Metabolic rate and evaporative water loss in the silky starling （Sturnus sericeus）

To better understand the physiological characteristics of the silky starling（Sturnus sericeus）, its body temperature（Tb）, basal metabolic rate（BMR）, evaporative water loss（EWL） and thermal conductance（C） elicited by different ambient temperatures（Ta）（5-30 ℃） were determined in the present study. Our results showed that they have a high Tb（41.6±0.1 ℃）, a wide thermal neutral zone（TNZ）（20-27.5 ℃） and a relatively low BMR within the TNZ（3.37±0.17 mL O2/g·h）. The EWL was nearly stable below the TNZ（0.91±0.07 mg H2O/g·h） but increased remarkably within and above the TNZ. The C was constant below the TNZ, with a minimum value of 0.14±0.01 mL O2/g·h·℃. These findings indicate that the BMR, Tb and EWL of the silky starling were all affected by Ta, especially when Ta was below 20℃ and the EWL plays an important role in thermal regulation.

The stoichiometric approach in determining total evaporative water loss and the relationship between evaporative and non-evaporative heat loss in two resting bird species: passerine and non-passerine

Background: Evaporation is of significant ecological interest.Evaporation from an animal always results in a decrease in the temperature of the surface from which the evaporation occurs.Therefore,evaporation is a one-way transfer which causes heat loss from the organism.Biological evaporation always involves the loss of water which is a vital resource for nearly all biochemical processes.Evaporation is loss of heat via loss of body mass.Methods: The simultaneous determination of energy expenditure and loss of body mass in resting birds allows us to estimate evaporative heat loss.This method includes direct measurements of the energetic equivalent of the loss of body mass as the ratio between heat production,determined by the rate of oxygen consumption and the loss of body mass at various ambient temperatures.Results: The data indicate that evaporation was minimal at lower critical temperature and that the rate of evaporation increased at lower or higher temperatures.Obtained results indicate that passerine and non-passerine species have the ability to change their non-evaporative heat conductance the same number of times(approximately fourfold),and that their abilities in this respect are similar.Conclusions: The novelty of the study resides in the stoichiometric approach to determination of total evaporative water loss.The analysis shows that determinations by stoichiometric approach of total evaporative water loss yielded the values,which fit into the confidence intervals of all equations from literatures.The basal metabolic rate and nonevaporative thermal conductance are fundamental parameters of energetics and determine the level of physiological organization of an endothermic animal.

The Econometric Assessment of Losses Caused by Water Pollution in Chongqing, Southwest China

As an important industrial city, Chongqing has experienced rapid economic growth in recent years, but at the same time the growth has been accompanied by serious pollution problems. Water quality monitoring shows that the waters of Chongqing are widely polluted. In this paper, the human capital approach is applied to assessing the economic losses and damages caused by water pollution in Chongqing. Based on previous studies and empirical investigations, water pollution-induced damage can be categorized into two general types: damage to ecosystems, including agriculture; and damage to non-ecosystems, including industry. The economic loss estimation of each type of the damage is conducted by taking into account a group of relevant parameters and methods.

Mechanism of nitrogen loss driven by soil and water erosion in water source areas

Nitrogen(N)present in drinking water as dissolved nitrates can directly affect people’s health,making it important to control N pollution in water source areas.N pollution caused by agricultural fertilizers can be controlled by reducing the amount of fertilizer applied,but pollution caused by soil and water erosion in hilly areas can only be controlled by conservation forests.The catchment area around Fushi Reservoir was selected as a test site and mechanisms of N loss from a vertical spatial perspective through field observations were determined.The main N losses occurred from June to September,accounting for 85.9-95.9%of the annual loss,with the losses in June and July accounting for 46.0%of the total,and in August and September for 41.9%.The N leakage from the water source area was effectively reduced by 38.2%through the optimization of the stand structure of the conservation forests.Establishing well-structured forests for water conservation is crucial to ensure the security of drinking water.This preliminary research lays the foundation for revealing then loss mechanisms in water source areas and improving the control of non-point source pollution in these areas.

Prediction of Trend between Water Environment Pollution of D Lake and Death Rate of Malignancy in Population

Grey system analysis method was used to study the correlation between water pollution in D Lake area and death rate of malignancy with death rate of malignancy as effect sequence and a variety of water pollution index as factor sequence. On the basis of grey correlation analysis, grey system predication model was established for death rate of malignancy in population in D Lake area including GM (1, N) model for death rate of malignancy [ MR (t+1) =(9.9987E 1+5.0001E 2 +10.8994E 3+1.1114E 4+165.1029) ·e -0.0070t -9.9987E 1-5.0001E 2-10.8994E 3-1.1114E 4 ] and GM (1, 1) model for related factors [ E 1(t+1) =52.1214-46.9468e -0.0058t , E 2(t+1) =4.6114-4.5664e 0.0015t, E 3(t+1) =1.1389-1.1212e 0.0065t , E 4(t+1) = 554.5867-549.8006e 0.0016t ], and the trend of death rate of malignancy from 2000 to 2010 was predicted.

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss Law and Emission Reduction Effects Under Water and Fertilizer Management Integrated Mode in Dike Paddy Field

To achieve the purpose of reducing farm non-point source pollution, we integrated site specific nitrogen management precise irrigation, controlled drainage, and wetland eco-repair system in dike area of Taihu basin. During investigation, it had given prominence for the water and fertilizer coupling effects of precise irrigation and site specific nutrient management, the characteristics of integration on controlled irrigation, controlled drainage and wetland ecosystem non-point source pollution control. Then the water and fertilizer integrated management mode of paddy field was put forward in Taihu basin where the water production efficiency increased to 1.64 kg. m-3, water saved 37.8%, fertilizer use efficiency raised 15,4%, yield raised 10%, and N, P load decreased 26%-72%. The modern agricultural and farmland ecosystems that control and cut down the farm non-point source pollution came into being, which can be a reference by Taihu basin to control its agricultural non-point source pollution and eutrophicated water body.

Improvement of Water Use Efficiency in Winter Wheat byBreeding Lines with Low Rate of Water Loss of Excised-Leaves

A study was conducted with the objective of improvement of water use efficiency (WUE) and yield of winter wheat for Lowland Dryland Farming systems through a breeding approach. Various genotypes were screened in 1988 for rate of water loss of excised leaves (RWL) , followed by inter-crossing of diverse parents in 1993. Analysis of the relationship between RWL and yield components and plant traits demonstrated significant differences in RWL among genotypes. Under most circumstances, RWL was correlated negatively with yield and grain weight, and positively with plant height. The results demonstrated a basis for simultaneous selection for high yield and low RWL. It was found that genotypic rank varied with the duration of water loss. Correlation between RWL and yield was reduced by extended water loss duration. Analysis of the genetic variation and segregation of RWL of progenies and the effect of simultaneous screening for RWL and agronomic traits showed that good lines with improved yield and water use performance could be obtained.

Characteristics of Water Absorption and the Loss of Dust-Sticking Agent

The development of NCZ-1 dust-sticking agent was first intreduced in china. The speed of water absorption of dust-stick-ing agent was measured and studied on mining site and in laboratory, and then the law of water absorption of dust-sticking agent was analyzed. In addition, the mathematical model of the loss rate of dust-sticking agent was established by the application of fluid mechanics theory, and the method of determining the sprinkle parameters of dust-sticking agent was obtained. Through practical verifi-cation, it is found that the error of this mathematical model is less than 10%. So it can be used in the field.

Evaluation of Tomato Genetic Resources for Response to Water Deficit

Water deficit strongly affects plant yield and quality. However, plants can minimize drought injury by adaptation mechanisms that have evolved to escape harmful conditions. The response to water deprivation is a complex trait controlled by several genes. In order to gain a deeper understanding of drought response mechanisms in tomato, a collection of 27 genotypes was studied under different water deficit conditions. Since developmental stages might be differently influenced by drought, analyses were carried out on young plantlets during fruit setting. The only genotype that showed good performances both as water retention and fruit production was the ecotype Siccagno. All the genotypes were analyzed at molecular level with the aim of detecting structural polymorphisms in selected stress-responsive genes. In addition, the expression level of a number of these genes was measured in the genotypes more tolerant to water deficit. Many polymorphisms were detected in six stress-responsive genes, and some could imply significant modifications in the protein structure. Furthermore, the expression analysis by RT-qPCR of three stress-responsive genes allowed arguing that a higher level of expression of the gene erd15 might be related to the better response to water deficit exhibited by Siccagno. Similarly, the lower expression of eight genes in the same genotype analysed through a microarray experiment confirmed the involvement of these stress-related genes in the tomato response to drought. Further investigations are required for a better comprehension of the mechanisms underlying response to water deficit in tomato by exploiting the genetic resource identified as more tolerant. The use of new technologies able to globally analyze structural polymorphism and expression level of genes will succeed to identify crucial genes involved in stress response in the ecotype Siccagno grown under different water regimes.

Policy on Water Loss Control in China

The Chinese government has raised great attention on water resources and environment over the past several years. In dealing with the issues of water pollution, water management, and the imbalance of water resources, China’s state council released “Water Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan” in 2015. This policy has become a guideline to promote water sustainability in the long run. Since then, a number of regulatory policies were released to increase the focus on water conservation. Among those actions, water loss control associated with distribution systems is regarded as a key solution to improve water supply efficiency. This paper provided a comprehensive introduction to the framework of water loss control policy in China.

Sample investigation and evaluation of the water quality in aquaculture ponds around the basic farmland protection areas in Foshan city

To investigate the water quality of sampling in aquaculture ponds around the basic farmland protection areas in the five districts of Foshan city, and use the environmental pollution index to evaluate the condition of water quality. The results indicated that water temperature and pH of aquaculture ponds cound meet the requirements of fish normal growth,and dissolved oxygen was rich, but the water quality was over fertilized generally. In 20 investigation spots of the five districts, the content of CODCr, NH4^＋-N and TP exceeded 90%, 30% and 85% respectively. The pollution degrees of the water quality from high to low in aquaculture ponds were Chancheng district,Nanhai district, Sanshui district, Shunde district, Gaoming district. The comprehensive quality index of aquaculture ponds was 1.44 in Foshan city, the water quality was polluted severly as a whole. The share rate of pollution load of TP was the highest, the second were CODCr and NH4^＋-N. On the whole, the pollution of organic matter was very prominent in the water quality of aquaculture ponds around the basic farmland protection areas in Foshan city that had been eutrophicated.

Steady Characteristics of the Water-Lubricated Conical Bearings

The water-lubricated conical bearing has attracted attentions of researchers for its simple structure, easily adjusted gap （fdm thickness ）, lower friction loss, and less pollution in application. A mathematic model with consideration of the effects of turbulence, two-phase flow, and temperature on the pressure field at bearing surface is proposed here. Using this model, the Reynolds＇ equation and energy equation are solved in which the thermo- physical properties of the water as lubricant are taken into account. The dependency of characteristics of bearing, such as load-earrying capacity, flow rate （pumping losses ）, and frictional losses, on angular velocity, conical angle, and radial eccentricities, is presented. The research results are beneficial to the improvement of the efficiency of conical bearing and the environmental protection.

基于物联网农业灌溉系统的参数检测方法研究

为提升农业灌溉系统检测环节准确性及整体作业效率为目标,基于物联网灌溉及参数检测方法应用展开设计。以当前灌溉作业机理及通信结构布局为出发点,通过建立合理正确的参数检测架构,选定高效适应的参数检测方法,实现整体灌溉系统功能优化。进行灌溉系统作业监测试验,结果表明:参数数据通信监测准确率及系统执行效率分别提升至93.70%与95.89%,系统丢包率相对降低至0.79%,平均节水效率相对提升了6.39%。基于物联网平台进行参数检测的有效性与适应性改进,较好地满足了智能灌溉的发展趋势,其方法研究理念对于灌溉系统及类似农机培育系统开发应用具有参考价值。

林下三七种植对坡面水土及碳氮流失的影响

【目的】探究天然降雨条件下不同坡度三七种植林地和自然林地的水土及碳氮流失特征,为林下种植模式的水土及碳、氮流失评估和控制提供理论依据和数据支撑。【方法】采用野外径流小区原位观测试验,以云南省寻甸县三七(Panax notoginseng(Burkill)F.H.Chen)种植林地为研究对象,对2020和2021年天然降雨条件下不同坡度(5°,10°,15°)三七种植林地和自然林地的水土及碳、氮流失特征进行对比分析,并在此基础上对水土及碳、氮流失量与降雨特征和坡度的关系进行探究。【结果】(1)三七种植林地平均总径流量、总土壤流失量分别为17.35 mm/a和14.91 t/(km^(2)·a),比自然林地分别增加了173.79%和249.43%,其中以15°坡面水土流失量最大,分别为24.10 mm/a和24.32 kg/(km^(2)·a)。(2)三七种植林地平均有机碳、全氮(TN)、氨氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)流失量分别为740.62,75.97,9.55和7.26 kg/(km^(2)·a),比自然林地分别显著增加了251.44%,203.15%,220.47%和224.11%,其径流中TN和NH_(4)^(+)-N平均含量分别为0.77和0.33 mg/L。三七种植林地中,以侵蚀泥沙形式流失的有机碳和TN分别占各自总流失量的93.50%和82.01%,以地表径流流失的NH_(4)^(+)-N、NO-3-N分别占各自总流失量的62.09%和87.47%。(3)降雨量、降雨历时、5 min最大降雨强度(I 5)、10 min最大降雨强度(I 10)、30 min最大降雨强度(I 30)均与径流量、土壤流失量及碳、氮流失量呈显著或极显著正相关关系。坡度与水土和碳、氮流失量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),可用二次函数拟合二者之间的关系(R^(2)>0.93)。【结论】三七种植林地土壤侵蚀强度属于微度侵蚀,最大土壤流失量远低于西南土石山区容许土壤流失量,且径流中TN、NH_(4)^(+)-N平均质量浓度分别低于Ⅲ、Ⅱ类地表水环境质量标准限值。三七种植林地水土及碳、氮流失量较自然林地显著增加,且随着坡度的增大急剧增大。建议在缓坡地段种植三七,以减少水土与养分流失。

高温果汁真空冷却特性

为减小真空冷却中液体飞溅并研究不同条件对降温速率的影响,采用控制变量法,通过改变容器的形状、顶部材料与孔径大小、物料的相对装载量、不同初始温度和冷却终温等条件,测定果汁降温过程的质量和温度变化,根据测试结果计算出不同变量下的无效失水率和降温速率。研究表明,降温速率大且无效失水量小的最佳工艺条件为使用相对装载量23.3%、容器顶盖材料为刚性材料、孔径5 mm的长方形容器,由初始温度80℃降至冷却终温为25℃,此时的无效失水率最小,降温速率最快。

不同覆膜栽培方式下胡麻叶片叶绿素含量、失水速率及产量

[目的]干旱是制约宁南山区胡麻生长和生产的非生物胁迫因子之一。探索适宜宁南旱作农田覆膜栽培胡麻的有效栽培方式,可为解决胡麻栽培过程中的干旱问题及发展胡麻覆膜栽培提供实践和理论依据。[方法]于2021-2023年,以胡麻品种‘宁亚21号’为供试材料,在大田试验条件下,设平膜穴播(FHS)、垄膜沟播(RFS)和露地条播(CK)共3个处理,分析不同覆膜栽培方式对胡麻叶绿素含量、离体叶片失水速率及产量的影响。[结果]连续3年通过3种覆膜栽培的试验结果表明,在不同覆膜栽培条件下,同一年间胡麻叶片叶绿素含量均表现为FHS>RFS>CK,不同年份间不同覆膜栽培条件下的叶绿素含量不同;与CK相比,RFS和FHS的株高、鲜重和干重均高于CK;2021年和2023年的离体叶片失水速率表现为CK>RFS>FHS,而2022年的离体叶片失水速率表现为CK>FHS>RFS;产量均表现为FHS>RFS>CK,2021年FHS的增产幅度最大,其有效分枝数、有效结果数和单株产量均高于其它处理;有效结果数和单株产量均表现为FHS>RFS>CK。与CK相比,FHS和RFS均提高了胡麻叶片的叶绿素含量、产量、有效分枝数和有效结果数,降低了离体叶片的失水速率,且FHS优于RFS,在2021年FHS增产达到了185.7 kg·hm^(-2),且增产效果显著。相关性分析表明,离体叶片失水速率与叶绿素含量呈显著负相关,与产量呈极显著负相关;叶绿素含量与产量呈显著正相关。[结论]FHS不仅提高了胡麻叶片的叶绿素含量、产量、有效分枝数和有效结果数,还可以降低离体叶片的失水速率,增强胡麻的抗旱性,因此FHS种植方式是适合宁南旱作农田胡麻生产的有效栽培措施。

基于SWAT模型污染防治措施对茫溪河水质改善影响研究

为了更好地开展茫溪河的污染防治,摸清茫溪河流域污染源贡献比例以及各种污防措施对水质改善效果十分必要。基于SWAT构建了茫溪河流域分布式水文和污染负荷模型,根据监测数据分析了茫溪河近年超标污染物,基于SWAT模型分析了茫溪河水质达标场景假设,包括污染源贡献率及生态补水、点源和面源等污染防治措施对水质改善的效果情况。结果表明,茫溪河流域超标项目集中在总磷和高锰酸盐指数;污染源中,面源相对于点源对高锰酸盐指数和总磷贡献率大些,特别是水土流失的贡献率最大,分别达到了42.8%和76.1%;生态补水对污染物浓度降低有一定影响,直排源和非直排源污染控制一定程度上使污染物浓度降低,达标率有所提升。基于SWAT模型的茫溪河水质达标场景分析对于推动水质改善具有积极的意义。

膨润土种类及黄原胶含量对减阻泥浆性能的影响

减阻触变泥浆在地下综合管廊顶管施工中具有支撑、填充、润滑等重要作用。本文对减阻触变泥浆中主要原材料—膨润土的种类及含量对泥浆性能的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明:减阻泥浆的漏斗粘度、失水量和析水率等性能指标随钠基、有机和钙基3种膨润土含量的变化规律基本相同。由钠基或有机膨润土配制的泥浆失水量性能优于钙基膨润土,但钙基膨润土在泥浆漏斗粘度性能上表现更好;由上述3种类型膨润土分别配制的泥浆析水率性能相当。另外,本文还研究了黄原胶含量对减阻泥浆性能的影响,实验结果表明添加黄原胶能显著降低减阻触变泥浆的失水量,并在一定程度上提高泥浆的漏斗粘度。

桥梁混凝土防腐蚀方法及其评价

为提升桥梁混凝土的耐久性,文中在对桥梁混凝土防腐蚀方法介绍基础上,提出了三种防腐蚀处治方案,并对其防腐蚀效果进行评价。结果表明,聚合物砂浆防腐、硅烷浸渍及复合防腐三种防腐蚀方案均能实现防腐蚀功能;采用聚合物砂浆以及复合防腐方案进行处理的混凝土试件,在经过4 d浸水及100次快速冻融循环后,其渗水深度及质量损失率均明显小于硅烷浸渍组试件,表明这两种方案的防腐性能更优。

我国农田径流污染及其控制技术研究进展

以农田流失的氮磷为主要来源的农业面源污染已成为制约我国农业高质量发展的重要因素。针对农田径流污染发生规律及阻控方法等问题,剖析了影响农田径流污染的关键要素,系统梳理了以“源头减量-过程阻断-末端净化”为主体思路的农田径流污染控制技术,分析了不同种类技术措施在实际应用中的优缺点及限制因子。指出未来应进一步加强农田径流污染的监测并建立风险评估模型,深入探究以施肥优化为主、多种手段为辅的农田径流污染源头控制体系,提升农田径流污染处理设施对污染物的净化能力,建立适用性强的集约化农区面源污染绿色低碳综合防控技术模式,为农业面源污染控制提供理论基础和技术支撑。