Scaling of the bubble/slug length of Taylor flow in a meandering microchannel

In order to reduce or avoid the fluctuations from interface breakup, a meandering microchannel with curved multi-bends(44 turns) is fabricated, and investigations of scaling bubble/slug length in Taylor flow in a rectangular meandering microchannel are systematically conducted. Based on considerable experimental data,quantitative analyses for the influences of two important characteristic times, liquid phase physical properties and aspect ratio are made on the prediction criteria for the bubble/slug length of Taylor flow in a meandering microchannel. A simple principle is suggested to predict the bubble formation period by using the information of Rayleigh time and capillary time for six gas–liquid systems with average deviation of 10.96%. Considering physical properties of the liquid phase and cross-section configuration of the rectangular mcirochannel,revised scaling laws for bubble length are established by introducing Ca, We, Re and W/h whether for the squeezing-driven or shearing-driven of bubble break. In addition, a simple principle in terms of Garstecki-type model and bubble formation period is set-up to predict slug lengths. A total of 107 sets of experimental data are correlated with the meandering microchannel and operating range: 0.001 b CaTPb 0.05, 0.06 b WeTPb 9.0,18 b ReTPb 460 using the bubble/slug length prediction equation from current work. The average deviation between the correlated data and the experimental data for bubble length and slug length is about 9.42% and9.95%, respectively.

The Numerical Simulation of Collapse Pressure and Boundary of the Cavity Cloud in Venturi

The idea that the collapse proceeds from the outer boundary of the cavity cloud towards its center for the ultrasonic cavitation proposed by Hasson and Morch in 1980s is further developed for calculating the collapse pressure and boundaries of cavity cloud at the collapse stage of bubbles for hydraulic cavitation flow in Venturi in present research. The numerical simulation is carried out based on Gilmore＇s eouations of bubble dynamics, which take account of the compressibility of fluid besides the viscosity and interfacial tension. The collapse of the cavity cloud is considered to proceed layer by layer from the outer cloud towards its inner part. The simulation results indicate that thepredicted boundaries of the cavity cloudat the collapse stage agree.well with the exPerimental ones.It is also found that the maximum collapse pressure of the cavity cloud is several times as high as the collapse pressure of outside boundary, and it is located at a point in the axis, where the cavity cloud disappears completely. This means that a cavity cloud has higher collapse pressure or strength than that of a single bubble due to the interactions of the bubbles. The effects of operation and structural parameters on the collapse pressure are also analyzed in detail.

On the Shape of the Local Bubble

The shape of the local bubble is modeled in the framework of the thin layer approximation. The asymmetric shape of the local bubble is simulated by introducing axial profiles for the density of the interstellar medium, such as exponential, Gaussian, inverse square dependence and Navarro-Frenk-White. The availability of some observed asymmetric profiles for the local bubble allows us to match theory and observations via the observational percentage of reliability. The model is compatible with the presence of radioisotopes on Earth.

CO observations of the Galactic bubble N4

We present a study of the Galactic bubble N4 using the 13.7 m millimeterwave telescope, which is managed by Purple Mountain Observatory at Qinghai Station. N4 is one of the science demonstration regions where simultaneous observations of ^12CO （J = 1 - 0）, ^13CO （J = 1 - 0） and C^18O （J = 1 - 0） line emission towards N4 were carried out under the project Milky Way Imaging Scroll Painting （MWISP）. We analyze the spectral profile and the distribution of the molecular gas. Morphologically, the CO emissions correlate well with Spitzer IRAC 8.0 p-m emission. The channel map and velocity-position diagram show that N4 is more likely to be an inclined expanding ring rather than a spherical bubble. We calculated the physical parameters of N4 including mass, size, column density and optical depth. Some massive star candidates were discovered in the region of N4 using the （J, J-H） colormagnitude diagram. We found a candidate for the energy source driving the expansion of N4, a massive star with a mass of -15 M⊙ and an age of - 1Myr. There is the signature of infall motion in N4, which can be a good candidate for the infall area. Combining millimeter and infrared data, we suggest that triggered star formation can exist in N4.

The Fermi Bubbles as a Superbubble

In order to model the Fermi bubbles we apply the theory of the superbubble (SB). A thermal model and a self-gravitating model are reviewed. We introduce a third model based on the momentum conservation of a thin layer which propagates in a medium with an inverse square dependence for the density. A comparison has been made between the sections of the three models and the section of an observed map of the Fermi bubbles. An analytical law for the SB expansion as a function of the time and polar angle is deduced. We derive a new analytical result for the image formation of the Fermi bubbles in an elliptical framework.

Experimental study on upward bubble velocity and pierce length distributions in a water model of copper converter

The upward bubble velocity and the pierce length distributions in a sectionalwater model of the copper converter in Guixi Smelter in Jiangxi, China, were measured using atwo-contact electro-resistivity probe. In the case of using a single tuyere, the bubble velocitydistribution along longitudinal direction was similar to that derived from Guassian function. Beyondthe center of the longitudinal range, the bubble pierce length exhibited a sudden increase. Theupward bubble velocity at a specified location could go up to meters per second. Its probability ata fixed location obeys a lognormal function; the bubble pierce length there varies bellow a fewcentimeters. In the case of using multi-tuyeres, the upward bubble velocity was roughly uniformright above the tuyeres and showed a slow decrease beyond this region. The bubble pierce lengthwithin both of these two regions was roughly uniform. Its average value in the former region,however, was found to he somewhat lower than that in the later.

Cryogenic Liquid Slug and Taylor Bubble Length Distributions in an Inclined Tube

An experimental study was carried out to understand the phenomena of the boiling flow of liquid nitrogen in an inclined tube with closed bottom by using a high speed motion analyzer. The experimental tube is 0.018 m ID and 1.0m in length. The range of the inclination angle is 45°-9° from the horizontal. The experiment focused on the effect of the inclination angle show that the mean liquid slug length and Taylor bubble length increase with the increasing xlD at various inclination angles. At the same x/D, the mean liquid slug length and Taylor bubble length increase first, and then decrease with decreasing inclination angles, with the maximum at 60°. In the vertical tube, standard deviation of the nitrogen Taylor bubble iength increase with the increasing xlD. For the inclined tube, standard deviation of the nitrogen Taylor bubble length increases first, and then decreases with the increasing x/D. Standard deviation of the liquid slug length increases with increasing x/D for all inclination angles.

Characterizations of gas-liquid interface distribution and slug evolution in a vertical pipe

Large vertical pipes are key structures connecting subsea wells to offshore platforms.However,existing studies mainly focus on small vertical pipes.In a vertical acrylic pipe with 80 mm inner diameter and 11 m height,a high-speed camera was used to visually research the influences of pipe diameters,liquid properties and inlet effect on air-water co-flow characteristic.Different flow regime maps of vertical pipes(diameters are in the range of 50e189 mm)were compared and the critical gas velocity of the transition boundary from bubble to slug flow tended to increase with the increase of diameters at D≥80 mm.Drift-flux models were established in different flow regimes and liquid properties have a significant effect on drift coefficients of bubble flow and slug flow(void fraction a≤0.4).The influence of inlet turbulent effect on the gas-liquid interface distribution gradually weakened and disappeared from the pipe base to 85D,where the flow was fully developed.Slug frequency has a trend of increase first and then decrease with the gas Weber numbers increasing at low liquid superficial velocities(J_(L)≤0.31 m/s).And on the basis of this law,a new slug frequency correlation was proposed.It was found that there was an exponential relationship between the ratio of lengths of Taylor bubble to slug and the void fraction.

基于差分隐私Skyline算法的智能云平台中的数据隐私保护研究

针对工业互联网云平台中不同子系统数据割裂和隐私保护问题,文章提出基于Bubble-Skyline算法的解决方案,该方案包括数据收集模块、数据预处理模块、数据分析建模模块。在数据收集模块和数据预处理模块中使用协议加密和哈希映射转化表,安全地传输与整合不同系统之间的数据;在数据分析模块中使用Bubble-Skyline算法获得最优解。采用某工厂的历史数据验证表明,在工厂排产中,该方案能够在保护数据隐私的同时优化排产方案,平均生产时间减少了17.15%。

一种基于气泡群的低频主动声呐目标模拟器设计

为了在水声测试过程中提供尺寸小、成本低、应用灵活、低频和高目标强度的目标模拟器,文中根据水中气泡群具有强散射这一特性,提出了一种面向主动声呐试验的气泡群模拟器设计方法。基于等效介质理论(Effective Medium Theory,EMT)建立了气泡群声散射模型。首先将气泡群划分成立方体网格,然后应用图像处理方法获取立方体网格内气泡群的尺寸分布函数,接着使用EMT计算了每个立方体网格中的声反射系数和声波入射到立方体网格中产生的衰减,最后利用声波叠加原理计算了模拟器的反向散射目标强度。不同参数下的数值分析结果表明,气泡群尺寸分布函数呈伽马分布时,目标强度较高;目标强度随着尺寸分布区间减小和孔隙率增大而变大;共振频率随孔隙率增大而降低。结合气泡群孔隙率分布模型,文中给出了一组在低频时具有较高目标强度的小尺寸模拟器设计参数,可供相关设计者参考。

SDS表面活性剂水溶液对气泡泵提升性能的影响

气泡泵是一种热驱动的动力装置,主要依靠气泡的浮升力提升液体,其提升液体的能力是判断气泡泵性能的一项重要指标。采用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)阴离子表面活性剂作为工质加入气泡泵,加热功率分别为150 W、250 W、350 W、450 W和550 W,SDS水溶液浓度分别为10 mg/L、90 mg/L和170 mg/L,探究不同工况下沿程加热气泡泵的提升性能并与以去离子水作为工质的气泡泵提升性能进行对比。结果表明:各加热功率下气泡泵内气体流量与SDS水溶液浓度无关,液体流量与泵送比在加热功率较小时随SDS水溶液浓度的增加而增加,在加热功率较大时随SDS水溶液浓度的增加先增大后减小。SDS水溶液浓度的增加会导致气泡泵泵送的瞬时流量波动加大,管内压力的波动增大,气泡泵的泵送稳定性随SDS水溶液浓度的增加而降低。

不同长径比柱形炸药水下爆炸气泡动力学行为特性

采用实验与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了不同长径比的柱形装药在固支方板下爆炸气泡动力学行为;对质量2.5g、长径比分别为1∶1和2∶1的TNT炸药进行了水中固支方板下的爆炸实验,利用高速摄影记录爆炸气泡演化图像;使用ABAQUS软件对长径比为5∶1、10∶1、20∶1的柱形装药,在竖直与水平设置条件下的水下爆炸气泡演化过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,炸药长径比为1∶1和2∶1时,爆炸气泡演化现象无明显差别。当药柱竖直放置时,由于炸药长径比不同导致的爆炸气泡初始形态差异,会在气泡演化过程中迅速消弭;但长径比与起爆位置都对射流速度有不同程度的影响;当药柱水平放置时,起爆点位置会影响气泡的对称性和水射流形态;药柱端部起爆时,气泡膨胀过程的形态略微不对称,水射流向起爆点方向偏移;炸药长径比越大爆炸水射流在气泡内部越宽,并且水射流的载荷越小;药柱中心起爆时,爆炸气泡产生竖直向上的水射流,不发生偏移。

基于超声-微纳米气泡辅助技术的可变光程水质多参数检测方法研究

针对目前国家标准分析检测水质多参数方法存在的科学与技术问题,提出了一种基于超声-微纳米气泡(US-MNB)辅助技术、连续光谱法和顺序注射分析法(SIA)的可变光程水质多参数检测新方法。设计水质多参数检测系统,通过检测总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH_(3)-N)和六价铬(Cr^(6+))四种水质参数,验证了新方法的可行性。系统设计的核心是基于超声与微纳米气泡相结合的消解室以及具有可变光程功能的光谱扫描检测室,可达到快速消解和稳定检测的目的。同时系统基于国家水质检测标准,优化了水质多参数联合检测流程,并利用分光光度法和顺序注射分析技术对四种水质参数的含量进行连续光谱检测。首先,在常温常压下采用US-MNB辅助技术结合强氧化剂对TP进行消解,同时对检测室中NH_(3)-N参数显色反应后的化合物直接进行光谱扫描测定,消解后,再进行TP的测定。同理,消解COD的同时,对检测室中的Cr^(6+)参数显色反应后的化合物直接进行光谱扫描测定,消解后,再进行COD的测定。整个检测过程所用时间大幅降低,可在短时间内自动完成水质多参数的测定,显著地提高了检测的效率。以上述四种水质参数为测定对象,利用最小二乘法构建回归模型,拟合回归方程并计算相关系数,并绘制各参数的浓度-吸光度标准工作曲线。结果表明:TP标准工作曲线拟合系数≥0.9845,且浓度与吸光度成正相关,重复性(RSD)为3.05%~3.62%,加标回收率为97.8%~103.6%;COD标准工作曲线拟合系数≥0.9987,且浓度与吸光度成负相关,重复性(RSD)为2.12%~2.74%,加标回收率为98.7%~104.7%;NH_(3)-N标准工作曲线拟合系数≥0.9953,且浓度与吸光度成正相关,重复性(RSD)为3.41%~3.59%,加标回收率为99.2%~102.4%;Cr^(6+)标准工作曲线拟合系数≥0.9938,且浓度与吸光度成正相关,重复性(RSD)为3.51%~3.92%,加标回收率为98.9%~109.3%。系统可准确测定水样中TP、COD、NH_(3)-N和Cr^(6+)的含量,且具有良好的稳定性与可靠性。基于超声-微纳米气泡辅助技术的可变光程水质多参数检测方法研究,对于拓宽光谱法在水质多参数快速检测领域的应用以及提升检测效率等方面的研究具有重要作用。

基于微信小程序的“指尖清单”系统的设计与实现

在现代社会快速发展与科技进步的背景下,人们面对的任务和工作量逐渐增多,高效管理时间与任务成为一项挑战。为了解决这一问题,文章借助组件化开发思想和微信云开发技术开发了名为“指尖清单”的微信小程序。除了基本的待办事项添加、记录完成时间、编辑和删除功能,该小程序还具有多项特色功能,如视图切换、可视化周报总结和词频气泡等,有助于用户深入分析任务完成情况和时间利用效率,从而提升整体工作效能。

Attribute-Based Access Control for Multi-Authority Systems with Constant Size Ciphertext in Cloud Computing

In most existing CP-ABE schemes, there is only one authority in the system and all the public keys and private keys are issued by this authority, which incurs ciphertext size and computation costs in the encryption and decryption operations that depend at least linearly on the number of attributes involved in the access policy. We propose an efficient multi-authority CP-ABE scheme in which the authorities need not interact to generate public information during the system initialization phase. Our scheme has constant ciphertext length and a constant number of pairing computations. Our scheme can be proven CPA-secure in random oracle model under the decision q-BDHE assumption. When user's attributes revocation occurs, the scheme transfers most re-encryption work to the cloud service provider, reducing the data owner's computational cost on the premise of security. Finally the analysis and simulation result show that the schemes proposed in this thesis ensure the privacy and secure access of sensitive data stored in the cloud server, and be able to cope with the dynamic changes of users' access privileges in large-scale systems. Besides, the multi-authority ABE eliminates the key escrow problem, achieves the length of ciphertext optimization and enhances the effi ciency of the encryption and decryption operations.

Numerical simulation of multi-scale cavitating flow with special emphasis on the influence of vortex on micro-bubbles

A multi-scale Euler-Lagrange method is applied in the current paper to investigate the characteristics of turbulent cloud cavitating flow around a Clark-Y hydrofoil,in which macroscopic cavitating structures are simulated by volume of fluid(VOF)approach,while micro-scale bubbles are modelled based on Rayleigh-Plesset equation and bubble motion equation.The numerical results are in reasonable agreement with the available experiments,and the transition between multi-scale structures is captured clearly.The evolution of microscopic bubble behaviors is statistically investigated.During one typical cycle,numbers and Sauter mean radius of the bubbles show a similar variation tendency which both sharply spike to their maxima after the breakup of the sheet cavity,and then decrease continuously to their minima before the next breakup.Discrete bubbles are mainly concentrated at the tail of the attached cavity,in front of the cloud cavity and in the region quite close to the hydrofoil suction side.Furthermore,vortices are extracted to account for the micro-scale hydrodynamics.It is found that intense vortices aggravate turbulence fluctuation,thus spalling cavity to generate massive micro bubbles.Meanwhile,the vortices provide microscopic bubbles low pressure and detain them so that numerous bubbles are able to grow.These effects are remarkable after the breakup of attached sheet cavity,owing to the violent vortices generated.On the contrary,when sheet cavity develops,the flow field becomes comparatively stable since the strong vortices travel downstream.Few micro-scale bubbles are produced,and their volume is generally small.

Valid Regions of Formulas of Sound Speed in Bubbly Liquids

There are numerous formulae relating to the predictions of sound wave in the cavitating and bubbly flows. However, tile valid regions of those formulae are rather unclear from the view point of physics. In this work, the validity of the existing formulae is discussed in terms of three regions by employing the analysis of three typical lengths involved （viscous length, thermal diffusion length and bubble radius）. In our discussions, viscosity and thermal diffusion are both considered together with the effects of relative motion between bubbles and liquids. The importance of relative motion and thermal diffusion are quantitatively discussed in a wide range of parameter zones （including bubble radius and acoustic frequency）, The results show that for large bubbles, the effects of relative motion will be prominent in a wide region.

Numerical Investigation of Two-Phase Flow through a T-Junction Microchannel Reactor

Recently, microreactors have become available to be fabricated and used safely. The performance of these microreactors depends on the behavior of the multiphase flow hydrodynamics. Gas-liquid flow through T-junction microchannel reactor is simulated numerically using VOF （volume of fluid） method. 2-D （Two-dimensional） and 3-D （three-dimensional） models of the T-junction microchannel reactor were introduced to the simulations. Both 2-D and 3-D simulations for nitrogen-water flow were performed in the FLUENT （Fluent. Inc.） computational fluid dynamics package. The third direction effect has been studied by comparing the results of the 2-D and 3-D simulations with the published experimental data. Also, the bubble slug length was calculated for the 2-D and 3-D simulations. Furthermore, the hydrodynamics of the flow was studied for the 2-D and 3-D simulations, and compared with other experimental data. The pressure drop, mean bubble velocity, the velocity distribution and the void fraction were calculated and found to be in good agreement with published data.

Using the shaping filter for removing the effcets of the bubble pulses of explosive charge

Using the shaping filter to remove the effects of the bubble pulses of explosive charge, we obtained the impulse response function of the sea bottom. The result is quite satisfactory.

基于FY-4红外资料和光流法的不同空间尺度云团的外推可预报性研究

为研究云图和不同尺度云团的外推可预报性特征,设计了一种适应于FY-4卫星红外云图(10.8μm)的云检测方法,结合区域识别算法,剥离出不同尺度的云团;使用具有HS全局约束方案的光流法,开展外推敏感试验。对2020年不同月份的12个个例的统计结果表明:对亮温云图进行外推预报时,可用光流信息接近6 h,第0.5、1和6小时亮温均方根误差分别约为4.4、7.1和16.7 K,外推预报准确率随着预报时长的增加呈指数趋势降低。为消除亮温日变化影响,对云检测结果即云团分布进行不同时长的外推预报,统计结果表明:云团位置预报偏差是外推预报在第0~1小时中误差快速增长的主要原因,云团面积和位置的预报偏差是第1~6小时中误差的主要组成。>2000 km、200~2000 km、20~200 km、<20 km等尺度云团的可参考外推时长分别不超过6、1.5、1 h和15 min;外推“所有”尺度云团的预报主要体现了>2000 km尺度云团的外推预报特征;外推预报准确率随着云团空间尺度的减小而降低,这与不同尺度云团的物理属性演变特性、生命史长短等要素密切相关。以上研究结果对红外云图外推预报业务应用有一定指导意义。