Exploring the Implications of the Deformation Parameter and Minimal Length in the Generalized Uncertainty Principle

The breakdown of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle occurs when energies approach the Planck scale, and the corresponding Schwarzschild radius becomes similar to the Compton wavelength. Both of these quantities are approximately equal to the Planck length. In this context, we have introduced a model that utilizes a combination of Schwarzschild’s radius and Compton length to quantify the gravitational length of an object. This model has provided a novel perspective in generalizing the uncertainty principle. Furthermore, it has elucidated the significance of the deforming linear parameter β and its range of variation from unity to its maximum value.

Fine mapping and characterization of a major QTL for grain length,QGl.cau-2D.1,that has pleiotropic effects in synthetic allohexaploid wheat

Grain size is one of the determinants of grain yield,and identifying the genetic loci that control grain size will be helpful for increasing grain yield.In our previous study,a quantitative trait locus(QTL)for grain length(GL),QGl.cau-2D.1,was identified from an F2 population developed from the cross between the natural(TAA10)and synthetic(XX329)allohexaploid wheat.In the present study,we mainly fine mapped and validated its genetic effects.To this end,multiple near-isogenic lines(NILs)were obtained through marker-assisted selection with TAA10 as the recurrent parent.The secondary populations derived from 25 heterozygous recombinants were used for fine mapping of QGl.cau-2D.1,and the allele from XX329 significantly increased GL,thousand-grain weight(TGW),total spikelet number per spike(TSN)and spike compactness(SC).Using NILs for XX329(2D+)and TAA10(2D−),we determined the genetic and pleiotropic effects of QGl.cau-2D.1.The target sequences were aligned with the wheat reference genome RefSeq v2.1 and spanned an~0.9 Mb genomic region.TraesCS2D03G0114900(ortholog of Os03g0594700)was predicted as the candidate gene based on whole-genome re-sequencing and expression analyses.In summary,the map-based cloning of QGl.cau-2D.1 will be useful for improving grain weight with enhanced GL and TSN.

Stock appraisal for Atlantic tripletail(Lobotes surinamensis;Bloch,1790)in the Bay of Bengal,Bangladesh

The Atlantic tripletail(Lobotes surinamensis)is a high revenue-generating fish species predominantly caught by mechanized artisanal fishers community and the most available member of its family in Bangladesh.This is a ground work of fish stock assessment study in the Bay of Bengal region to explore the life history parameters and associated biomass of this species,using three length-based approaches of TropFishR,the length-based Bayesian biomass estimation(LBB),and Froese’s length based indicators(LBIs).An almost homogenous body growth pattern(b=3.07;R^(2)=0.98)was observed in the length-weight relationship of tripletail.The life history parameters for tripletail,as determined by the von Bertalanffy Growth Function(VBGF)model,were L_(∞)=113.36 cm and k=0.51/a.The length converted catch curve(LCCC)yielded an estimation of the total mortality(Z=1.77/a),with the natural mortality estimated at(M=0.53/a)and the fishing mortality estimated at(F=1.24/a).But,the ratio of mortality(F/M=0.15)by LBB captured the non-fully exploited status of biomass(B/B_(MSY)=2.1).LBI analysis indicated that the tripletail fishery’s spawning stock biomass is greater than the target and limit reference points,indicating a healthy state of biomass.

Effect of lengthening alkyl spacer on hydroformylation performance of tethered-phosphine modified Rh/SiO_2 catalyst

Rh/SiO2 catalysts with tethered-phosphines with different alkyl spacer lengths have been prepared,tested and characterized.Lengthening the alkyl spacer of the tethered-phosphine improved the flexibility of tethered-phospine,promoted the formation of active species and enhanced the activity of hydroformylation over other tethered-phosphine modified Rh/SiO2 catalysts.

Mapping of QTLs for Dehiscence Length at Basal Part of Thecae in Rice Based on TD70/Kasalath RIL Population

A population of 240 recombinant inbred lines （RIL） was derived from a cross between Japonica rice cultivar TD70 and Indica cultivar Kasalath, and their linkage map including 141 SSR markers was used to locate the QTLs controlling the length of dehiscence at the basal part of thecae （LDBT）. Then, the correlations between LDBT and other agronomic traits of rice were analyzed. Two QTLs con- trolling LDBT were mapped on chromosome 6 and 8, respectively, qLDBT6 was mapped between RM3 and RM3628 markers on chromosome 6 with a LOD value of 3.23, contribution rate of 6.18% and additive effect of 17.74%. qLDBT8 was mapped between RM1376-RM4085 markers on chromosome 8 with a LOD value 2.95, contribution rate of 8.00% and additive effect of 20.09%. This domain probably had a relationship with the sterility of rice. The LDBT of RILs had extremely signifi- cant positive correlations with flag leaf width, 1 000-grain weight, grain width, grain length and grain thickness, but no significant correlations with other agronomic traits, such as plant height, heading date, tiller number, flag leaf length, average and the maximum temperature during heading period or rice.

Chord length sampling correction analysis for dispersion fuel in Monte Carlo simulation

Dispersion fuels,knowned for their excellent safety performance,are widely used in advanced reactors,such as hightemperature gas-cooled reactors.Compared with deterministic methods,the Monte Carlo method has more advantages in the geometric modeling of stochastic media.The explicit modeling method has high computational accuracy and high computational cost.The chord length sampling(CLS)method can improve computational efficiency by sampling the chord length during neutron transport using the matrix chord length?s probability density function.This study shows that the excluded-volume effect in realistic stochastic media can introduce certain deviations into the CLS.A chord length correction approach is proposed to obtain the chord length correction factor by developing the Particle code based on equivalent transmission probability.Through numerical analysis against reference solutions from explicit modeling in the RMC code,it was demonstrated that CLS with the proposed correction method provides good accuracy for addressing the excludedvolume effect in realistic infinite stochastic media.

Phenotypic Characterization and QTL/Gene Identification for Internode Number and Length Related Traits in Maize

Internode number and length are the foundation to constitute plant height, ear height and the above-ground spatial structure of maize plant. In this study, segregating populations were constructed between EHel with extremely low ear height and B73. Through the SNP-based genotyping and phenotypic characterization, 13 QTL distributed on the chromosomes (Chrs) of Chr1, Chr2, Chr5-Chr8 were detected for four traits of internode no. above ear (INa), average internode length above ear (ILaa), internode no. below ear (INb), and average internode length below ear (ILab). Phenotypic variation explained (PVE) by a single QTL ranged from 6.82% (qILab2-2) to 12.99% (qILaa5). Zm00001d016823 within the physical region of qILaa5, the major QTL for ILaa with the largest PVE was determined as the candidate through the genomic annotation and sequence alignment between EHel and B73. Product of Zm00001d016823 was annotated as a WEB family protein homogenous to At1g75720. qRT-PCR assay showed that Zm00001d016823 highly expressed within the tissue of internode, exhibiting statistically higher expression levels among internodes of IN4 to IN7 in EHel than those in B73 (P Zm00001d016823 might provide novel insight into molecular mechanism beyond phytohormones controlling internode development in maize.

Evaluation of the slipstream in different regions around a train with respect to different nose lengths:A comparison study

In this work,the flow surrounding the train was obtained using a detached eddy simulation(DES)for slipstream analysis.Two different streamlined nose lengths were investigated:a short nose(4 m)and a long nose(9 m).The time-average slipstream velocity and the time-average slipstream pressure along the car bodies were compared and explained in detail.In addition to the time-averaged values,the _(max)imum velocities and the pressure peak-to-peak values around the two trains were analyzed.The result showed that the nose length affected the slipstream velocity along the entire train length at the lower and upper regions of the side of the train.However,no significant effect was recognized at the middle height of the train along its length,except in the nose region.Moreover,within the train’s side regions(y=2.0-2.5 m and z=2-4 m)and(y=2.5-3.5 m and z=0.2-0.7 m),the ratio of slipstream velocity U_(max) between the short and long nose trains was notably higher.This occurrence also manifested at the train’s upper section,specifically where y=0-2.5 m and z=4.2-5.0 m.Similarly,regarding the ratio of _(max)imum pressure peak-to-peak values Cp-p_(max),significant regions were observed at the train’s side(y=1.8-2.6 m and z=1-4 m)and above the train(y=0-2 m and z=3.9-4.8 m).

Revisiting the Electron Radius in Light of Length Contraction

In previous work, the electron radius was identified as the “actual electron radius.” However, this is more accurately described as the electron radius at rest. This study reexamines the electron with an emphasis on the electron radius under motion, incorporating the effects of length contraction. The findings suggest that the radius is subject to Lorentz contraction, which has interesting implications for relativistic effects at the subatomic level.

Genetic improvement of fiber quality in tetraploid cotton:an overview of major QTLs and genes involved in and edited for the quality of cotton fibers

Cotton,an important industrial crop cultivated in more than 70 countries,plays a major role in the livelihood of millions of farmers and industrialists.Cotton is mainly grown for its fiber,an economic component that can be differentiated from its epidermal cells in the outer integument of a developing seed.Fiber length,fiber strength,and fiber fineness are three main attributes that contribute to the quality of cotton fibers.Recent advancements in genomics have identified key genes,which are the most important factors that govern these three traits,can be introduced into cultivars of interest via gene editing,marker-assisted selection,and transgenics,thus the narrow genetic background of cotton can be addressed and its fiber quality traits can be enhanced.Over the past two decades,quantitative trait loci(QTLs)have been mapped for different fiber traits,approximately 1850 QTLs have been mapped for fiber length,fiber strength,and fineness among which a few genes have been edited for quality improvement in cotton.In this background,the current review covers the development and the factors that influence these traits,along with the reported genes,QTLs,and the edited genomes for trait improvement.

Interrelationships between Length of the Day, Moon Distance, Phanerozoic Geodynamic Cycles, Tidal Dissipation and Earth’s Core: Review and Analysis

The rotation of the Earth and the related length of the day (LOD) are predominantly affected by tidal dissipation through the Moon and the growth of the Earth’s core. Due to the increased concentration of mass around the rotation axis of the spinning Earth during the growth of the core the rotation should have been accelerated. Controversially the tidal dissipation by the Moon, which is mainly dependent on the availability of open shallow seas and the kind of Moon escape from a nearby position, acts towards a deceleration of the rotating Earth. Measurements of LOD for Phanerozoic and Precambrian times open ways to solve questions concerning the geodynamical history of the Earth. These measurements encompass investigations of growth patterns in fossils and depositional patterns in sediments (Cyclostratigraphy, Tidalites, Stromatolites, Rhythmites). These patterns contain information on the LOD and on the changing distance between Earth and Moon and can be used as well for a discussion about the growth of the Earth’s core. By updating an older paper with its simple approach as well as incorporating newly published results provided by the geoscientific community, a moderate to fast growth of the core in a hot early Earth will be favored controversially to the assumption of a delayed development of the core in an originally cold Earth. Core development with acceleration of Earth’s rotation and the contemporaneous slowing down due to tidal dissipation during the filling of the ocean may significantly interrelate.

GhWDL3 is involved in the formation and development of fiber cell morphology in upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Background Cotton fiber is a model tissue for studying microtubule-associated proteins(MAPs).The Xklp2(TPX2)proteins that belong to the novel MAPs member mainly participate in the formation and development of microtubule(MT).However,there is a lack of studies concerning the systematic characterization of the TPX2 genes family in cotton.Therefore,the identification and portrayal of G.hirsutum TPX2 genes can provide key targets for molecular manipula-tion in the breeding of cotton fiber improvement.Result In this study,TPX2 family genes were classified into two distinct subclasses TPXLs and MAP genes WAVE DAMP-ENED2-LIKE(WDLs)and quite conservative in quantity.GhWDL3 was significantly up-regulated in 15 days post anthe-sis fibers of ZRI-015(an upland cotton with longer and stronger fiber).GhWDL3 promotes all stem hairs to become straight when overexpressed in Arabidopsis,which may indirectly regulate cotton fiber cell morphology during fiber development.Virus induced gene silencing(VIGS)results showed that GhWDL3 inhibited fiber cell elongation at fiber development periods through regulating the expression of cell wall related genes.Conclusion These results reveal that GhWDL3 regulated cotton fiber cell elongation and provide crucial information for the further investigation in the regulatory mechanisms/networks of cotton fiber length.

Simple bone cysts of the proximal humerus presented with limb length discrepancy:A case report

BACKGROUND Simple bone cysts(SBC)are benign tumor-like bone lesions typically identified in children.While SBC may lead to growth disturbances or growth arrest,such cases are uncommon.The mechanisms behind these observations remain unclear.Additionally,research on the etiology of SBC remains inconclusive,and there has been no consensus on the appropriate timing and methodology for treatment.CASE SUMMARY Here,we present our experience in the successful surgical management of a 10-year-old girl with SBC,who presented with a pathological fracture complicated by malunion of the displaced fracture,varus deformity,and limb length discrepancy.We hypothesized two possible etiologies for the patient’s growth arrest and subsequent humerus varus deformity:(1)Direct disruption of the physis by fluid from the cyst itself;and(2)damage to the epiphysis due to repetitive pathological fractures associated with SBC.In addressing this case,surgical intervention was undertaken to correct the proximal humerus varus deformity.This approach offered the advantages of simultaneously correcting angular abnormalities,achieving mild limb lengthening,providing definitive SBC treatment,and reducing the overall treatment duration.CONCLUSION As per current literature,acute correction of acute angular deformity in proximal humeral SBC is not well comprehended.However,in this specific case,acute correction was considered an optimal solution.

Effect of Heatpipe Array Condenser Section Length on Thermal Cooling of Li-Ion Batteries

One of the new methods for ensuring that the battery in a thermal energy storage system is kept at the proper temperature is the heat pipe-based ThermalManagement System(TMS).In this study,the improvement of cooling performance of a heat pipe based TMS is examined through the variation of condenser section length of heat pipes in an array.The TMSs with an array of heat pipes with different condenser section lengths are considered.The system performances are evaluated using a validated numerical method.The results show that a heat pipebased TMS provides the best cooling performance when a wavy-like variation is employed and when the condenser section length of the last set of the heat pipe in the array is greater than that of the penultimate set.The maximum cell temperature and the maximum temperature difference within the cell of this TMS are decreased by 4.2 K and 1.1 K,respectively,when compared to the typical heat pipe based TMS with zero variation in its condenser section length.Conclusively,the strategy offers an improvement in the thermal uniformity for all the TMS cases.

The effect of intraoperative goal-directed fluid therapy in patients under anesthesia for gastrointestinal surgery

BACKGROUND Intraoperative fluid management is an important aspect of anesthesia mana-gement in gastrointestinal surgery.Intraoperative goal-directed fluid therapy(GDFT)is a method for optimizing a patient's physiological state by monitoring and regulating fluid input in real-time.AIM To evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative GDFT in patients under anesthesia for gastrointestinal surgery.METHODS This study utilized a retrospective comparative study design and included 60 patients who underwent gastrointestinal surgery at a hospital.The experimental group(GDFT group)and the control group,each comprising 30 patients,received intraoperative GDFT and traditional fluid management strategies,respectively.The effect of GDFT was evaluated by comparing postoperative recovery,com-plication rates,hospitalization time,and other indicators between the two patient groups.RESULTS Intraoperative blood loss in the experimental and control groups was 296.64±46.71 mL and 470.05±73.26 mL(P<0.001),and urine volume was 415.13±96.72 mL and 239.15±94.69 mL(P<0.001),respectively.The postoperative recovery time was 5.44±1.1 days for the experimental group compared to 7.59±1.45 days(P<0.001)for the control group.Hospitalization time for the experimental group was 10.87±2.36 days vs 13.65±3 days for the control group(P<0.001).The visual analogue scale scores of the experimental and control groups at 24 h and 48 h INTRODUCTION Gastrointestinal surgery is one of the most common procedures in the field of general surgery[1],involving the stomach,intestines,liver,pancreas,spleen,and other internal abdominal organs[2,3].With advancements in surgical technology and anesthesia methods,the safety and success rates of surgery have significantly improved[4,5].However,intraop-erative fluid management remains a critical challenge[6].Traditional fluid management strategies often rely on experience and basic physiological parameters,which may lead to excessive or insufficient fluid input,thereby affecting postoperative recovery and complication rates.Intraoperative goal-directed fluid therapy(GDFT)is an emerging fluid management strategy that dynamically adjusts fluid input volume by monitoring the patient's hemodynamic parameters in real-time to optimize the patient's physiological state[7,8].GDFT has shown superiority in many surgical fields;however,its application in gastrointestinal surgery requires further research and verification[9,10].The application of intraoperative GDFT in clinical settings has gradually increased in recent years[11,12].Studies have demonstrated that GDFT can optimize tissue perfusion and oxygenation by precisely controlling fluid input and reducing the occurrence of postoperative complications[13,14].For example,in cardiac and major vascular surgeries,GDFT significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative acute kidney injury and cardiovascular events[15,16].Similarly,in abdominal surgery,GDFT effectively reduced postoperative infections and expedited recovery[17].However,studies on the utilization of GDFT in gastrointestinal surgery are relatively limited and they are confounded by contradictory findings[18].Traditional fluid management strategies typically rely on estimating fluid input volume based on the patient's weight,preoperative status,and basic physiological parameters[19].However,this method lacks real-time dynamic adjustment,which may result in either insufficient or excessive fluid input,consequently affecting postoperative recovery.Insufficient fluid input can lead to hypovolemia and inadequate tissue perfusion,whereas excessive fluid input can cause tissue edema and postoperative complications,such as pulmonary edema and heart failure.GDFT involves dynamically adjusting fluid input volume by monitoring the patient's hemodynamic parameters in real-time,such as cardiac output,pulse pressure variability,and central venous pressure.Commonly used monitoring equipment include esophageal Doppler and pulse wave profile analyzers[20].These devices provide real-time hemo-dynamic data to assist anesthesiologists in tailoring fluid therapy to a patient's specific condition.Firstly,the patient's volume responsiveness is assessed by preloading fluid;secondly,fluid input volume is dynamically adjusted based on real-time monitoring data;finally,vasoactive and inotropic drugs are administered in combination to further optimize the patient’s hemodynamic status.Through personalized fluid management,GDFT can more accurately maintain intraop-erative hemodynamic stability and reduce complications[21].Gastrointestinal surgery involves procedures on multiple organs,often requiring prolonged operative times and extensive tissue trauma,which presents challenges for intraop-erative fluid management.Surgical procedures can lead to significant bleeding and fluid loss,requiring prompt and effective fluid replenishment.In addition,the slow recovery of gastrointestinal function after surgery and susceptibility to complications such as intestinal obstruction and delayed gastric emptying elevate the necessity for postoperative fluid management.

Frame Length Dependency for Fundamental Frequency Extraction in Noisy Speech

The fundamental frequency plays a significant part in understanding and perceiving the pitch of a sound. The pitch is a fundamental attribute employed in numerous speech-related works. For fundamental frequency extraction, several algorithms have been developed which one to use relies on the signal’s characteristics and the surrounding noise. Thus, the algorithm’s noise resistance becomes more critical than ever for precise fundamental frequency estimation. Nonetheless, numerous state-of-the-art algorithms face struggles in achieving satisfying outcomes when confronted with speech recordings that are noisy with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values. Also, most of the recent techniques utilize different frame lengths for pitch extraction. From this point of view, This research considers different frame lengths on male and female speech signals for fundamental frequency extraction. Also, analyze the frame length dependency on the speech signal analytically to understand which frame length is more suitable and effective for male and female speech signals specifically. For the validation of our idea, we have utilized the conventional autocorrelation function (ACF), and state-of-the-art method BaNa. This study puts out a potent idea that will work better for speech processing applications in noisy speech. From experimental results, the proposed idea represents which frame length is more appropriate for male and female speech signals in noisy environments.

Production Chain Length and PPI-CPI Divergence:Analysis Based on the Global Input-output Price Model

Productivity and international energy price shocks are reflected in PPI and CPI via industrial chains.China’s in-depth participation into the global value chains has increasingly lengthened its industrial production chains.The question is how the changing length of production chains will affect CPI and PPI,as well as CPI-PPI correlation?By constructing a global input-output price model,this paper offers a theoretical discussion on the impact of production chain length on the CPI-PPI divergence.Our findings suggest that the price shock of international bulk commodities has a greater impact on China’s PPI than that on CPI.The effects on both China’s PPI and CPI estimated by using the single-country input-output model are higher than the results estimated with the global input-output model.However,the difference between CPI and PPI variations estimated with the global input-output model is greater than the result estimated with the single-country input-output model,which supports the view that the lengthening of production chains,especially international production chains,leads to a divergence between CPI and PPI.Empirical results based on cross-national panel data also suggest that the lengthening of production chains has reduced the CPI-PPI correlation for countries,i.e.the lengthening of production chains has increased the PPI-CPI divergence.That is to say,policymakers should target not just CPI in maintaining price stability,but instead focus on the stability of both PPI and CPI.Efforts can be made to proactively adjust the price index system,and formulate the industrial chain price index.

Nonlinear mixed-effects height to crown base and crown length dynamic models using the branch mortality technique for a Korean larch( Larix olgensis ) plantations in northeast China

Korean larch(Larix olgensis)is one of the main tree species for aff orestation and timber production in northeast China.However,its timber quality and growth ability are largely infl uenced by crown size,structure and shape.The majority of crown models are static models based on tree size and stand characteristics from temporary sample plots,but crown dynamic models has seldom been constructed.Therefore,this study aimed to develop height to crown base(HCB)and crown length(CL)dynamic models using the branch mortality technique for a Korean larch plantation.The nonlinear mixed-eff ects model with random eff ects,variance functions and correlation structures,was used to build HCB and CL dynamic models.The data were obtained from 95 sample trees of 19 plots in Meng JiaGang forest farm in Northeast China.The results showed that HCB progressively increases as tree age,tree height growth(HT growth)and diameter at breast height growth(DBH growth).The CL was increased with tree age in 20 years ago,and subsequently stabilized.HT growth,DBH growth stand basal area(BAS)and crown competition factor(CCF)signifi cantly infl uenced HCB and CL.The HCB was positively correlated with BAS,HT growth and DBH growth,but negatively correlated with CCF.The CL was positively correlated with BAS and CCF,but negatively correlated with DBH growth.Model fi tting and validation confi rmed that the mixed-eff ects model considering the stand and tree level random eff ects was accurate and reliable for predicting the HCB and CL dynamics.However,the models involving adding variance functions and time series correlation structure could not completely remove heterogeneity and autocorrelation,and the fi tting precision of the models was reduced.Therefore,from the point of view of application,we should take care to avoid setting up over-complex models.The HCB and CL dynamic models in our study may also be incorporated into stand growth and yield model systems in China.

Integration of RUSLE Model with Remote Sensing and GIS Tools for Soil Loss Estimation in the Kubanni Drainage Basin, Zaria, Nigeria

The prevalence of unwholesome land use practices and population pressure exacerbates soil loss which is worsening the problem of sedimentation of the Kubanni dam. This study was conducted at the Kubanni drainage basin covering a spatial area of 56.7 Km2 in Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria to estimate annual soil loss using the RUSLE model. Satellite images of Landsat OLI for December 2014, 2016, 2018, February, July and November 2022;soil data, rainfall data from 2010 to 2022, and DEM of 30-meter resolution were utilized for the study. All factors of the RUSLE model were calculated for the basin using assembled data. The erosivity (R-factor) was discovered to be 553.437 MJ∙mm∙ha−1∙h−1∙yr−1. The average erodibility (K-factor) value was 0.1 Mg∙h∙h∙ha−1∙MJ−1∙mm−1∙yr−1. The Slope Length and Steepness factor (LS-factor) in the basin ranged between 0% and 13.47%. The Crop Management Factor (C-factor) values were obtained from a rescaling of the NDVI values derived for the study area and ranged from 0.26 to 0.55. Support practice (P-factors) were computed from the prevalent tillage practice in the basin and ranged from 0.27 to 0.40. The soil loss amount for the Kubanni basin was found to be 28441.482 tons∙ha−1∙yr−1, while the annual soil loss for the entire Kubanni drainage basin was found to be 49780.257 tons∙yr−1. The study has demonstrated the viability of coupling RUSLE model and Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques for the estimation of soil loss in the Kubanni drainage basin.

Sensitivity analysis of the vane length and passage width for a radial type swirler employed in a triple swirler configuration

The design of axial or radial swirlers typically governs a number of geometrical parameters that are determined by the desired flow field.In the meantime,the number of unknown parameters increases with the number of concentrically mounted swirlers.The available literature is nonetheless limited,and designers are obligated to increase the number of initial assumptions.In this article,three kinds of triple swirlers are employed and simulations are performed to determine the effect of each parameter on the swirler performance.Based on the correlation provided,overlengthening the radial vane length could result in significant changes in the flow field from the jetlike pattern to a wide swirl-jet angle due to the Coanda effect.Passage width should also have the potential to alter the swirl-jet angle and velocity field at the exit of the swirler.