The Challenges in Providing Affordable Housing in Nigeria and the Adequate Sustainable Approaches for Addressing Them

Despite multiple schemes implemented by various governments around the country, affordable housing remains elusive to the average Nigerian. Because the situation is comparable to that of other developing nations, it remains a key concern in these countries’ socioeconomic development. Over 52% of Nigeria’s population has been claimed to live in shanties, squatter communities, and informal settlements. This article, therefore, reviews the challenges to the provision of affordable housing in Nigeria and the Sustainable approaches to address them. The article’s findings were based on a thorough examination of the literature. The article’s findings indicated that sustainable approaches for addressing Nigeria’s affordable housing barriers may best be examined through the economic, ecological, social, institutional, and technical factors. The paper urges the present regime, investors, lawmakers, and private developers in Nigeria to implement these approaches for affordable housing provision. The findings from this article will add to the current body of knowledge by providing important information on affordable housing provision and re-directing research interest towards affordable housing in Nigeria and other developing countries.

Heterogeneous Responses of Chinese Cities' Housing Prices to Monetary Policies

This works examine the responses of housing prices to the monetary policies in various Chinese cities. Thirty-five large and medium sized Chinese cities are classified into six clusters applying the minimum variance clustering method according to the calculated correlation coefficients between the housing price indices of every two cities.Time difference correlation analysis is then employed to quantify the relations between the housing price indices of the six clusters and the monetary policies.It is suggested that the housing prices of various cities evolved at different paces and their responses to the monetary policies are heterogeneous,and local economic features are more important than geographic distances in determining the housing price trends.

Research on the Impact of Market Concern for Real Estate Policy on Housing Prices: Evidence from Internet Search and Hedonic Price Theory

To avoid the effects of systemic financial risks caused by extreme fluctuations in housing price,the Chinese government has been exploring the most effective policies for regulating the housing market.Measuring the effect of real estate regulation policies has been a challenge for present studies.This study innovatively employs big data technology to obtain Internet search data(ISD)and construct market concern index(MCI)of policy,and hedonic price theory to construct hedonic price index(HPI)based on building area,age,ring number,and other hedonic variables.Then,the impact of market concerns for restrictive policy,monetary policy,fiscal policy,security policy,and administrative supervision policy on housing prices is evaluated.Moreover,compared with the common housing price index,the hedonic price index considers the heterogeneity of houses and could better reflect the changes in housing prices caused by market supply and demand.The results indicate that(1)a long-term interaction relationship exists between housing prices and market concerns for policy(MCP);(2)market concerns for restrictive policy and administrative supervision policy effectively restrain rising housing prices while those for monetary and fiscal policy have the opposite effect.The results could serve as a useful reference for governments aiming to stabilize their real estate markets.

Housing Policy in Khartoum： Plot Subdivision for Increased Housing Supply for Low-income People

The article discusses plot size standards applied in the government sites-and-services projects in Khartoum and probes into the possible alternative ways of re-establishing solid grounds for those standards. The particular issue of plot size is a crucial factor in the whole housing policy as it directly affects the urban land use and consumption and extends its influence far into sustainability and affordability issues and the whole housing policy and supply process. The article, analysing the applied standards, argues that plot subdivision can substantially contribute to providing more access of housing to the low-income groups. Large plot sizes can be subdivided driven by the need to realize security of tenure, doubling the owner-occupier housing stock which is the base issue of self-help housing, increases housing finance, provides variety of housing choices and behind all it conforms to the legacy principles and some cultural attributes of the local community. The article underlined existence of a cumbersome regulatory system, subdivision procedures and development controls which need to be reformed.

The Interactions among Housing Price, Inflation and Monetary Policy in China： Facts and Implications

As a transition economy, China has unique characteristics regarding housing price, inflation and monetary policies. In addition to supply and demand powers, China＇s housing price is affected by demographic structure, fiscal system and land supply system. Using China＇s statistics from 2005 to 2011, this paper found empirically that （1） liquidity has a significant impact on China＇s housing prices and inflation; （2） China＇s negative real interest rate has pushed up housing price; （3） price-related instrument of monetary policy can curb housing price and is more effective than control of money supply.

Report of Informal Housing Policy in India

Informal housing can be broadly defined into two types:first,those in which occupants illegally occupy a certain area of a residential location and build a dwelling on the land;second,housing or residential areas which do not meet the master plan or building regulations.This report describes and evaluates the infomal housing policies in India,introducing the improvement of the living standards brought on by these policies to the low-income residents of Chennai,while the case of Kannagi Nagar will be used to analyse the adverse effects of said policies.

CHINA'S URBAN HOUSING SYSTEM IN TRANSITION

This paper discusses transition of urban housing system andhousing policy issues in China. It focuses on China's urban housing systemand future housing policies Some of the main contexts to be discussed are:(1) the process and characterstics of housing development in new China, (2)the weaknesses of the old urban housing system; (3) reforms of the urbanhousing system; (4) China's housing markets in transition; (5) Current urbanhousing reform policy dilemmas; (6) experiences from developed countries;(7) main housing policy issues in the western world, and (8) ways to dealwith the dilemmas.

Evaluating the Nexus between Housing and Energy Sectors: The Comparison of Urban, Peri-Urban and Rural Housing Areas in Zhuhai, China

China has developed several housing policy reforms and has, in recent years, progressed further on developing policies to promote green strategies and energy-saving plans. The urban housing has much benefited from such reforms and plans, while rural housing has experienced minimal change in the past few decades. As a result, this study aims to identify and explore these differences, challenges, and implications that exist between three areas of urban, peri-urban, and rural in a particular case study in China. For this study, selected residential areas in the City of Zhuhai and its peri-urban and rural areas are selected as case studies. A questionnaire survey is conducted to analyze energy and housing conditions across the more prosperous urban, the dynamic and transitory peri-urban, and the less prosperous rural areas. The case studies are analyzed as comparative examples in a hot and humid sub-tropical area of Southern China. The study compares energy and housing conditions and argues potential possibilities and challenges for the future development of housing policy reforms that are the result of current housing development patterns and green strategy situation in China.

Research on public housing based on the utilities of living

This paper applies the residence utility principles to the study of public housing rent and regards that the average utility of a household determines the public housing rent level. It also suggests that the government use multi-level public housing rent to substitute for single-level in order to make the policies for public housing rent more just, equitable and effective.

Lessons Learnt from Chinese Housing Development the Case of Affordable Housing and Its Funding

Dated back to the opening up policy, Chinese economy had been rising tremendously, coupled with achievement, though housing challenges across the country greatly arose. Under the traditional planned economy since 1949, entirely housing construction became the State responsibility. As a result of lack of finances, new housing production has not emerged while nation population on rise. Till 1988 when Urban housing reform existed as proposed strategy of affordable housing for the ordinary households through the private housing market. However, the strategy faced numerous obstacles such as lack of sec-ond hands market, an undeveloped real estate profession, indistinct land and property and property regulation plus absence of proper property management support. Amid these obstacles, the lack of housing ?nance would appeared to be a vital problem. Government Introduction of housing provident fund (HPF) scheme in 1991 applied as right measures for curving housing funding problems, under the Housing development fun, all employees required to contribute a percentage of their incomes to housing funding problems and employers contributed a similar amount. individual workers Accounts were opened with Construction Bank of China. Currently workers allowed to withdraw their housing development savings at retirement period, instead their application for their housing development savings as homes purchases in housing market. This has been implemented to the letter in most cities in China, regardless of variations of operational schemes and architectural demands in consideration to geological that varies from locality to another [1]. Applying an experiential research of the housing development savings Scheme in Shanghai as a case research, this paper reviews the role of the HPF in ?nancing affordable housing expansion in most parts of China.

One Hundred Years of Housing Security in China:Retrospect and Prospect

This paper discusses the evolution of housing security in China in the past one hundred years.The author finds that there was a serious housing shortage during the Republic of China period(1912-1949),and the effect of the housing security measures introduced by the government was very limited.While the welfare housing distribution system at the beginning of the People's Republic of China founded in 1949 provided residents with basic housing,it also caused housing problems.After the Reform and Opening-Up,a series of far-reaching security measures were put forward in housing reform,but they failed to eliminate the system of physical housing distribution.Progress of housing security development since the large-scale housing reform in 1998 has been slow.It was not until the government increased investment in 2007 that the housing security system was gradually formed and housing security efforts were paid off to a certain extent.This paper provides a historical perspective to the study of housing security.It can aid in understanding the evolution process of the housing security in China and establishing a set of comprehensive and long-term housing policies.

Spatial Monetary Economic Growth with Housing and Residential Distribution over the Urban Area

This study introduces space, transportation, and money into an economic growth model. Growth theory neglects the importance of transportation on economic growth and transportation economics fails to properly explain how changes in transportation conditions (such as technological improvement, infrastructure investment, and oil prices) affect long-term economic growth. By proposing a growth model with transportations, we try to explain effects of transportation on economic growth. Our model describes dynamic interactions among capital accumulation, travel time, housing, residential distribution, amenity, and endogenous time distribution among work, travel, and leisure. The study examines effects of inflation policy, transportation conditions, and other conditions on long-term economic growth and economic geography. The paper demonstrates a way to integrating some important models in the literature in economic growth theory, urban economics, and transportation research so that the significance of transportation systems upon economies can be properly analyzed.

Analysis of Building Costs for Social Interest Housing in Central Areas

Brazil’s continental dimensions bring huge challenges for the Federal Administration,particularly in relation to low income housing.In this sense,in 2009,Federal Government has launched a huge habitational program entitled“Minha Casa Minha Vida”(in English MHMLP-the“My House,My Life”Program)which has been,so far,the biggest social housing Federal program,and has produced millions of SIH(social interest housing)units.The program was discontinued in 2018.Although the program has been huge,there were few units built in urban centers,increasing the urban sprawl.The feasibility of SIH enterprises in the context of the MHMLP leads to the production towards the outskirts,where the land cost better fits the budget.This cost analysis,however,does not take into consideration future costs of an inefficient infrastructure,poor social services and public safety issues,with impact on the cities’operational costs.This paper compares the total building cost of SIH in peripheral and central areas,emphasizing the benefits of production in central areas when considering indirect operational and infrastructure costs.The research takes into account the infrastructure already available in central areas and the opportunity of appropriate abandoned or underutilized buildings and urban empty spaces.In this sense,a case study has been conducted in two projects in the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro(RJ)comparing the estimated budget of SIH built far from urban centers,to the probable budget occupying underutilized buildings.Results indicate the necessity to review the parameters adopted when discussing the production of low income housing considering the cities’development as an integrated system.

城市间房价分化的影响因素研究

面对一二三线城市房价增速的分化走势,“因城施策”逐渐成为主基调,为此需要准确识别不同城市房价分化的主要因素。本文综合使用XGBoost等机器学习方法以及SHAP值解释性方法,基于2009—2019年全国70个大中城市面板数据,测算并分析一二三线城市房价分化的主要因素。结果表明:(1)预期因素在多轮房价分化期间都起到重要驱动作用;(2)货币政策本身并不是房价分化的主要因素,但可以通过影响预期导致房价分化;(3)需求因素和供给因素本身也不是房价分化的主要因素,但也可以通过影响预期导致房价分化。有鉴于此,“因城施策”的关键在于稳定公众对房价的预期:一线城市应在控制土地成本的前提下适当增加住房供给,削弱由于供不应求所带来的房价上涨预期;二三线城市需进一步完善基础设施,提高教育、医疗和环境质量,改善居民购房需求,防范人口外流带来的房价下跌预期。

“认房认贷”政策放松对房地产市场影响效应分析——基于住房交易挤出的视角

明晰需求端政策调控对二手房和新房市场的影响效应具有重要的现实意义。本文以“认房认贷”政策作为研究对象,运用时间断点回归模型,分析2022年部分二三线城市“认房认贷”政策放松对二手房和新房成交量价的影响以及两个子市场的联动规律,并进一步检验政策放松的空间挤出效应。研究发现,“认房认贷”政策放松显著增加了二手房的成交量,并减缓了二手房成交价格的下行趋势,但政策生效存在1~2个月的时滞。然而,二手房市场流动性增强挤出了新房市场的改善性住房需求,使得大户型新房成交量显著减少,并带来当期新房成交价格的下降。此外,高能级城市“认房认贷”政策的放松对周边低能级城市住房交易有较强的挤出效应,对小中大户型的新房交易均有持续显著的抑制效果。据此提出要因城施策引导刚性和改善性购房者分流。

住房科技产业发展推动住房改善消费的新模式及政策建议

住房产业作为国民经济支柱,近三年GDP贡献占比有所降低。住房产业当前存在居民对住房期待增值处于观望状态、居民对住房改善品质要求尚未满足两大问题。住房产业发展新模式应鼓励原地拆除快速重建、保障居民获利、提高住房品质和加强新模式的政策宣传等四个技术和政策要点。本文结合小区整体更新和单独建筑拆除重建两个案例,本文梳理了当前推动住房改善消费的解决方法和预期实施效果。最后,提出了鼓励推动新技术产业应用、建立“群众满意、企业盈利、政府可持续”的政策体系、探索“居民出资、市场参与”的发展新模式等三点建议,以期对住房改善消费发展提供指导建议。

规划视角下“好房子”的建设思考

“住”是城市的基本功能,是城市人民性的重要体现。新时期国家对“住”提出更高要求,住房和城乡建设部多次提到“好房子”概念,强调要让人民群众住上更好的房子。现阶段住房规划建设主要存在供需不匹配、环境不完善、制度不健全等方面的问题。在规划视角下,从3个方面对“好房子”提出建议:一是针对不同人群提供差异化的“好房子”;二是提供“好房子”必备的居住环境,包括保障用地、优化尺度、降低强度、完善配套、改善环境5个要素;三是健全“好房子”的配套制度,包括体检评估、政策统筹、部门协同、服务完善等方面。

构建租购并举的退役军人住房保障体系研究

适宜的居住环境对于保障和维护退役军人合法权益、促进社会稳定等具有重要意义。在新时代背景下,退役军人住房保障如何既满足国防和军队建设需要、又不超越基本国情是亟待破解的重要命题。本文在辨析国内外退役军人社会保障的理论基础之上,从历史制度主义视角梳理了我国退役军人住房保障政策演进,分析了现有政策的主要特征与关键问题,最终提出了构建租购并举的退役军人住房保障体系的政策建议。研究对于推动广大退役军人“住有所居”与“住有宜居”、构建“普惠与优待”叠加的退役军人政策制度体系具有启示意义。

保障性住房政策模式的国际比较与启示

在保障性住房政策的发展历程中,美国模式、欧洲福利国家模式、混合型模式、东南亚福利国家模式颇具代表性。通过比较研究,认为4种模式在发展演进,以及构建的背景条件、配套政策措施、实际实施效果等方面均存在较大差异,结合我国保障性住房发展中存在的问题,得到以下启示:建立健全相应的法律法规是保障性住房政策实施的重要保障;构建多层次、多元化保障政策体系是保障性住房政策设计的重要思路;强调社会力量参与是实现保障性住房政策可持续发展的重要抓手;加强金融创新和风险防范是保障性住房政策设计的着力点;注重保障性住房政策与其他相关的经济社会政策目标相结合是放大保障性住房政策效应的重要途径。

住房投机与政策调控对房价波动的影响——基于中国40个重点城市的数据

构建住房需求结构、政策调控和价格的动态系统模型,依据2007-2021年40个重点城市季度数据,考量政策调控对于住房投机和房价波动实施效果。结果显示:住房投机推动了房价上涨,政府住房调控政策对房价波动影响差异显著;异质性分析显示,不同地区政策调控实施效果存在差异。鉴于此,应因城施策、分类指导,同时积极畅通房地产调控政策传导机制,提高传导效率,促进房地产市场平稳健康发展。