中心地位,具有相似的国际境遇、利益诉求、发展任务和政治主张。在国际秩序重构方面,全球南方国家主张以联合国宪章和原则为宗旨,建立公平合理的国际新秩序,践行真正的多边主义,实现平等共治、合作共赢。在全球气候治理领域,全球南方国家普遍面临经济发展、消除贫困的迫切要求,主张共同维护以联合国为核心的全球气候治理体系,捍卫共同但有区别的责任原则,推动全球气候治理体系朝着更加公正合理的方向发展。在国际经济领域,全球南方国家倡导开放包容、互利共赢的合作理念,主张坚持多边主义和公平贸易,通过改革与完善国际合作机制应对挑战,构建开放型世界经济。在新的时代背景下,加强政治、经济、科技等领域的南南合作,不仅有助于推动发展中国家自身经济和社会发展,还能为完善现行国际秩序做出重要贡献。

Digital Development Rights in Developing Countries:Where the Governance Rules for Cross-Border Data Flows

The digital development rights in developing countries are based on establishing a new international economic order and ensuring equal participation in the digital globalization process to achieve people's well-rounded development in the digital society.The relationship between cross-border data flows and the realization of digital development rights in developing countries is quite complex.Currently,developing countries seek to safeguard their existing digital interests through unilateral regulation to protect data sovereignty and multilateral regulation for cross-border data cooperation.However,developing countries still have to face internal conflicts between national digital development rights and individual and corporate digital development rights during the process of realizing digital development rights.They also encounter external contradictions such as developed countries interfering with developing countries'data sovereignty,developed countries squeezing the policy space of developing countries through dominant rules,and developing countries having conflicts between domestic and international rules.This article argues that balancing openness and security on digital trade platforms is the optimal solution for developing countries to realize their digital development rights.The establishment of WTO digital trade rules should inherently reflect the fundamental demands of developing countries in cross-border data flows.At the same time,given China's dual role as a digital powerhouse and a developing country,it should actively promote the realization of digital development rights in developing countries.

美国、欧盟和日本农业合作社发展经验及其借鉴

农业合作化是农业发展的必然趋势,是共同富裕的关键一环,也是乡村振兴的必由之路。本文选取美国、欧盟和日本这三个农业合作社发展最为成功的典型国家和地区,对其农业合作社发展的经验进行系统总结,并归纳出可资借鉴的经验。首先,简要阐述了美国、欧盟和日本农业合作社的历史、职能和现状。其次,扼要分析了美国、欧盟和日本农业合作社内部组织结构和治理模式。再次,概括说明了美国、欧盟和日本政府对农业合作社所提供的法律、资金、税收、金融和教育咨询等方面的政策支持。最后,归纳总结了美国、欧盟和日本农业合作社发展经验及对中国的启示:一是完善农业合作社的治理机制,坚守成员所有、成员控制和成员受益的原则,增加和强化普通成员在重大事项上的话语权。二是借鉴权责明晰的现代企业制度,充分发挥其优势用于农业合作社的内部治理。三是政府应继续对农业合作社给予强有力的政策支持,但支持政策应更精准化、更精细化。四是借鉴他国农业合作社发展经验时要充分考虑自身实际,走出一条具有中国特色的农业合作化道路。

乡村振兴中国家与农民关系的社会化调适

乡村振兴战略实施中的政策实践,指向了社会学持续关注的国家与农民关系问题。公共资源下乡中国家与农民之间的互动不仅在器物和组织两个层面展开,还集中体现在价值层面。在乡村振兴的积极案例中,国家与农民关系的新形态表现为器物层面上国家资源与社会需求的有效对接,组织层面上社会动员能力的提升,价值层面上农民国家认同感的强化。国家输入的公共资源只有以高度社会化的方式与农民互动时,农民才可能按照特定的行动逻辑将“国家”内化于心,国家权力才算实现了社会合法性的确认和再生产。为了实现国家与农民关系的社会化调适,社会治理公共性的建设不应停留于权力运作的策略层面。国家应充分发掘、激活蕴藏于乡村社会中的本土资源,将自上而下输入的公共资源转化为推动乡村社会开展自主建设的内生要素。如此,公共资源的下乡才能在推动乡村振兴的过程中,促成国家濡化能力在基层的再造,实现现代国家在社会中的扎根和成长。

治理环境再造:理解技术化背景下基层政府治理困境的一个视角

近年来在政府治理过程中技术应用不断深入,其实践效果通常是以一体多面、整体局部差异明显的形式呈现出来的。技术治理的内在变化与政府治理逻辑的根本性变革均引人关注。从中观层面看,技术使政府治理向形式简化、责任共担、监管渗透等方向转变,并导致超越传统科层制的制度控制、条块权力调整的结构重塑、合法性转移的价值置换等结果。基层政府所处的治理环境由此发生了全面的颠覆与革新,正面临着灵活性受限、自主性下降、正当性模糊等困境。技术改革的积极推进应适当考虑基层政府的技术适配性,通过对一线治理主体赋能来加强和引导技术治理,从而实现持续性基层善治。

论数字检察背景下协作式法律监督观

数字时代下,检察机关积极作为,主动推行“数字检察”改革,对法律监督进行数字化赋能。与传统法律监督相比,数字化的法律监督在监督范围、方式和规模上呈现出扩张倾向,这不仅带来潜在技术风险,还对原有的权力架构产生影响,具体表现为检察机关职权配置的内部隐忧、不同监督机关间的衔接难题以及检察机关与被监督机关的潜在冲突。面对这些问题,检察机关应从理念出发,树立协作式法律监督观。协作式法律监督观以协作共赢为监督目标,要求法律监督应奉行平等积极的监督态度,强调清晰统一的监督权责,重视沟通协作型监督方式,遵守技术性正当监督程序。协作式法律监督观以“条件论”作为理论起点,不仅有法律依据,也契合既有政策要求。检察机关应运用协作式法律监督观规范检察人员的行为,同时依托此理念推进检察机关内部职权优化,促进监督机关间衔接机制的构建,促成权力的新一轮定界与算法的有效治理。

教育强国背景下中外合作办学提升高等教育国际影响力策略研究

在加快建设教育强国进程中,中外合作办学对提升高等教育国际影响力具有重要作用,且在提升拔尖创新人才培育力、国际学生吸引力、科研学术引领力、跨境教育“中国方案”影响力等方面具备了一定基础。然而,目前我国中外合作办学尚存在结构布局不够均衡、拔尖创新人才培养质量有待提高、服务国家和地方发展能力亟须提升、高效能治理体制机制尚需完善等问题。为此,中外合作办学应加大改革创新力度,补齐短板,在适度统筹规模和效益、调整优化结构布局,加大支撑保障力度、多渠道提升人才培养质量,聚焦科技前沿和国家关切、把好引进和审批准入关,完善合作办学治理体系、探索中国特色的合作办学模式等方面持续发力,不断提高中外合作办学水平,切实提升我国高等教育国际影响力。

国际中文教育助力教育强国建设的相关思考

教育强国建设是当下中国的国家战略,国际中文教育既是整体教育的重要构成,又是助力教育强国建设的重要方面。国际中文教育之所以能提供助力,是因为它能增强国际交流与合作,提升教育国际化水平,增强国际影响力,培养国际化人才,构建全球化教育体系,参与全球教育治理。而历史事实和国际经验也提供了助力的重要依据。目前来看,国际中文教育助力教育强国建设需要在以下几个方面着力:进一步增强国际交流与合作,助力教育对外开放;讲好“三个故事”,助力中华优秀语言文化国际传播;创新国际人才教育模式,助力人才培养和双一流高校建设;发展国际中文教育数字化,助力教育数智化;完善国际中文教育规范标准体系,助力标准建设;构建国际中文教育三大体系,助力教育三大体系建设;建立全球中文教育网络系统,助力全球教育治理。

习近平治国理政的传统智慧及其阐释逻辑——以“治大国若烹小鲜”为例

习近平法治思想从多方面展现大国治理的传统智慧,在方法论问题上,习近平特别提到老子的“治大国若烹小鲜”。从历史逻辑上讲,习近平古语新说,遵循逻辑与历史相统一的辩证法,为“治大国若烹小鲜”注入了更多的新时代内涵。从法理逻辑上讲,“治大国若烹小鲜”蕴含的传统智慧与全面依法治国、比例适度原则、权力监督制约等现代法治理念和宪法精神深度契合,从总体性、协同性和控制论等不同维度生动诠释了习近平的法治方法论。从实践逻辑上讲,“治大国若烹小鲜”的治国理念是宪法权衡思维的生动体现,对于在法治轨道上全面推进民主政治、市场经济、和谐社会、先进文化和生态文明等方面的建设具有重要的方法论意义。

后发国家科技伦理治理的挑战及应对思考

面对新兴科技带来的风险隐患和伦理挑战,处于不同发展阶段和水平的国家面临着不同的治理挑战。后发国家科技发展上“后发优势”与“低技术陷阱”并存的特点,导致在科技伦理治理上面临着现代化路径选择的两难困境、发达国家的伦理倾销、资本对科技的介入失范以及科技伦理治理研究相对滞后等多重挑战。作为世界上最大的后发国家,中国在实践上以负责任自主创新破解道路之难、以全球化科技伦理治理方案破解利益之难、通过完善伦理审查制度破解机制之难、加强科技伦理研究与教育破解理论之难,从而实现伦理治理的弯道超越,是有效应对挑战的可行之策。