Association between PPARG genetic polymorphisms and ischemic stroke risk in a northern Chinese Han population: a case-control study

Two common polymorphisms of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARG) gene, rs1801282 and rs3856806, may be important candidate gene loci affecting the susceptibility to ischemic stroke. This case-control study sought to identify the relationship between these two single-nucleotide polymorphisms and ischemic stroke risk in a northern Chinese Han population. A total of 910 ischemic stroke participants were recruited from the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China as a case group, of whom 895 completed the study. The 883 healthy controls were recruited from the Health Check Center of the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China. All participants or family members provided informed consent. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Hospital of China Medical University, China on February 20, 2012(approval No. 2012-38-1). The protocol was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry(registration number: ChiCTR-COC-17013559). Plasma genomic DNA was extracted from all participants and analyzed for rs1801282 and rs3856806 single nucleotide polymorphisms using a SNaPshot Multiplex sequencing assay. Odds ratios(ORs) and 95% confidence intervals(CIs) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression to estimate the association between ischemic stroke and a particular genotype. Results demonstrated that the G allele frequency of the PPARG gene rs1801282 locus was significantly higher in the case group than in the control group(P < 0.001). Individuals carrying the G allele had a 1.844 fold increased risk of ischemic stroke(OR = 1.844, 95% CI: 1.286–2.645, P < 0.001). Individuals carrying the rs3856806 T allele had a 1.366 fold increased risk of ischemic stroke(OR = 1.366, 95% CI: 1.077–1.733, P = 0.010). The distribution frequencies of the PPARG gene haplotypes rs1801282-rs3856806 in the control and case groups were determined. The frequency of distribution in the G-T haplotype case group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The risk of ischemic stroke increased to 2.953 times in individuals carrying the G-T haplotype(OR = 2.953, 95% CI: 2.082–4.190, P < 0.001). The rs1801282 G allele and rs3856806 T allele had a multiplicative interaction(OR = 3.404, 95% CI: 1.631–7.102, P < 0.001) and additive interaction(RERI = 41.705, 95% CI: 14.586–68.824, AP = 0.860;95% CI: 0.779–0.940;S = 8.170, 95% CI: 3.772–17.697) on ischemic stroke risk, showing a synergistic effect. Of all ischemic stroke cases, 86% were attributed to the interaction of the G allele of rs1801282 and the T allele of rs3856806. The effect of the PPARG rs1801282 G allele on ischemic stroke risk was enhanced in the presence of the rs3856806 T allele(OR = 8.001 vs. 1.844). The effect of the rs3856806 T allele on ischemic stroke risk was also enhanced in the presence of the rs1801282 G allele(OR = 2.546 vs. 1.366). Our results confirmed that the G allele of the PPARG gene rs1801282 locus and the T allele of the rs3856806 locus may be independent risk factors for ischemic stroke in the Han population of northern China, with a synergistic effect between the two alleles.

Associations between thromboxane A synthase 1 gene polymorphisms and the risk of ischemic stroke in a Chinese Han population

Thromboxane A synthase 1 （TBXAS1） catalyses the synthesis of thromboxane A2 （TXA2）, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Thus, the TBXAS1 gene was investigated as a candidate gene involved in the formation of atherosclerosis. This case-control study collected peripheral blood specimens and clinical data of 370 ischemic stroke patients and 340 healthy controls in the Northern Chinese Han population from October 2010 to May 2011. Two TBXAS1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, rs2267682 and rs10487667, were analyzed using a SNaPshot Multiplex sequencing assay to explore the relationships between the single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TBXAS1 and ischemic stroke. The TT genotype frequency and T allele frequency of rs2267682 in the patients with ischemic stroke were significantly higher than those in the controls （P 〈 0.01 and P = 0.02）. Furthermore, compared with the GG ＋ GT genotype, the TT rs2267682 genotype was associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke （odds ratio （OR） = 1.80, 95% confidence interval （CI）： 1.16–2.79, P 〈 0.01）. Multivariate logistic analysis with adjustments for confounding factors revealed that rs2267682 was still associated with ischemic stroke （OR = 1.94,95% CI ： 1.13–3.33, P = 0.02）. The frequency of the T-G haplotype in the patients was significantly higher than that in the controls according haplotype analysis （OR = 1.49, 95% CI： 1.10–2.00, P 〈 0.01）. These data reveal that the rs2267682 TBXAS1 polymorphism is associated with ischemic stroke. The TT genotype of TBXAS1 and T allele of rs2267682 increase susceptibility to ischemic stroke in this Northern Chinese Han population. The protocol has been registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry （registration number： ChiCTR-COC-17013559）.

Association of G-protein coupled purinergic receptor P2Y2 with ischemic stroke in a Han Chinese population of North China

The G-protein-coupled purinergic receptor P2Y2(P2RY2) plays an important role in the mechanism of atherosclerosis, which is relevant to ischemic stroke. This retrospective case-control study aimed to assess the relationship between P2RY2 gene polymorphisms and ischemic stroke risk in the northern Han Chinese population. In this study, clinical data and peripheral blood specimens were collected from 378 ischemic stroke patients and 344 controls. The ischemic stroke participants were recruited from the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University and the First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University. The controls were recruited from the Health Check Center at the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. Ischemic stroke patients were divided into two subgroups according to the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment(TOAST) classification: large-artery atherosclerosis(n = 178) and small-artery occlusion(n = 200) strokes. All subjects were genotyped for three single nucleotide polymorphisms(rs4944831, rs1783596, and rs4944832) in the P2RY2 gene using peripheral venous blood samples. The distribution of the dominant rs4944832 phenotype(GG vs. GA+AA) differed significantly between small-artery occlusion patients and control subjects(odds ratio(OR) = 1.720, 95% confidence interval(CI): 1.203–2.458, P < 0.01). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the GG genotype of rs4944832 was significantly more prevalent in small-artery occlusion patients than in control subjects(OR = 1.807, 95% CI: 1.215–2.687, P < 0.01). The overall distribution of the haplotype established by rs4944831-rs1783596-rs4944832 was significantly different between ischemic stroke patients and controls(P < 0.01). In ischemic stroke patients, the frequency of the G-C-G haplotype was significantly higher than in control subjects(P = 0.028), whereas the frequency of the T-C-A haplotype was lower than in control subjects(P = 0.047). These results indicate that the G-C-G haplotype of P2RY2 is a susceptibility haplotype for ischemic stroke. In addition, the GG genotype of rs4944832 may be associated with the development of small-artery occlusion in the northern Han Chinese population. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University on February 20, 2012(No. 2012-38-1) and the First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, China, on March 1, 2013(No. 2013-03-1). All participants gave their informed consent. This trial was registered with the ISRCTN Registry(ISRCTN11439124) on October 24, 2018. Protocol version(1.0).

国医大师韩明向基于“金水相生,培土生金”理论论治间质性肺疾病

间质性肺疾病是一组弥漫性肺实质浸润性疾病,其共同特征为炎症浸润、纤维化、细胞增殖等病理变化累及肺间质,目前西医对该病的治疗有一定的局限。间质性肺疾病属中医学“肺痿”范畴,为肺脏的慢性虚损性疾患。国医大师韩明向认为气阴两虚是本病的基本病机,贯穿疾病始终,其中气虚责之于肺脾肾,阴虚责之于肺胃肾。基于本病的基本病机及五行相生理论,韩教授喜用金水相生及培土生金法施治,补肺肾之气、滋肺肾之阴,或补脾肺之气、益肺胃之阴,从而达到益气养阴的目的,临床上取得了良好疗效。

经方辨治厥阴病治疗1型糖尿病胃轻瘫

糖尿病胃轻瘫(DGP)常发生于排除机械性肠梗阻的情况下,以胃排空延迟和消化道症状为特征的1型及2型糖尿病患者,为糖尿病常见的一种慢性并发症。目前发病机制不明确,有研究指出DGP在慢性高血糖的基础上与胃肠道激素分泌异常和自主神经功能紊乱有一定相关性,并且不会随着血糖控制的改善而缓解。近年来,DGP西医治疗以调控血糖、营养神经、促胃动力为主,但其病情迁延反复,给患者的身心健康及生活质量造成了显著影响。中医方面,常将其归属于消渴继发的“痞满”“呕吐”“泄泻”等范畴。目前相关研究指出,DGP为本虚标实之证,脾胃功能失常、中焦气机逆乱为基本病机,夹有痰、瘀等病理产物。根据临床症状,辨证可分为气虚食滞、痰湿中阻、胃阴亏虚、中焦虚寒、瘀血内阻这5型,治疗还需标本兼顾,补虚泻实,以健脾疏肝为主,辅以化痰消瘀之法。在临床期间,基于《伤寒论》对患者进行辨证论治,采取经方治疗本病取得了一定的疗效,本文从病因病机、临床特点及用药特点,探究经方治疗糖尿病胃轻瘫的用药特色和规律。

龙江韩氏妇科从伏邪论治卵巢早衰经验撷粹

[目的]探讨伏邪与卵巢早衰(premature ovarian failure,POF)发病的相关性,并总结龙江韩氏妇科从伏邪论治POF的用药经验。[方法]以伏邪致病的发病机制为基础,分别从先天伏邪、疫疠侵扰、生活习惯及环境异常、伏寒伏郁几个方面论述伏邪与POF发病的相关性及韩氏妇科的用药特色。[结果]伏邪具有隐匿、伺机而动的特征,其起因可概括为三点:一则为先天遗传于父母的潜在伏毒;二则为后天受六淫、疫疠等诸邪侵袭,邪气感而未发或祛之未净",寒、瘀"病理产物等伏藏于体内,伺机待动;三则为先天禀赋不足,正气常虚之人,后天又失调护而成即病难愈、每愈易复之体质。此三类伏邪病因均与POF的发病密切相关。所附临床验案属寒邪伏于冲任,凝而成瘀,瘀血不祛,新血不生所致,因此治疗时以补肾填精、散寒祛瘀为法,瘀祛则气血健旺,天癸有源,冲任通畅,经水自行。[结论]韩氏妇科认为,POF的发生与伏邪匿于冲任密切相关,治疗上必先辨邪气伏藏之因,切中症结再行论治。临证屡获良效,其经验值得推广。

新疆汉族帕金森病危险因素的探讨

目的探讨帕金森病（PD）的危险因素。方法选取2008年-2010年在新疆地区部分三级医院确诊的PD汉族患者120例,同时选取健康对照组做病例对照研究。结果非条件logistic回归分析结果显示：农药接触史、重大精神创伤史与PD呈正关联（OR〉1）;吸烟史、饮用井水史及喝茶史与PD呈负关联（0〈OR〈1）。结论农药接触史及重大精神创伤史是PD的危险因素;吸烟史、饮用井水史及喝茶史是PD的保护性因素。

苏、皖地区汉族人群DNA修复基因XRCC1 Arg399Gln多态性与前列腺癌易感性的关系

目的：研究中国苏、皖汉族人群DNA修复基因X线修复交叉互补基因1（X-ray repair cross complementing group 1，XRCC1）Arg399Gln多态性，并探讨其在吸烟、饮酒与前列腺癌易感性关系中的影响。方法：采用病例一对照研究，提取207例前列腺癌患者（病例组）和235例非肿瘤、非前列腺疾病患者（对照组）外周血中基因组DNA，应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR—RFLP）分析病例组和对照组的XRCC1基因Arg399Gln位点的多态性，比较不同基因型与前列腺癌易感性的关系，并探讨吸烟、饮酒等因素在其中的影响。结果：XRCC1第399密码子Arg／Gln基因型的个体其前列腺癌发病风险是Arg／Arg基因型的1．55倍（OR=1．55，95％CI：1．01—2．39），携带399Gin等位基因（Arg／Gln及Gin／Gin）的个体发生前列腺癌的风险性是Arg／Arg基因型的1．61倍（OR=1．61，95％CI：1．07—2．44）。在重度吸烟（吸烟指数≥20）人群中，携带399Gin等位基因的个体发生前列腺癌的风险性是Arg／Arg基因型的1．94倍（OR=1．94，95％CI：1．02—3．71）。在浅吸烟（吸烟仅入嘴中）人群中，携带399Gin等位基因的个体发生前列腺癌的风险性是Arg／Arg基因型的2．44倍（OR=2．44，95％CI：1．02—5．80）。结论：XRCC1Arg99Gln位点多态性可能对前列腺癌遗传易感性产生影响，Arg／Gln、Gln／Gln可能是前列腺癌的易感基因型，并和吸烟在前列腺癌的发病中有一定的协同作用。

长沙五一广场出土J1③:285号木牍解读

长沙五一广场所出东汉简牍J1③:285号木牍记载了一件死亡案件,有两名受害人,一名证人。由于攸县派出的办案人员严刑逼供,证人屈打成招,导致临湘县与兼贼曹史参与调查此案。证人提供的证词存在抵牾。长沙太守府责令参审的兼贼曹史和临湘县核实情况,并于规定日期内上报。

唐汉钧教授运用膏方防治外科病的经验

唐汉钧教授秉持整体观念,主张外病内治,认为膏方治疗中医外科病适用于外科手术后,肿瘤放、化疗后及肿瘤复发转移等重病危症,以及一些反复发作的顽症,如瘰疬、瘿瘤、乳癖、蛇丹、丹毒、慢性骨髓炎等。强调通过辨体质、辨疾病、辨证后合理开处膏方,从而达到防病治病的目的。唐教授认为精、气、神是生命活动之本,与脏腑功能状态联系密切,用药注重健脾益肾。另附乳癖、瘿瘤膏方验案2则佐证。

GSTP1基因多态性与新疆维、汉肺癌易感性的关系

目的探讨谷胱甘肽S转移酶P1基因（glutathione S-transferase P1,GSTP1）rs1695位点多态性与新疆地区维吾尔族（维族）和汉族肺癌患者的相关性。方法采用病例—对照研究方法,选取维族、汉族肺癌患者各80例作为病例组,另以维族、汉族健康人群各80例为对照组,运用限制性片段长度多态性聚合酶链反应（PCRrestriction fragment length polymorphism,PCR-RFLP）技术检测GSTP1基因Ile105Val多态性,分析其基因型频率在2个民族间分布的差异。结果 （1）GSTP1基因rs1695位点多态性在对照组与病例组中的分布均符合HardyWeinberg平衡;（2）在维族人群中,GSTP1基因rs1695位点基因型在病例组与对照组中的分布频率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。在汉族人群中,携带G等位基因者发生肺癌的风险增加（OR=2.170,95%CI：1.146~4.107,P〈0.05）;（3）维族人群突变型杂合子AG和纯合子GG基因型频率均高于汉族,其中在对照组中维族GSTP1（GG）基因型频率较汉族高1.3倍（8.8%vs 3.8%）,但差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）。结论 GSTP1基因rs1695多态性与汉族人群肺癌发病风险相关,与维吾尔族人群无关,其相关性具有民族差异。

汉族学生维吾尔语学习中“向格”的偏误分析

文章以新疆部分高校维吾尔语专业二年级第二学期学生为例,统计归纳出了汉族学生维吾尔语学习中"向格"的偏误类型,分析了产生偏误的原因,并针对偏误成因提出了解决对策。

清代中后期东北地区旗民刑事案件与满汉关系

清代中后期,关内移民大量涌入东北,给当地社会的管理造成了巨大压力。其中,发生在旗民之间的刑事案件关乎到社会秩序的稳定和民族关系的维系。本文以清代中后期关内移民东北为历史环境,利用嘉庆朝刑科题本及中国第一历史档案馆藏清代后期刑部档案等资料,选取东北地区州县及以下基层社会的旗民刑事案件为样本进行分析,力图从基层社会司法案件办理层面,还原当时旗民间在司法层面的关系,以求对清代中后期东北地区满汉关系做进一步考察。

汉代民事诉讼新论

"寇恩案"、"赵宣案"、"死驹案"是研究汉代民事诉讼的珍贵史料,但对它们的解读一直充满着争议。焦点有:"寇恩案"是否存在民事问题刑事化处理的倾向?"赵宣案"为何追债的钱数与欠债数不匹配?"死驹案"的判决到底是什么性质?通过对居延汉简的全面调查,比堪类似案例,我们可以看到:"寇恩案"不存在民事问题刑事化的倾向,"赵宣案"的钱数不匹配是我们对追债次数估计不足所造成的假象,而"死驹案"的判决在主体上是民事性质。最后,结合张家山出土的《二年律令》,我们可以归纳出汉代民事诉讼的特征。这些特征表明:汉代民事诉讼和刑事诉讼有显著不同,并且已经进入了"依法审理"的发展阶段。

汉族学生学习维吾尔语“领有格”的偏误分析

文章以新疆部分高校维吾尔语专业二年级第二学期学生为例,统计归纳出了汉族学生学习维吾尔语"领有格"的偏误类型,分析了产生偏误的原因,并针对偏误成因提出了解决对策。

卫太子冤狱昭雪与西汉武、昭、宣时期政治

卫太子冤狱的昭雪过程与西汉武、昭、宣三朝政治之间有着密切的关系。“巫蛊之祸”是汉武帝为翦除卫太子刘据势力集团而精心策划的一场政治阴谋。此后,围绕着卫太子昭雪事件,武、昭、宣三代君王各自采取了不同的策略。武帝虽然给卫太子昭雪,但不甚彻底；昭帝嗣位后,对卫太子案漠不关心；宣帝上台以后终于使卫太子冤狱得以昭雪,与此同时,宣帝也借昭雪事件培植了一大批亲己势力,这股势力在牵制和铲除霍氏势力、维持宣帝的统治方面发挥了重要作用,但它也无形中助长了外戚势力的日益膨胀,预示着外戚专权时代的到来。

《遗山文集》与金朝党狱研究

元好问《遗山文集》中的碑志文涉及金朝的三次党狱,其中关于田瑴党狱的细节,当时人对田瑴党狱发生原因的看法,贞祐党狱发生的原因、细节和涉案人员的记载,可补《金史》记载之不足,将其与相关史料进行比较研究,可厘清皇统党狱和贞祐党狱的前因后果。然元好问出于对赵秉文的私人感情,对明昌党狱仅是简略涉及。金朝三次党狱的对象都是汉官,这不仅使金朝政府失去了数位学识渊博的优秀人才,更重要的是延缓甚至丧失了部分汉族文人对金政权的认同。

东汉名医壶仙翁治病经验探微

介绍东汉名医壶仙翁临证治病验案 7则 ,如火剂逐热挽伤寒死症 ,清剂治风热脉伏 ,寒因寒用治谵狂 ,涌剂舒肝平呃逆 ,调经行气愈滞下 ,补散相合治溲血 ,以及灸法治愈久病、咳喘等医案 。

论高罗佩译《狄公案》对中国司法外宣翻译的启示

荷兰汉学家高罗佩翻译的《狄公案》不仅让英文读者领略了中国公案小说的魅力,而且还成功地向他们介绍了中国传统司法体系。为便于译文读者理解和接受译文,高罗佩在翻译过程中根据翻译目的和目标读者的实际情况采用工具型翻译策略,对原文进行了合理的译前处理,运用了添加译者前言、后记、文内注释等手段,对于我国改善司法外宣翻译的质量具有重要的参考意义。